Chapter 11 Chapter 11

““The Triumphs and Travails of The Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Democracy” Jeffersonian Democracy”

Election of 1800Election of 1800

Federalists – John Federalists – John AdamsAdams– Hurt by Alien and Sedition Hurt by Alien and Sedition

Act and Adams failure to Act and Adams failure to declare war on Francedeclare war on France

Democratic-Republicans Democratic-Republicans – Thomas Jefferson– Thomas Jefferson– Rumors that Jefferson Rumors that Jefferson

fathered numerous children fathered numerous children with his slaves with his slaves

– Jefferson was accused of Jefferson was accused of being an atheistbeing an atheist

Controversy in the ElectionControversy in the Election

Each elector had two votes; one for the Each elector had two votes; one for the president and the other for the vice president.president and the other for the vice president.Consequently, Jefferson and Burr tied.Consequently, Jefferson and Burr tied.The vote, according to the Constitution, would The vote, according to the Constitution, would now go to the Federalist-dominated House of now go to the Federalist-dominated House of Representatives. Representatives. Hateful of Jefferson, many wanted to vote for Hateful of Jefferson, many wanted to vote for Burr, and the vote was deadlocked until Burr, and the vote was deadlocked until Hamilton persuaded a few House members to Hamilton persuaded a few House members to change their votes, knowing that if the House change their votes, knowing that if the House voted for Burr, the public outcry would doom voted for Burr, the public outcry would doom the Federalist Party.the Federalist Party.

Revolution of 1800Revolution of 1800

The change from The change from Federalist leadership to Federalist leadership to Republican was entirely Republican was entirely legal and bloodless. legal and bloodless. An orderly transfer of An orderly transfer of powerpowerJefferson encouraged Jefferson encouraged agriculture and westward agriculture and westward expansion. Believing expansion. Believing America to be a haven for America to be a haven for the oppressed, he urged the oppressed, he urged a liberal naturalization a liberal naturalization law. law.

Burr Hamilton DuelBurr Hamilton DuelHamilton contributed to Burr’s loss in Hamilton contributed to Burr’s loss in the election of 1800. he convinced the election of 1800. he convinced Congress to elect Jefferson then Congress to elect Jefferson then maintained his public animosity toward maintained his public animosity toward Burr throughout the latter's term in Burr throughout the latter's term in office. office. When Burr ran for Governor of New When Burr ran for Governor of New York, Hamilton's writings against him York, Hamilton's writings against him contributed to his defeat.contributed to his defeat. Finally, in a series of letters in 1804, Finally, in a series of letters in 1804, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel. Although Hamilton tried to evade the Although Hamilton tried to evade the challenge because of his moral challenge because of his moral opposition to dueling and his family opposition to dueling and his family responsibilities, he finally accepted. responsibilities, he finally accepted. On July 11, 1804, the two men met On July 11, 1804, the two men met early in the morning, across the early in the morning, across the Hudson River from what is now 42nd Hudson River from what is now 42nd Street in New York City. In a few Street in New York City. In a few moments, Hamilton was fatally moments, Hamilton was fatally wounded, and Burr went into hiding. wounded, and Burr went into hiding.

The Federalist FinaleThe Federalist Finale

Adams was the last Federalist presidentAdams was the last Federalist president

The Federalist shaped the conservative The Federalist shaped the conservative legacy of the United Stateslegacy of the United States

Their only flaw was that they couldn’t Their only flaw was that they couldn’t relate to the common man, and since relate to the common man, and since they couldn’t adapt and evolve, they they couldn’t adapt and evolve, they died.died.

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

TJ’s InaugurationTJ’s Inauguration– ““We are all Republicans, We are all Republicans,

we are all Federalists.”we are all Federalists.”– ““Honest friendship with Honest friendship with

all nations, entangling all nations, entangling alliances with none.”alliances with none.”

Jefferson sent Jefferson sent messages to Congress messages to Congress to be read by a clerk to be read by a clerk instead of personally instead of personally addressing Congress.addressing Congress.TJ was consistently TJ was consistently inconsistent. inconsistent.

