Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis

Manifest Destiny

TEXAS

Mexico wants American to settle in Mexico

1.Strengthen economy & tax base2.Provide buffer against Native Americans

Empresarios

Moses StephenAustin

Problems:1.Won’t learn the language2.Religion3.Slaves

American population in Texas

1830 - 7,000

1835 - 30,000

Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana

Goliad

Col. James Fannin and over 200 men executed on Santa Ana’s orders

San Antonio de Bexar

Crockett Bowie Travis

March 6, 1836

Over 183 killed including Crockett

Sam Houston

Runaway Scrape

March13 –

April 21

Battle of San Jucinto

April 21,1836

900 Texans

Vs

1500 Mexicans

Texas Mexico

8 killed 630

30 wounded

0 captured 730

Santa Ana captured

The Republic of Texas

President Sam Houston

Really want to be part of the US

Jackson against bringing Texas in as a state

*cause sectional conflict

*cause war with Mexico

Van Buren and Harrison also decline

Tyler tries to get annexation treaty through Congress

Blocked by Northern Senators & Reps

Western migration

About 300,000 move to West from 1840-60

Trip lasted 6 months

Santa Fe Trail

Oregon Trail

OREGON TRAIL

Oregon Trail today

Those who took the trip were relatively young and had some money

The Donner Party

Expansion and War

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Election of 1844

                                                

Democrat Whig

ClayVan Buren

Polk

DARK HORSE

Polk’s Platform

•Annexation of Texas

•Claim all of disputed Oregon Territory

Platform appeals to both North and South

                                                

Polk 170

Clay 105

Tyler steals some of Polk’s glory by getting annexation bill thru Congress

Texas a state December 1844

54° 40’

Or

Fight

Why settle for less that was demanded?

Rio Grande

Nueces

New Mexico•Mexico invites American to New Mexico in 1820’s

•Trade develops between Santa Fe and Independence, Mo

California

American come to California

*Maritime Traders & Whalers

*Merchants

*Families

Americans in both California and New Mexico want to join the US

Polk has a Plan

•Fleet ready to take California ports if War

•Tries to buy disputed area from Mexico

•Send Gen Taylor across Nueces

Polk gets declaration of war May 13,1846

40-2 Senate174-14 House

Some concerns over war:*Whigs charge Polk maneuvered country into war

*charge that concerns over Texas allowed US to settle for less in Oregon

Zachary Taylor

*Battle of Monterrey

*Battle of Buena Vista

Polk worries about Taylor becoming too successful

Stephen Kearny

John C. Fremont

Winfield Scott

* Scott captures Vera Cruz

* Captures Mexico City

                                                                      

                    

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848

Mexico

Cedes California and New Mexico Rio Grande border of Texas

U.S.

Pays $15 million Assumes citizens claims against Mexico

WILMOT PROVISO

*David Wilmot-Penn

*Prohibits slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico

*Passes House Fails in Senate

Impact of War with Mexico

1. Begins period of sectional debate over slavery

*Many different positions: Polk supports extension of 36° 30’ line

*Popular Sovereignty

2. People who participate in War:

Zachary Taylor Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant James Longstreet William Sherman Thomas Jackson

ELECTION OF 1848

Lewis Cass

Democrat

Zachary Taylor

Whig

FREESOIL PARTY

*Opponents of slavery

*Unhappy with major parties

*Endorse Wilmot Proviso

*Run Martin Van Buren

•Taylor wins!!!

•Free soil Party gets 10% of vote and 10 members in Congress

Gold discovered in

California 1848

People rush to California

49ers

Population of California

1848 14,000

1852 220,000

95% are male

California writes Constitution

NO SLAVERY!!!!!

