Latin American Music

Latin American MusicChapter 11Latin America/Latin MusicHere, Latin Music = Latin American MusicLatin America = large and culturally diverse region of the world encompassing all of South America and the various nations and territories of Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean (N. B. Some scholars include only Spanish/Portuguese-speaking nations well think more broadly)

Latin American Music Defined 1. Any music originating from anywhere in this vast region, as well as musics of diasporic Latino communities in North America, Europe, etc.2. A host of popular dance-music genres that originated in or derived from the island of Cuba, having experienced significant histories of development in the United States and Puerto Rico, and with histories of transmission closely tied to the U.S./international commercial music industry and mass media distribution.Hubs: NYC, Miami, SF, LA, plus Paris, London, and even Tokyo

Whirlwind SurveyBrazil Portuguese SambaDiverse styles, all with African musicultural roots Common features:Percussion instrumentsDriving rhythms Polyrhythmic textures Call-and-responseImprovisational elements Samba-enredo (theme samba) Carnaval, Rio de Janeirohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTc3pv7d5vYBatucadahttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQLvGghaDbE

Bossa Nova South Zone of Rio Mainly middle-class, white\Samba from favelas surrounding city Antonio Carlos (Tom) Jobim, Joao and Astrud Gilberto, Stan Getz 1964Getz/Gilberto Girl from IpanemaBatida guitar style (Gilberto) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5QfXjsoNe4Laid-back vocals influenced by Frank Sinatra, Sarah VaughanCD 1-27 -- Paul Desmond Quartet Wave (Jobim) -- 1974

Getz, Banana, Jobim, Creed, Joao and Astrud Gilberto 5Cannibalism Post-1964 period of crisis in Brazil Military coup and subsequent totalitarian regime (US supported) Beatlemania/British invasion Cannibalist Manifesto (Oswald de Andrade 1928)Lorraine Leu: Manifesto attacked both a purist view of national culture and wholesale imitation of foreign models.advocated a selective devouring of elements of foreign culture which would then be absorbed and transformed into Brazilian cultural products.

TropicliaOne musical outcome: tropiclia Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil Veloso: By using electric guitars in melodic compositions with elements of Argentine tango and African things from Bahia, we assumed a posture of being-in-the worldwe rejected the role of the Third World country living in the shadow of more developed countries. Os Mutantes -- A Minha Menina (CD 1-1)Bat Macumba https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqKBCJL4GNoMini-documentary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6-UzHZGZ4M

TangoArgentina (Buenos Aires), Uruguay (Hugo Diaz, Fueye, CD 4-1) Dance: vertical expression of a horizontal desire Emerged in the tough, poor, ethnically mixed port district of Buenos Aires among the porteos.

Golden Age of tango, 1920s-30s Carlos Gardl https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQFcpuYi8L4

Nuevo TangoAstor Piazzolla Bandonon Perfomed with Gardel, etc.Studied composition in Paris with Nadia BoulangerNuevo tango style: tango, jazz, new music synthesishttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZQ_YwcpoIw&list=RDreerrtJ6DOQ&index=11Yo-Yo Ma group performing Piazzollas Libertangohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUAPf_ccobcLibertango Moscow Philharmonic, tango dancers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdhTodxH7Gw&index=6&list=RDGcxv7i02lXc

Andean PanpipesAndes: Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador

Ayllu performance, julajula, Bolivian Andeshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxE6MttSkCICD 4-2 (Stobart) Folkoric CD 2-6 Ratita UkamauRoots: Abalos BrothersAndean folkloric/pophttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkPTiJvJHF8Simon & Garfunkel El Condor Pasa/If I Could (Los Incas) [Id Rather be a Hammer] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxc0hQrJX4A

MariachiCD 1-20 Cielito Lindo Stereotyping (Frito Bandito)Mariachi in Los AngelesMariachi Los Camperos de Nati Cano La Fonda (restaurant), Linda Ronstadt Canciones de Mi Padrehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9KQbbheFcM&list=RDh9KQbbheFcM#t=31

Steel Band (CD 1-30) Trinidad and TobagoSteelpan (pan, steel drum, steel band)55-gallon oil drumsAfro-Trinidadian innovation (post WW II)

Carnival Like Carnaval in Brazil, associated with Pre-Lenten celebrations (also Mardi Gras, New Orleans) Panorama competitionhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-G2o5-6BSiM

Cuban Roots of Latin Dance MusicAfro-Cuban Bat drumming (CD 4-3) Santria (Regla de Ocha) Orisha ritual musichttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68zJfDc_pGc&list=RDid8E60-n2x8&index=12

Rumba (CD 4-4)Rumba guaguanc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaNfdh0iWCgClave (rhythm), claves (inst.), conga drums, palitos

Spanish Roots (Cuba) Creolized dance styles ContradanzaDanzn Danzn-mambo Disenchantment with Spanish colonial rule partially inspired the grafting of African-derived elements onto these dances and their musics.