Thomas Jefferson, c.1821

Gilbert Stuart

(National Gallery of Art)

Demo-Repub or Federalist?Demo-Repub or Federalist?

TJ was determined to undo the Federalist TJ was determined to undo the Federalist abuses by pardoning those Democratic-abuses by pardoning those Democratic-Republicans who served jail time for violation of Republicans who served jail time for violation of the Sedition Act.the Sedition Act.He eliminated the hated Hamiltonian excise tax He eliminated the hated Hamiltonian excise tax but left all other Federalists programs intact.but left all other Federalists programs intact.No attack on the BankNo attack on the BankTJ’s political restraint pointed the way toward the TJ’s political restraint pointed the way toward the two-party system that was later to become a two-party system that was later to become a characteristic feature of American politics.characteristic feature of American politics.

Judiciary Act of 1801Judiciary Act of 1801

One of the last laws passed by the expiring One of the last laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress.Federalist Congress.Created 16 new federal judgeshipsCreated 16 new federal judgeshipsAdams signed the bill the night before he left Adams signed the bill the night before he left office.office.Goal was to pack the court with anti-Jefferson Goal was to pack the court with anti-Jefferson judges who were there for life.judges who were there for life.Power-grab attempt by the ousted party to Power-grab attempt by the ousted party to entrench itself in one of the three powerful entrench itself in one of the three powerful branches of government.branches of government.

Chief Justice John MarshallChief Justice John Marshall

a cousin of Jeffersona cousin of JeffersonServed at Valley Forge Served at Valley Forge during the War, and he had during the War, and he had been disgusted with the been disgusted with the drawbacks of no central drawbacks of no central authority, and thus, he authority, and thus, he became a lifelong became a lifelong Federalist, committed to Federalist, committed to strengthening the power of strengthening the power of the federal government.the federal government.Served 34 year and thus Served 34 year and thus maintained a strong maintained a strong Federalist influence in Federalist influence in government long after the government long after the Federalist Party died out.Federalist Party died out.

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. MadisonWilliam Marbury had been one of William Marbury had been one of the “midnight judges” appointed by the “midnight judges” appointed by John Adams in his last hours as John Adams in his last hours as president., but when Secretary of president., but when Secretary of State James Madison decided to State James Madison decided to shelve the position, he sued for its shelve the position, he sued for its delivery. Marshall dismissed the delivery. Marshall dismissed the case, but he said that the part of case, but he said that the part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 on which the Judiciary Act of 1789 on which Marbury tried to base his appeal Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional, thus was unconstitutional, thus suggesting that the Supreme suggesting that the Supreme Court could determine the Court could determine the constitutionality of laws.constitutionality of laws. Judicial review Judicial review

Samuel Chase Impeachment TrialSamuel Chase Impeachment Trial

Jefferson disliked the idea of judges Jefferson disliked the idea of judges being appointed for life. He feared that being appointed for life. He feared that under such a system, the judiciary under such a system, the judiciary might become too powerful. And when might become too powerful. And when Samuel Chase expressed Federalist Samuel Chase expressed Federalist opinions from the bench, Jefferson opinions from the bench, Jefferson encouraged the House of encouraged the House of Representatives to impeach him. Representatives to impeach him.

Chase's trial would serve as an Chase's trial would serve as an important test case. Could a judge be important test case. Could a judge be impeached for expressing unpopular impeached for expressing unpopular opinions? Or did a judge need to be opinions? Or did a judge need to be guilty of crimes in order to be guilty of crimes in order to be impeached? impeached? If he could impeach Chase easily, If he could impeach Chase easily, other Federalist judges, notably Chief other Federalist judges, notably Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Justice of the Supreme Court John Marshall, would probably follow. Marshall, would probably follow.

Artist: John Beale Bordley (1800-1882)

Outcome of the TrialOutcome of the Trial

Although many senators looked upon the Although many senators looked upon the impeachment trial as something akin to a impeachment trial as something akin to a kangaroo court, Vice President Aaron Burr kangaroo court, Vice President Aaron Burr conducted the trial in a manner that was conducted the trial in a manner that was remarkable for its order and decorum. remarkable for its order and decorum.

