**After 1650 the development of western civilization centers on
Paris England, S. Scotland, France, Switzerland, N. Italy, W. and
C. Germany, Low CountriesReign of Louis XIV is the example of this
his influence stretched from England to Hungary.Spain on its way
out, no longer the mover and shaker of European society.*HENRY
IVHistoric Statue of Henry IV and the Pont Neuf (finished during
his reign)*HENRY IVStatue of Henry IV and the Pont Neuf todayThe
statue was taken down during the French revolution (despite what
the McKay text says), but was the first to be rebuiltReligious
Control - As a Huguenot, he married the French Princess Margaret of
Valois to smooth over French religious differences (This marriage
was the event from which the St. Bartholomews Day Massacre
occurred. Not surprisingly, it was a very unhappy marriage, though
she did protect him from being killed in the massacre). He
converted to Catholicism when he became monarch of France to help
end the French Wars of Religion. He issued the Edict of Nantes
allowing Protestants to worship in France within 150 fortified
cities, he even funded the military garrisons of these towns.
Foreign Policy -- Henry IV mostly stayed out of war, focused more
on rebuilding his country *Maximilien de Bthune, duc de Sully and
his home Hotel du Sully on the Place des Vosges in Paris. He was a
shrewd businessman, and a Protestant. Because of his religion (and
a difficult personality) he was hated by many, but he was totally
trusted by Henry IV. He implemented Henry IVs successful economic
policies which included combining the indirect taxes on salt, sales
and transit (and leasing their collection to financiers). Although
taxes were reduced, revenues increased because of a revival in
trade. Sully also instituted the Paulette, the annual tax paid to
keep a position in a family. This was a money-maker for Henry IV,
but will become a revenue loser for future kings.Henry IV presided
over economic growth and a time of toleration. He improved the
infrastructure of France by building new roads and canals and
repaired the damage caused by the French wars of religion.
*When Henry IV died, his second wife, Marie deMedici became
regent. Her life is illustrated in a series of huge, overblown
baroque painting by Reubens. In this one Henry is being carried off
to heaven after his assassination (by a devout Catholic) on the
left while she is offered the orb of state on the
right.http://www.students.sbc.edu/vandergriff04/mariedemedici.html
very baroque, overdone, emotionalThe Death of Henri IV and The
Proclamation of the Regency. 1622-1625. Oil on canvas, 12' 11 1/8"
x 23' 10 1/4". Muse du Louvre, Paris. *Marie deMedici was regent
for young Louis XIII (who was more into the perks of the monarchy
than the work associated with it). She hired Cardinal Richelieu to
handle the affairs of state for her son.
Under Richelieu the monarchy embodied the French state
Richelieu raised the status of the French monarchy; subordinated
all competing groups to the monarchy; shuffled the royal council in
part by getting rid of the most powerful members (after this he
dominated the council)Utilized intendants to collect information,
deliver royal orders, recruit for the army, administer local law,
and regulate economic activities. All of this undermined the local
nobles.Weakened the Protestant nobles by revoking part of the Edict
of NantesFounded the French Academy to promote the centralization
of government
Rescinded part of the Edict of Nantes because Louis XIII saw the
walled Protestant cities as a state within a state. Protestants
still allowed to worship, but not allowed to live in walled cities
with their own armies. Protestant cities had to allow Catholic
worship services.
Commerce, trade, guilds, marketplaces all regulated by the
intendants
Sought to destroy the Habsburgs by giving help to the Protestant
princes of Germany in the Hundred Years War
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:MariadeMedici.jpg*Seige of La
Rochelle (artists rendition). Richelieu/Louis XIII decided that
Protestant cities in which Catholics could not practice was
political disobedience. Louis XIII revoked part of the Edict of
Nantes walls were torn down and Catholic masses said in Protestant
cities. (Richelieu said the first mass in La Rochelle.) But
Huguenots were still allowed to practice.*Louis XIV also came to
the throne young, at the age of 4. His mother Anne of Austria (she
was really Spanish, but her mother was Austrian so she was known as
Anne of Austria regardless, she was a Habsburg) was regent. Mazarin
was Anne/Louis XIVs top minister. She was unpopular because she was
a Habsburg her husband had unsuccessfully attempted to keep her
from being regent. Mazarin was also unpopular. Though he had worked
closely with Richelieu, Mazarin was always suspect because he was
Italian. Rumor was that the two were having an affair, though this
may have been scandalmongers trying to further tarnish both of
their reputations.*Nobles rebelled in the early years of Louis XIVs
reign (The Fronde), they were trying to take back the power
Richelieu had taken from them. Mazarin subdued the Fronde after
eight years of fighting. By then the people of France were willing
to accept the absolutism of Louis XIV in exchange for peace and
calm.*Louis XIV and CobertLouis XIV was a firm believer in the
divine right of kings. He was actively involved in all parts of
governing. Controlled the nobles by appointing middle class
officials to be his main counselorsNever called the Estates General
(thereby denying the nobles an opportunity to organize a resistance
against him)Used spying and terror to eliminate threats secret
police force, system of informers, practice of opening private
lettersRevoked the Edict of Nantes because he thought that
religious unity was essential for his royal dignity and to the
security of the state. Destroyed Protestant churches, closed
schools, baptized Huguenots, exiled pastors. (At the time this was
very popular among his subjects.)