CharangaCharangasweet-sounding ensembleWooden flute, two + violins, piano, string bass, guiro, timbales, (maracas)Became standard ensemble for danzn and later danzn-mambo (which added conga drums, bongos, cowbell to timbales drum setinfluences from son) Danzn-mambo would ultimately feed into both cha cha ch and big band mambo, which would in turn coalesce in the style of Tito Puentes Oye Como Va, to which we will return.

Cha Cha ChEl Bodeguero, by Enrique Jorrin, performed by Orquesta Aragon (1979) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZE4niTFlds4&list=RDG1FDC2QKHNw&index=8

CD 4-5 El Bodeguero (Grupo Cimarrn, Cuba) Traditional arrangement but with synthesizers, no violins

MGT: Latin Percussion Rhythms of the Cha Cha ChTimbales Guiro MaracasCongas (tumbao) Bong(Clave)

Mambo (Big Band Mambo)Prez Prado Mambo #5 (1949) Mambo kings (mambo craze) early 1950s, New York Machito, Tito Puente, Tito Rodrguez Palladium Latin dance bands

Big Band Mambo Musical StyleMambo style Big band instrumentation, plus Cuban son percussion section (timbales, congas, bongo, plus cowbells, claves, guiro, maracas, etc.) Textureslayered ostinatos throughout band, riffsDriving, Afro-Cuban percussion rhythmsJazz influencesFast tempos, highly energetic playingAbsence, or at least limited use, of singing

Mambo Examples CD 4-6, Sambia, by Machito and the Afro-Cubans.Jazz-style intro, layered riffs/C&R (horns), rhythms Tito Puente, Mambo Gozon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Un5vmaN3LMM

Oye Como Va Tito PuenteBrought together the cha cha ch, big band mambo instrumentation, textures, and stylistic elementsCD 4-7 Original Tito Puente Oye Como Va (1963, El Rey Bravo, pp. 252-255)Syncopated organ and bass riffsMinor key (A minor) distinctive re: other cha chasInstrumental mambo sections (w. layered horn riffs)Flute cha cha/charanga-like

Oye Como Va Santana CD 4-8 (1970, Abraxas, pp. 255-61) Latin rock Same: Tune, key, tempo, text, singing style, cha cha ch groove, basic form of arrangement Different: Electric guitar (Carlos S.) part replaces horn section and flute, cha cha ch + rock drum set, Hammond B-3 (blues/rock style of solo), inst. mambo sections of arrangement replaced by improvised guitar and organ solos

Santana videosSantana live at Woodstock (Soul Sacrifice)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AqZceAQSJvcSantana live, Oye Como Vahttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoIqXz2AIFs

Beyond the MusicSantana Oye success revives Puentes careerLatin bands decline through 1960sCuba, Castro, Cold War politicsRock n roll, rock, BeatlemaniaSantana shifted pendulumPuente larger venues, festivals, etc. Renewed interest in Latin music in U.S. led to salsa and Latin jazz (NYC), 1970s, with Puente as king of bothSalsa explosion, 1970sPan-Latino movementCrystallized 1970sMusic, Puente, Santana, plus others (Ruben Blades) significant

Salsa, Latin jazzOverlapping genres: salsa more singing and dance-oriented, Latin jazz more instrumental and improvisation-oriented Salsa explosion, 1970s Puente, Cruz, Blades, Fania All-Stars, Aguabella, etc.Qimbara Celia Cruz, Tito Puente, Poncho Sanchezhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zm2C5hx4sI0Fania All-Stars, Yankee Stadium, 1973 (start at 4:54) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaG_8tFlwlk&list=RDyaG_8tFlwlk#t=3Rubn Blades (start at 6:17), Panama https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cajSyWbCTWUFrancisco Aguabella (CD 4-9 Nena )Latin Jazz Band, Yesterdays https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePrQ7mffvDAAguabella, Giovanni Hidalgo, Anthony Carrillo (bong) feat. w. Eddie Palmieri (percussion feature 3:07-4:32) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5t2oXWeZJc

Stars and Legends

Clockwise L to R: Celia Cruz, Fania All-Stars, Willie Colon and Hector Lavoe, Francisco Aguabella, Giovanni Hidalgo, Eddie Palmieri, Ruben Blades 26Tito Puente Jr. Oye Como VaCD 4-10 Tito Puente Jr. Oye Como Va (2004 TPJ: Greatest Club Remixes) Original: Guarachando (1996)La India, Tito Puente (Sr.)Synths replace horns (simplified riffs) Solos: timbales (no melodic insts)Sampled/heavily processed B3Latin dance/cha cha ch groovesTPJ band live Oye Como Va (traditional style) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IF-A-SBRWDcLast-ever live performance of Oye by Tito Puentehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZQh4IL7unM