Burr gave Chase's lawyer, Luther Martin, the Burr gave Chase's lawyer, Luther Martin, the opportunity to present a complete defense of his opportunity to present a complete defense of his client. Burr prevented Chase from being client. Burr prevented Chase from being railroaded, and in the end, Chase was acquitted. railroaded, and in the end, Chase was acquitted.

The Pacifist Jefferson Turns The Pacifist Jefferson Turns WarriorWarrior

TJ distrusted large standing armies as TJ distrusted large standing armies as standing because of the dictatorial nature.standing because of the dictatorial nature.Reduced the military to 2,500 menReduced the military to 2,500 menHowever, the pirates of the North African However, the pirates of the North African Barbary States were looting U.S. ships, and in Barbary States were looting U.S. ships, and in 1801 declared war on the U.S.1801 declared war on the U.S.TJ reluctantly sent the infant navy to the TJ reluctantly sent the infant navy to the shores of Tripoli, where fighting continued for shores of Tripoli, where fighting continued for four years until Jefferson succeeded in four years until Jefferson succeeded in extorting a treaty of peace from Tripoli in 1805 extorting a treaty of peace from Tripoli in 1805 for $60,000.for $60,000.

Barbary StatesBarbary States

Like many other nations, the United States paid bribes to the pirates of the Barbary States for safe shipping passage in the Mediterranean Sea. In 1815, 11 years after destroying the Philadelphia, Captain

Stephen Decatur sailed back into the Mediterranean Sea with a fleet of 10 ships and brought an end to the problems with the Barbary States.

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana PurchaseIn 1800, Napoleon secretly In 1800, Napoleon secretly induced the king of Spain to induced the king of Spain to cede the Louisiana territory to cede the Louisiana territory to France.France.U.S. now knew they had to deal U.S. now knew they had to deal with France, a much stronger with France, a much stronger country.country.New Orleans was vital to New Orleans was vital to western farmers.western farmers.In 1803, TJ sent James Monroe In 1803, TJ sent James Monroe to join regular minister Robert to join regular minister Robert R. Livingston to buy New R. Livingston to buy New Orleans for a total of $10 Orleans for a total of $10 million. million. Surprisingly, Napoleon offered Surprisingly, Napoleon offered to sell New Orleans and all of to sell New Orleans and all of Louisiana, for a bargain of $15 Louisiana, for a bargain of $15 million.million.

Why did Napoleon Make the Deal?Why did Napoleon Make the Deal?

1.1. Lost Haiti to a slave Lost Haiti to a slave rebellion led by rebellion led by Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture

2.2. Needed money to fight Needed money to fight Great BritainGreat Britain

3.3. Hoped the U.S. would Hoped the U.S. would grow to become a world grow to become a world power capable of power capable of rivaling Great Britain.rivaling Great Britain.

Jefferson’s DilemmaJefferson’s Dilemma

TJ was a firm believer in strict interpretation of TJ was a firm believer in strict interpretation of the Constitution. Nothing in the Constitution the Constitution. Nothing in the Constitution addressed the acquisition of land.addressed the acquisition of land.$15 million was a huge sum of money at the $15 million was a huge sum of money at the time which directly went against TJ’s frugal time which directly went against TJ’s frugal nature.nature.The Senate approved the purchase and the The Senate approved the purchase and the Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States, and was the biggest bargain in United States, and was the biggest bargain in history (average 3 cents per acre).history (average 3 cents per acre).

SacagaweaSacagawea

Sacagawea, with her Sacagawea, with her infant son Jean-infant son Jean-Baptiste, is Baptiste, is immortalized on the immortalized on the $1 coin, released into $1 coin, released into circulation beginning circulation beginning in the year 2000.in the year 2000.

