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Chapter Chapter 11: The 11: The Civil War Civil War

Chapter 11: The Civil War Section 1: The Civil War Begins

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Page 1: Chapter 11: The Civil War Section 1: The Civil War Begins

Chapter 11: Chapter 11: The Civil The Civil

WarWar

Page 2: Chapter 11: The Civil War Section 1: The Civil War Begins

Section 1: Section 1: The Civil The Civil

War BeginsWar Begins

Page 3: Chapter 11: The Civil War Section 1: The Civil War Begins

Anaconda PlanAnaconda Plan1.1. Blockade Southern ports – no Blockade Southern ports – no

exporting cotton or importing exporting cotton or importing manufactured goodsmanufactured goods

2.2. Split Split Confederacy in Confederacy in 2 by using the 2 by using the Mississippi Mississippi RiverRiver

3.3. Capture Capture Richmond, VARichmond, VA

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Bull RunBull Run• Inexperienced Inexperienced generalsgenerals

• Stonewall JacksonStonewall Jackson

• Union had upper hand Union had upper hand until Confederate until Confederate reinforcement arrivedreinforcement arrived

• Union retreatedUnion retreated

• Led to confidence in the Led to confidence in the SouthSouth

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Important Union GeneralsImportant Union Generals• George McClellan (Head General)George McClellan (Head General)

– Very cautiousVery cautious– Perfect situationsPerfect situations– Lincoln wanted to “borrow McClellan’s army Lincoln wanted to “borrow McClellan’s army

if the general wasn’t going to use it.”if the general wasn’t going to use it.”

• Ulysses S. Grant – “Unconditional Ulysses S. Grant – “Unconditional Surrender” GrantSurrender” Grant– Fort Henry & DonelsonFort Henry & Donelson– ShilohShiloh

• David Farragut David Farragut – Seized New Orleans (largest seaport)Seized New Orleans (largest seaport)

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Important Confederate GeneralsImportant Confederate Generals• Robert E. Lee – lead GeneralRobert E. Lee – lead General

– Opposed secession and freed his slavesOpposed secession and freed his slaves

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ShilohShiloh• Grants mistakesGrants mistakes

– No trenches, guards or patrolsNo trenches, guards or patrols

• Caught off guard: Confederates came by Caught off guard: Confederates came by woodswoods

• Union was losing – Grant recouped & was Union was losing – Grant recouped & was reinforcedreinforced

• South retreatedSouth retreated• Over 25,000 casualtiesOver 25,000 casualties• Effects on warfareEffects on warfare: scout the area, did : scout the area, did

trenched & build forts trenched & build forts

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Page 9: Chapter 11: The Civil War Section 1: The Civil War Begins

““On to Richmond!”On to Richmond!”• Known as the “Seven Days’ Battle”Known as the “Seven Days’ Battle”

• McClellan marched down the McClellan marched down the Potomac River on the way to Potomac River on the way to RichmondRichmond

• Robert E. Lee moved against Robert E. Lee moved against McClellan to save RichmondMcClellan to save Richmond

• Tactics unnerved McClellan who Tactics unnerved McClellan who backed awaybacked away

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Antietam• McClellan’s Army found Lee’s army order in a McClellan’s Army found Lee’s army order in a

meadowmeadow– Revealed that Lee and Jackson’s army were Revealed that Lee and Jackson’s army were

separatedseparated

• September 17, 1862September 17, 1862• McClellan attacked LeeMcClellan attacked Lee

– Lee retreated Lee retreated

• McClellan did not pursue because he was too McClellan did not pursue because he was too cautiouscautious

• Bloodiest battle in the war 26,000Bloodiest battle in the war 26,000• McClellan was fired 11/7/1862McClellan was fired 11/7/1862

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Page 12: Chapter 11: The Civil War Section 1: The Civil War Begins

Section 2: Section 2: The Politics The Politics

of Warof War

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Britain Remains NeutralBritain Remains Neutral• No longer depended on South for cotton No longer depended on South for cotton

rather on the North for wheat and cornrather on the North for wheat and corn• Traded ships with SouthTraded ships with South

– At wars end, the US believed Britain owed At wars end, the US believed Britain owed money for ships sunkmoney for ships sunk

• 1861 – South sent 2 diplomats on a 21861 – South sent 2 diplomats on a 2ndnd attempt to gain British support -- diplomats attempt to gain British support -- diplomats were arrestedwere arrested

• Britain demanded their freedomBritain demanded their freedom• US did – why?US did – why?

