ADOLESCENCE AND EMERGING

ADULTHOOD

Chapter 11

Personality and Sociocultural Development

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

Personality and Sociocultural

Development

Storm or Stress or Not?

Storm or

stress

• Large majority of adolescents are emotionally healthy and well-adjusted and have few major conflicts with their parents, peers, or selves

• Emerging adulthood is a period of the lifespan in which many individual experience somewhat more conflict, greater extremes of mood, and riskier behavior than they did in childhood or will in adulthood

• This conclusion is supported cross-culturally

Developmental Tasks of Adolescence

Developmental Tasks of Adolescence

Developmental Tasks of Adolescence

Fo

rmin

g a

n i

de

nti

ty

James Marcia

Modes of Identity Formation

Status determined by whether or not

there has been a crisis and a

commitment

Statuses

Foreclosure

Diffusion

Moratorium

Identity achievement

Four Modes of Identity Formation

The numbers

indicate the

percentage of people

in each identity

status

category at each

age.

A = Achievement,

M = Moratorium,

F = Foreclosure,

D = Diffusion

Changes in Identity Status with Age

Ide

nti

ty f

orm

ati

on

Identity Formation, Culture,

and Context

Individualist orientation.

Collectivist society

Four modes of identity

Process of identity

formation may be

affected by the culture

Identity Formation

Ethnic identity

• Early adolescence

• Integrating

• Healthy identity formation

• Individual level vs. Societal scale

Family Dynamics

“Generation Me”

• Parental roles with their teens differ

• Parents’ conflict resolution style

• Parental monitoring

Family dynamics

Family Dynamics

Paramount importance

Social

Comparison

Peer Relationships During

Adolescence

• Cliques

• Crowds

• Loners

Relationships

Peer Relationships

Clash of cultures

Gay & lesbian teens

Peers and Parents

• Teens select dates who are similar to themselves

• Intimacy: boys/girls

• Same-sex dating

Dating

Peer Relationships

Functions of Dating

Risk and resilience

Most common high risk behavior

Risk and Resilience in Adolescence

Alcohol Use

Drug Use

Teen Drug Use

Marijuana Use

Mari

juan

a

Most widely used drug in the United States

Brain-imaging research

Marijuana intoxication

Ha

rd c

ore

an

d

desig

ne

r d

rug

s

Cocaine, heroin, and LSD

“Designer” drugs

Other Illegal Drugs

Delinquents

Adolescents under age 16 or 18 who commit criminal

acts

Delinquent behavior links

Delinquency

Sexual abuse

11% of female and 4% of male high

school students

Sexually abused girls

Most common form of sexual

abuse

Long-term negative effects

Sexual Abuse of Adolescents

Depression ties

Brain chemistry

Genetic links

Psychological and social variables

Stress, Depression, and Coping

• Suicide correlates

• Long-standing problems

• Excessive pressure

• Future goals

Interventions

• Crisis intervention services

• Telephone hotlines

• Educational programs

Suicide

Risk Factors Associated with

Adolescent Suicide

Selected Characteristics Associated

with High-Risk Behavior

High-risk behaviors in adolescence are linked to many different factors.

Protective factors of resilient

teens

Personal Qualities

Families

Risk and Protective Factors Associated

with Psychological Problems

INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS

Good intellectual functioning

Appealing, sociable, easygoing disposition

High self-esteem

Talents

Faith (religious commitment)

SOCIOCULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

Bonds to prosocial adults outside the family

Connections to prosocial organizations

Attendance at effective schools

FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS

Close relationship to parent figure

Authoritative parenting

Socioeconomic advantages

Low family stress

Connections with extended, supportive family network

Prosocial family values

Positive role models

Selected Characteristics of Resilient

Children and Adolescents