Lewis and Clark TimelineLewis and Clark TimelineMay 14, 1804 - Expedition beginsMay 14, 1804 - Expedition beginsAugust 20, 1804 - Near present day Sioux City, Iowa, Sgt. Charles Floyd dies of a August 20, 1804 - Near present day Sioux City, Iowa, Sgt. Charles Floyd dies of a probable burst appendix. probable burst appendix. September 7, 1804 - All of the men attempt to drown a never-before-seen prairie dog September 7, 1804 - All of the men attempt to drown a never-before-seen prairie dog out of its hole for shipment back to Jeffersonout of its hole for shipment back to JeffersonOctober 24, 1804 - Expedition discovers villages of the Mandan and Hidatsas October 24, 1804 - Expedition discovers villages of the Mandan and Hidatsas Indians. The captains decide to build Fort Mandan across the river from the main Indians. The captains decide to build Fort Mandan across the river from the main village.village.

November 4, 1804 -Toussaint Charbonneau, a French Canadian fur trapper living November 4, 1804 -Toussaint Charbonneau, a French Canadian fur trapper living with the Hidatsas, is hired as an interpreter. His wife, Sacagawea, a Shoshone who with the Hidatsas, is hired as an interpreter. His wife, Sacagawea, a Shoshone who had been captured by the Hidatsas and sold to Charbonneau, is also considered had been captured by the Hidatsas and sold to Charbonneau, is also considered helpful as the Shoshones are said to live at the headwaters of the Missouri.helpful as the Shoshones are said to live at the headwaters of the Missouri.

April 7, 1805 -Lewis and Clark send the keelboat and approx. a dozen men back April 7, 1805 -Lewis and Clark send the keelboat and approx. a dozen men back downriver, with maps, reports, Indian artifacts and other scientific specimens for downriver, with maps, reports, Indian artifacts and other scientific specimens for Jefferson. The remaining party heads west.Jefferson. The remaining party heads west.

Lewis and Clark TimelineLewis and Clark TimelineAugust 17, 1805 - Lewis discovers a village of Shoshones and tries to negotiate for August 17, 1805 - Lewis discovers a village of Shoshones and tries to negotiate for horses. Clark and the rest of the expedition arrives as well, and it is discovered that horses. Clark and the rest of the expedition arrives as well, and it is discovered that the Shoshone chief Cameahwait is Sacagawea's brother. the Shoshone chief Cameahwait is Sacagawea's brother. August 31, 1805 -The expedition sets out with a Shoshone guide called Old Toby, August 31, 1805 -The expedition sets out with a Shoshone guide called Old Toby, along with 29 horses and a mule.along with 29 horses and a mule.

October 16, 1805 -The expedition reaches the Columbia River.October 16, 1805 -The expedition reaches the Columbia River.

November 7, 1805 - Clark, who believes he can see the ocean writes his most November 7, 1805 - Clark, who believes he can see the ocean writes his most famous journal entry: "Ocian in view! O! the joy." The expedition is actually still 20 famous journal entry: "Ocian in view! O! the joy." The expedition is actually still 20 miles from the sea. Terrible storms halt the expedition for nearly 3 weeks. They miles from the sea. Terrible storms halt the expedition for nearly 3 weeks. They eventually reach the Pacific Ocean.eventually reach the Pacific Ocean.September 23, 1806 - Lewis and Clark reach St. LouisSeptember 23, 1806 - Lewis and Clark reach St. Louis

Fall, 1806 - Lewis and Clark are treated as national heroes. They return to Fall, 1806 - Lewis and Clark are treated as national heroes. They return to Washington, D.C. The men receive double pay and 320 acres of land as reward, the Washington, D.C. The men receive double pay and 320 acres of land as reward, the captains get 1,600 acres. Lewis is named governor of the Louisiana Territory, Clark is captains get 1,600 acres. Lewis is named governor of the Louisiana Territory, Clark is made Indian agent for the West and brigadier general of the territory's militia.made Indian agent for the West and brigadier general of the territory's militia.