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Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation• Lincoln believed the Lincoln believed the federal government did federal government did not have the power to not have the power to abolish slavery where it abolish slavery where it already existedalready existed

GOAL: SAVE THE UNIONGOAL: SAVE THE UNION

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““If I could save the Union If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could would do it; and if I could

save it by freeing save it by freeing allall slaves, I slaves, I would do it; and if I could do would do it; and if I could do

it by freeing some and it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would leaving others alone, I would

also do that…”also do that…”

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Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation• All slaves behind Confederate lines where All slaves behind Confederate lines where

freefree• Did not apply to Union states where slavery Did not apply to Union states where slavery

was legalwas legal• Freed blacks were able to enlist in the Freed blacks were able to enlist in the

Union ArmyUnion Army• Symbolic gesture – Fight to free slavesSymbolic gesture – Fight to free slaves• Reaction:Reaction:

– Democrats claimed it would anger the south – Democrats claimed it would anger the south – it didit did

– Became a war to the deathBecame a war to the death

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Problems FacedProblems Faced• Disloyalty and dissentDisloyalty and dissent• Habeas corpus was suspendedHabeas corpus was suspended• CopperheadsCopperheads• Conscription - draftConscription - draft

– South: South: • white men ages 17 – 50white men ages 17 – 50• ““Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”

– NorthNorth• Men from 20 – 45 for three yearsMen from 20 – 45 for three years• Hire substitutes or page $300 to avoid draftHire substitutes or page $300 to avoid draft• Offer of bountiesOffer of bounties

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New York Draft RiotsNew York Draft Riots• The poor were in slums with diseaseThe poor were in slums with disease

• Drafted to fight and free slave = slaves Drafted to fight and free slave = slaves taking their jobstaking their jobs

• 2/3 were Irish2/3 were Irish

• Lynched 11 Lynched 11

• Ruined homes Ruined homes

& draft offices& draft offices

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Section 3: Section 3: Life During Life During

WartimeWartime

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African-AmericansAfrican-Americans• 1862 – serve in the 1862 – serve in the

militarymilitary• 10% of the Union Army10% of the Union Army• Earned less then white Earned less then white

soldiers – then equalsoldiers – then equal• Killed if caughtKilled if caught• Many left for NorthMany left for North• Sabotaged farms or led Sabotaged farms or led

uprisingsuprisings

Page 21: Chapter 11: The Civil War Section 1: The Civil War Begins

Southern EconomySouthern Economy• Soldiers faced food shortageSoldiers faced food shortage

–Drain of manpower into the armyDrain of manpower into the army

–Union occupation of farmsUnion occupation of farms

–Loss of slavesLoss of slaves

• Blockade created shortages of Blockade created shortages of salt, coffee, nails, sugar, needles salt, coffee, nails, sugar, needles and medicineand medicine

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Northern EconomyNorthern Economy• Industry boomed to keep up Industry boomed to keep up

with war demandwith war demand

• Wages were Wages were NOTNOT good good

• Women replaced men in the Women replaced men in the workforceworkforce

• Established temporary national Established temporary national income taxincome tax

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SoldiersSoldiers• Hygiene was Hygiene was

poorpoor–Lice, dysentery Lice, dysentery

and diarrheaand diarrhea

• Poor food Poor food rationsrations

Page 24: Chapter 11: The Civil War Section 1: The Civil War Begins

PrisonsPrisons• Andersonville, GA – Andersonville, GA – Confederate campConfederate camp– Overcrowded with the Overcrowded with the

North refused to return North refused to return African-American soldiersAfrican-American soldiers

– No shelterNo shelter– Drank from streams/sewerDrank from streams/sewer

• Henry Wirz – camp Henry Wirz – camp commandercommander

• Northern camps were cold Northern camps were cold and soldiers malnourishedand soldiers malnourished

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Section 4: Section 4: The North The North

Takes ChargeTakes Charge

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The Road to GettysburgThe Road to Gettysburg• South had been successful at South had been successful at

