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Chapter 15 Road to Civil War
1820-1861
I. Slavery and the West
A. The Missouri Compromise, 1820 Missouri: slave Maine: free No slavery north of the
36°30’ line B. New Western Lands
Texas, California, New Mexico brought the slavery issue back
1. Conflicting Views Wilmot Proviso Calhoun said no one
could ban slavery
B. New Western Lands
2. The Free-Soil Party 1848 Election, slavery an
issue Whigs: Zachary Taylor Dem.: Lewis Cass Free-Soil: Martin Van
Buren 3. California
Applied for statehood in 1849
Banned slavery Doesn’t fit the Missouri
Compromise Would upset the balance
of power in Congress
C. A New Compromise
1. Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay and Stephen
Douglas got it passed in five bills
a. California a free state b. Slavery ok in N.M. c. Border dispute of
Texas and N.M. settled d. Slave trade banned in
D.C. e. Stronger fugitive slave
act Millard Fillmore (Taylor
died in 1850) called it a “final settlement”
II. A Nation Dividing A. The Fugitive Slave Act
All citizens had to help catch runaway slaves
Stepped up efforts to catch slaves
Often free blacks were caught
Built resentment in the north 1. Resistance to the Law
Underground RR Helped buy freedom Juries refused to convict
those who broke the law 1852: Uncle Tom’s Cabin
published by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Sold 300,000 copies the 1st year
Showed the evils of slavery to the north
B. The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Franklin Pierce elected in 1852 Supported F.S.A.
Stephen Douglas of IL, wanted the transcontinental RR through his state
Proposed the bill for popular sovereignty to organize KS & NE People chose if they
wanted slavery Abandoned the MO
compromise Passed in 1854
C. Conflict in Kansas
Proslavery and antislavery groups rushed to Kansas to vote
Only 1,500 voters, but 6,000 votes cast Proslavery won Antislavery accused
them of fraud Border ruffians from
Missouri were armed By 1856, two
governments in Kansas, both armed
C. Conflict in Kansas cont.
1. Bleeding Kansas May 1856, proslavery
attacked Lawrence Kansas
John Brown believed god chose him to end slavery
He and his sons hacked five men to death with swords at Pottawatomie Creek
More violence broke out: “bleeding Kansas”
2. Violence in Congress Charles Sumner attacked
Andrew Butler in a speech
Preston Brooks beat him down with a cane
III. Challenges to Slavery
A. A New Political Party 1854 antislavery Whigs
and Democrats formed the Republican Party
Stop the expansion of slavery
1. Election of 1856 Rep.: John C. Fremont Dem.: James Buchanan Know-Nothings: Fillmore
Buchanan won
B. The Dred Scott Decision
Two days after Buchanan was inaugurated
Dred Scott a slave, moved around the country with his owner Lived in free states His master died, he sued
for freedom 1. The Court’s Decision
Chief Justice Roger Taney stated he’s still a slave, can’t even sue
5th Amendment: can’t deprive property
No laws can take property away
2. Lincoln and Douglas
Senate election in Illinois in 1858
Douglas a probable presidential candidate in 1860
Lincoln was unknown Douglas: short, stocky,
and powerful Popular sovereignty
Lincoln tall, lanky, ugly, and had a high voice Wanted to stop the
spread of slavery
3. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Seven debates in 1858 Main topic: slavery The whole country followed
these in the papers Douglas: Freeport Doctrine
Exclude slavery by not passing laws to protect it
Lincoln: "'A house divided against itself cannot stand.'(Mark 3:25) I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.”
Douglas won the election, but Lincoln became a national figure
4. The Raid on Harper’s Ferry
Oct. 1859, John Brown and 18 men seized an arsenal in VA
Hoped for a slave revolt Captured, tried,
convicted, and hanged North: a hero and a
martyr South: truly believed
there was a northern conspiracy to destroy their way of life Cannot believe the
north praised him
IV. Secession and War
A. Election of 1860 Democrats split Northern Dem.: Douglas Southern Dem.: John C.
Breckinridge Constitutional Union
Party: John Bell Rep.: Lincoln Lincoln won a clear
majority even though he wasn’t on many southern ballots
More populous north outvoted the south
The South thought Lincoln would destroy their way of life
B. The South Secedes
Lincoln promised to leave slavery alone in the south
South Carolina secedes on Dec. 20, 1860
1. Attempts at compromise John Crittenden tried, too
late 2. The Confederacy
By Feb. 1861, seven states seceded
Formed the Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis elected president
Left for state’s rights Constitution was a
contract Govt. violated it so they
left
B. The South Secedes cont.
3. Reactions to Secession Lee, “ I see only that a
fearful calamity is upon us.”
4. Presidential Responses James Buchanan did little Lincoln didn’t take over
until March 1861 “We are not enemies, but
friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection.:
C. Fort Sumter
Confederates seized some U.S. forts
Surrounded Ft. Sumter in S.C. Low on supplies Lincoln didn’t want to
provoke an attack 1. The War Begins
Lincoln announced he would give supplies
April 12, 1861: The South attacks for 33 hours until they surrendered
No casualties Lincoln called for 75,000
troops VA, NC, TN, and AR
immediately join the CSA
Chapter 15: Road to Civil War Questions
1. What were the five points of the Compromise of 1850? Why did they have to create it and how did it differ from the Missouri Compromise? Was it the “final solution”? Why or why not?
2. How did the Fugitive Slave Act and Uncle Tom’s Cabin change public opinion in the North? Why were they so significant in the North’s views on Slavery?
3. What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act? How did it lead to violence and further split the nation?
4. Why was John Brown so important in dividing the country? What did he do and what was the reaction of the North? How did the Republican Party fit in to increase southern fears?
5. What did the Dred Scott decision say? What were the ramifications for the issue of slavery in the entire country?
6. Why did the Election of 1860 force southern states to secede? What did the South do in response and how did the Civil War formally begin? In your group’s opinion, did Lincoln do the right thing when dealing with Fort Sumter? Why or why not?