October 11, 1809 -Lewis commits suicide at Grinders Stand, an inn south of NashvilleOctober 11, 1809 -Lewis commits suicide at Grinders Stand, an inn south of Nashville

KeelboatKeelboat

Zebulon PikeZebulon PikeIn 1805 he led an exploring party to In 1805 he led an exploring party to search for the source of the Mississippi search for the source of the Mississippi River; although he mistakenly River; although he mistakenly identified Red Cedar Lake (now Cass identified Red Cedar Lake (now Cass Lake) in Minnesota as the source, he Lake) in Minnesota as the source, he was not far wrong. After his return he was not far wrong. After his return he was sent on an expedition (1806–7) to was sent on an expedition (1806–7) to explore the headwaters of the explore the headwaters of the Arkansas and Red rivers and to Arkansas and Red rivers and to reconnoiter Spanish settlements in reconnoiter Spanish settlements in New Mexico. Pike and his men went New Mexico. Pike and his men went up the Arkansas River to the site of up the Arkansas River to the site of Pueblo, Colo., and explored much of Pueblo, Colo., and explored much of the country, sighting the peak that is the country, sighting the peak that is named after him, Pikes Peak. When named after him, Pikes Peak. When he and a small party went to the Rio he and a small party went to the Rio Grande, they were taken into custody Grande, they were taken into custody by the Spanish who brought them to by the Spanish who brought them to Santa Fe and then to Chihuahua and Santa Fe and then to Chihuahua and finally released them at the border of finally released them at the border of the Louisiana Territory. the Louisiana Territory.

Election of 1804Election of 1804

Demo-Rep – TJDemo-Rep – TJ

Federalists – Charles Federalists – Charles Pinckney Pinckney

TJ won in a landslide.TJ won in a landslide.

Jefferson won with a Jefferson won with a margin of 162 margin of 162 Electoral votes to 14 Electoral votes to 14 for Pinckneyfor Pinckney

Problems with France and EnglandProblems with France and England

Great Britain and France were fighting each Great Britain and France were fighting each other again.other again.America commerce benefited by supplying both America commerce benefited by supplying both sides with goods.sides with goods.Both countries eventually tried to stop this Both countries eventually tried to stop this practicepracticeOrders in CouncilOrders in Council – Passed by the British. – Passed by the British. Forbade foreign ships from trading with France.Forbade foreign ships from trading with France.French DecreesFrench Decrees – Passed by the French. – Passed by the French. Napoleon ordered the seizure of all merchant Napoleon ordered the seizure of all merchant ships that entered British portsships that entered British ports

Impressment of SailorsImpressment of Sailors

ImpressmentImpressment – A – A form of forced form of forced enlistment or the enlistment or the illegal seizure of illegal seizure of men and forcing of men and forcing of them to serve on them to serve on British ships. British ships. Some 6000 Some 6000 American were American were impressed from impressed from 1808-11.1808-11.

One issue precipitating the War of 1812 was the British disregard of American shipping rights.

British ships frequently stopped American ships, confiscated their cargo, and impressed

(captured) crew members, claiming they were deserters from Britain’s Royal Navy.

Chesapeake AffairChesapeake AffairOn June 22, 1807, the American On June 22, 1807, the American frigate frigate ChesapeakeChesapeake was stopped by was stopped by the British ship the British ship LeopardLeopard for the for the purpose of inspecting the American purpose of inspecting the American crew for possible deserters. crew for possible deserters. The The ChesapeakeChesapeake’s captain refused ’s captain refused and the British opened fire, causing and the British opened fire, causing extensive damage to the ship. The extensive damage to the ship. The American ship was boarded and four American ship was boarded and four accused deserters were forcibly accused deserters were forcibly removed. removed. The event, clearly a violation of The event, clearly a violation of America's neutral rights, was widely America's neutral rights, was widely reported in the newspapers and reported in the newspapers and heightened the calls for war against heightened the calls for war against Britain. The Britain. The ChesapeakeChesapeake Affair was Affair was one additional grievance leading one additional grievance leading toward the War of 1812.toward the War of 1812.

Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807In order to try to stop the British In order to try to stop the British and French seizure of American and French seizure of American ships, Jefferson resorted to an ships, Jefferson resorted to an embargo.embargo.Forbade the export of all goods Forbade the export of all goods from the U.S.from the U.S.The daring attempt to use The daring attempt to use economic coercion on in a economic coercion on in a world at war was not world at war was not successful. Britain and France successful. Britain and France stood firm.stood firm.TJ overestimated Great Britain TJ overestimated Great Britain and French dependence on U.S and French dependence on U.S shipmentsshipmentsThe commerce of New England The commerce of New England was harmed more that that of was harmed more that that of France and Britain. France and Britain.

Non-Intercourse ActNon-Intercourse Act

This allowed resumption of all This allowed resumption of all commercial intercourse except with commercial intercourse except with Britain and France. Jefferson reluctantly Britain and France. Jefferson reluctantly accepted it. accepted it.

Election of 1808Election of 1808

Demo-Repubs – Demo-Repubs – James MadisonJames Madison

Federalists – Charles Federalists – Charles PinckneyPinckney

Madison won electionMadison won election

Macon’s Bill #2Macon’s Bill #2

Permitted American trade with all the world, also Permitted American trade with all the world, also promised American restoration of trade to France promised American restoration of trade to France and/or England if either dropped their commercial and/or England if either dropped their commercial restrictions.restrictions.Napoleon immediately saw a chance to cripple the Napoleon immediately saw a chance to cripple the British economy, if he simply said he would stop British economy, if he simply said he would stop harassing American ships. A message was sent to the harassing American ships. A message was sent to the United States, stating the rights of the American United States, stating the rights of the American merchant ships as neutral carriers would be merchant ships as neutral carriers would be recognized. Napoleon had no intention of ever recognized. Napoleon had no intention of ever following through on his promise, and James Madison following through on his promise, and James Madison soon realized this as well, ignoring the French promise.soon realized this as well, ignoring the French promise.

War HawksWar Hawks

Led by Speaker of the House Henry ClayLed by Speaker of the House Henry Clay

Reasons for call for war:Reasons for call for war:– Impressment of sailorsImpressment of sailors– Orders of CouncilOrders of Council– British arming of Indians in the West which British arming of Indians in the West which

prevented further expansionprevented further expansion– Boundary disputesBoundary disputes– War Hawks desire for CanadaWar Hawks desire for Canada

Battle of TippecanoeBattle of TippecanoeTecumseh journeyed South to Tecumseh journeyed South to gain support for his Indian gain support for his Indian alliance. While Tecumseh was alliance. While Tecumseh was away, General William Henry away, General William Henry Harrison saw a good opportunity Harrison saw a good opportunity to attack. He camped with 1,000 to attack. He camped with 1,000 men outside the village that acted men outside the village that acted as headquarters for Tecumseh as headquarters for Tecumseh and his brother (the medicine man and his brother (the medicine man known as "Prophet"). Harrison known as "Prophet"). Harrison provoked the Indians to attack and provoked the Indians to attack and then decimated the village. The then decimated the village. The destruction of Tecumseh's destruction of Tecumseh's headquarters disillusioned many headquarters disillusioned many of the supporters of Tecumseh, of the supporters of Tecumseh, who had believed he and his who had believed he and his brother had supernatural powers. brother had supernatural powers. On November 7, 1811, then-Governor

William Henry Harrison defeated the Shawnee warriors at the Battle of

Tippecanoe in what is now the state of Indiana.

CORBIS-BETTMANN

Mr. Madison’s WarMr. Madison’s War

War was declared in 1812, with a House vote War was declared in 1812, with a House vote of 79 to 49 and a very close Senate vote of 19 of 79 to 49 and a very close Senate vote of 19 to 13, showing America’s disunity.to 13, showing America’s disunity.

a disunited America had to fight both Old a disunited America had to fight both Old England and New England in the War of 1812, England and New England in the War of 1812, since Britain was the enemy while New since Britain was the enemy while New England tried everything that they could do to England tried everything that they could do to frustrate American ambitions in the war.frustrate American ambitions in the war.