Other Problems:

*Slavery in DC

*Northern laws preventing return of slaves

*California & Oregon

Clay tries Compromise:

*Mexico cession slave territory *Texas yields border to N. Mexico *Slave trade abolished in DC *Fugitive Slave Law *California Free State

Calhoun’s Speech

*Fugitive Slave law*Grant South = rights in Terr. *Stop attacking slavery *Amendment balancing power *Dual Pres(N&S) with veto power

Daniel Webster

7th of March Address

*Supports compromise

*New England mad

*leaves Senate – made Sec of State

New Leadership

William Seward NYJefferson Davis MissStephen Douglas

President Taylor will veto the Compromise

Following the Whig Tradition:

Taylor dies

Taylor

New President Millard Fillmore signs Compromise of 1850

Election of 1852

Franklin Pierce

Winfield Scott

Young America

*Spread American Democracy in Europe

*Expand American commerce in the Pacific

*Acquire new territory in Western Hemisphere

Ostend Manifesto

*Reps in Europe tell Pierce take Cuba

*Leaked to Public

*Anti-slave North mad

South blocks any attempt to get non-slave territory

*Hawaii

*Canada

People moving West of Miss. R.

*Much of this land given to Indians

*Communication/Transportation will need to expand

Gadsden Purchase

$10,000,000 for land along southern border of New Mexico and Arizona

Stephen Douglas

Wants RR thru Chicago

Kansas-Nebraska Act

*repeals Missouri Compromise

*divides into 2 territories

*Slavery by Popular Sovereignty

K-N has following effects:

*destroys Whig Party

*divides Northern Democrats

*Creation of new Party

Republican Party

*1854 Jackson, Mi et al

*Strictly sectional party

1855

*election of Terr. Legislature

*1500 voters

*6000 votes

*’Border Ruffians’

Lawrence, KansasAnti-slavery capital

John Brown

Pottawatomie Creek

*Captures 5 pro-slavery settlers

*Hacks them to death

BLEEDING KANSAS

Bloody Sumner

Charles Sumner attacked by Rep. Preston Brooks

Why did this sectional dispute come about?

Each section wants it’s vision of America to be the dominate one

These visions were different due to the differing economic and sectional interests

NORTHViews on society based on:

Free soilFree labor

Slavery is bad because of what it does to whites

Ideal society is small scale capitalism where society was mobile and all could improve

The North sees the South is a closed society. The slave system preserves entrenched aristocracy. Common whites have no chance of advancement

North sees themselves as progress and South as stagnation

North feels South wants to spread slavery and destroy openness of capitalist society

Threatens future of free white labor

Heart of Republican Party

SOUTH

Southern position gets more hard line as time goes on

*Nat Turner*Expansion of slavery to deep South*Abolition literature

South thinks abolition is the majority opinion in the North

Feels need to work up intellectual defense of slavery

Slavery good for slaves:*Need guidance of whites*better off than “wage slaves”

Only way races can live together

Good for economy

South sees North as abandoning American values and replacing with greed

South orderly society without the unrest of North

Election of 1856

*Democrats only national party left

*Need candidate that is not controversial

James Buchanan

Republican John C. Fremont

American Party Millard Fillmore

Buchanan

Fremont

Fillmore

174

114

8

Dred Scott v. Sanford

*Slaves are not citizens

*Slaves are property

*Can not take away property without due process of law 5th Amendment

*Congress has no power to stop slavery in territories

Lecompton Constitution

1857

Pro-slavery

Compromise:

*Lecompton const. Resubmitted

*if approved become a state

*if rejected wait until population is 93,600

Illinois Senate Election 1858

Lincoln Douglas

Freeport Doctrine

*Asks Douglas if people of a territory can exclude slavery

John Brown at Harper’s Ferry

October 16, 1859

*seizes Federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry

*Federal troops surround fort

*Brown is captured

*Brown found guilty

*Hanged Dec 2, 1859

Election of 1860

Democrats have a problem:

*Douglas wants nomination

*South doesn’t want him

*South walks out of convention

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Northern Democrats

Southern Democrats

Stephen John Douglas Breckinridge

C.

*High tariff

*Internal improvements

*Homestead Bill

*Transcontinental RR

*States decide slavery

*No slaves in territories

Manufacturers

Ex-Whigs

Farmers

Merchants

Freesoilers

Convention picks Lincoln

                     

Compromisers form

Constitutional Union Party

John Bell

Lincoln

Douglas

Breckenridge

Bell

39.9%

29.5%

18.1%

12.6%

180

12

72

39

Popular vote Electoral vote