Fredericksburg and ChancellorsvilleFredericksburg and Chancellorsville

• ““Stonewall” Jackson shot and later Stonewall” Jackson shot and later dieddied

• South invaded the NorthSouth invaded the North– Looking for Looking for

suppliessupplies

– Shoe factory in Shoe factory in

GettysburgGettysburg

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Gettysburg• Most decisive Most decisive

battle of the warbattle of the war

• Union troops Union troops took defensive took defensive positionposition

• Lead by Gen. Lead by Gen. George MeadeGeorge Meade

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Gettysburg• 3-day battle3-day battle

• 51,000 casualties51,000 casualties

• South would never recoverSouth would never recover

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VicksburgVicksburg• Confederate Confederate

soldiers were soldiers were desperatedesperate

• Surrendered to Surrendered to Grant on July 4Grant on July 4

• Union had Union had complete control complete control of the of the MississippiMississippi

Page 30: Chapter 11: The Civil War Section 1: The Civil War Begins

Gettysburg Address• Dedication to Dedication to

cemeterycemetery• Delivered by Delivered by

LincolnLincoln• Helped people Helped people

realize the US is a realize the US is a country, not a country, not a collection of statescollection of states

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Southern MoraleSouthern Morale•Farmers resented taxFarmers resented tax

•Soldiers desertedSoldiers deserted–Some fought for UnionSome fought for Union

•Fighting within Fighting within governmentgovernment

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Changes in US ArmyChanges in US Army• Gen. Grant becomes commander of Gen. Grant becomes commander of

Union ArmyUnion Army• Sherman commands the MississippiSherman commands the Mississippi• Total war – Military and civiliansTotal war – Military and civilians

–Made weapons, transported goods & Made weapons, transported goods & grew foodgrew food

–Destroy the will of the people = Destroy the will of the people = destroy the Confederacydestroy the Confederacy

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Grant & Lee in VAGrant & Lee in VA• Grant continued to attack Grant continued to attack

LeeLee• North had the advantage North had the advantage

because it has more people to because it has more people to replace the deadreplace the dead

• ““Whatever happens, there Whatever happens, there will be no turning back”will be no turning back”

Page 34: Chapter 11: The Civil War Section 1: The Civil War Begins

Sherman’s March• Sherman wanted to take out transportation Sherman wanted to take out transportation

in Atlantain Atlanta

• He was surrounded by Confederate armyHe was surrounded by Confederate army

• Led path of destruction and lived off of the Led path of destruction and lived off of the landland

• Burned most of AtlantaBurned most of Atlanta

• Southerners would be “so sick of war that Southerners would be “so sick of war that generations would pass away before they generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it.”would again appeal to it.”

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•Followed by 25,000 Followed by 25,000 slavesslaves

•Continued through SCContinued through SC

•In NC, gave food and In NC, gave food and supplies supplies – the end was nearthe end was near

Page 36: Chapter 11: The Civil War Section 1: The Civil War Begins

Election of 1864Election of 1864• Democrats elected McClellanDemocrats elected McClellan

–Angry at length of warAngry at length of war

–Bitter for being firedBitter for being fired

–Promise immediate armisticePromise immediate armistice

• Radical Republicans did not Radical Republicans did not support Lincoln’s plans to support Lincoln’s plans to readmit the Confederatesreadmit the Confederates

Page 37: Chapter 11: The Civil War Section 1: The Civil War Begins

Election of 1864Election of 1864•Lincoln – “I’m going to Lincoln – “I’m going to be beaten…unless some be beaten…unless some changes take place…”changes take place…”

•Lincoln won with 55%Lincoln won with 55%

Page 38: Chapter 11: The Civil War Section 1: The Civil War Begins

Surrender at AppomattoxSurrender at Appomattox• Davis abandoned and Davis abandoned and burned capitalburned capital

• Lee surrendered to Grant Lee surrendered to Grant • Generous terms for Generous terms for readmittance into the readmittance into the UnionUnion

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Section 5: Section 5: The Legacy The Legacy of the Warof the War

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ChangesChanges•Increased federal Increased federal governments political governments political powerpower

•Economic gap between Economic gap between N & SN & S

Page 41: Chapter 11: The Civil War Section 1: The Civil War Begins

Cost of WarCost of War• 620,000 died620,000 died

• 535,000 wounded535,000 wounded

• 1 soldier killed for every 4 slaves 1 soldier killed for every 4 slaves freedfreed

• Many amputeesMany amputees

• $20 Billion$20 Billion