Cracked down on the inefficiencies and corruption associated
with tax collection but still ended up selling offices and tax
exemptions to raise revenueRaised taxes on commoners
On the economic front he gave support to old industriesCreated
new industries, especially textilesState inspection of goods and
the formation of guilds to ensure qualityAbolished domestic tariffs
and created high foreign tariffsCreated a merchant marine to
transport goodsPromoted the settlement of Canada and claimed all
the land west of the Mississippi RiverDevalued currency
*Militarily Louis XIV (with the assistance of the Marquis de
Louvois) created a national army with higher levels of
professionalismAttacked the Spanish Netherlands in an attempt to
secure Frances borders
Louis XIV wanted to push North West to dismember the Holy Roman
Empire. This resulted in wars with the Spanish Netherlands. France
spent a lot of money on these wars, with relatively little gain in
land.
Louis XIVs last war was the War of Spanish Succession -
Attempted to unify the Spanish and French thrones. Was defeated by
the Grand Coalition of the English, Dutch, Austrians and Prussians
who feared an all powerful France/Spain.*Summation of Spains
problems:Monarchs of declining skillAgricultural crisis and
population declineLoss of skilled merchants and artisans (kicking
out the moriscos) Less silver coming from MexicoLess trade with
colonies (English and Dutch moving in)Small middle class (because
working for a living was looked down upon in Spain)Increasing
deficits (because Spain still spent like it was her heyday) and
multiple defaults
Monarchs of declining skill: Spains kings Charles V, Philip II,
Philip III, Philip IV, Charles II each less capable and successful
than the previous monarch.
CHARLES V (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) ruled 1519-1556 (was actually
Charles I of Spain), See chapter 14 for information on him.
PHILIP II (ruled 1556-1598)Absolute monarch in service to the
Catholic Church, absolutely CatholicSaw the Inquisition as an
important tool for keeping orderWas very involved in day-to-day
decision making due to the complex organization of Spains
government.Played different powers against each other in order to
keep control but this was very inefficientInherited a large debt
from Charles VIndustry overburdened by too many regulations and
high taxesMade the moriscos (Muslims) leave Granada, which hurt the
economyResponded to inflation with a devaluation of
currencyIncreasingly dependent on loans from foreign banksFought to
keep the Netherlands united and under Spanish ruleSupported the
assassination of Elizabeth I in order to place Mary Queen of Scots
on the English throneAttempted to conquer England with the Spanish
Armada
PHILIP III ruled 1598-1621. A very religious man. Handed power
over to the duke of Lerma who used it to advance his familys
position. Made the Muslims who converted to Catholicism leave Spain
which hurt the economy. Brought the war with the Dutch to a truce,
but entered the Thirty Years War looking to restore Spains lost
luster. An expensive war was not the way to do so, he was unable to
stop Spains slow decline.
PHILIP IV ruled 1621-1665. While he had good advisors (Olivares)
Spain was stuck on the idea of regaining her past glory through
warfare. Re-started the war with the Dutch and started a 31 year
war with France over Mantua (an Italian city state). Country not
advancing economically because the upper class sees investing and
working in business to be beneath them. Spain also refused to try
mercantilism and new scientific discoveries because Spain
considered these to be Protestant traits.
CHARLES II ruled (1665-1700) Had no children, was afflicted by
both mental and physical ills (he was known as Charles the Hexed,
unable to have children. The thought is that he was the product of
too much Habsburg inbreeding (lots of nieces marrying their uncles
in his family).
Louis XIV was married Charles IIs sister and hoped to have his
kingdom. He almost succeeded when Charles IIs will went against
previous treaties dividing Spanish lands among the French
(Bourbons), Austrians (Hapsburgs) and a German prince. Charles IIs
will named Philip of Anjou (Louis XIVs grandson) his heir. This is
what started the War of Spanish Succession. Once the war is over
and European powers agree to let Philip rule as long as the Spanish
and French thrones stay separate, Philip rules as Philip V.
*Elizabeth I rules 1558-1603Parliament began to be restless
under Elizabeth, but they deferred to her as an old woman and a
national symbol. She maintained peace within the country and fought
off the Spaniards. Had great personal powerPolitically shrewd and
flexibleGreat sense of royal dignity and devotion to hard work
Officials, clergy and nobles had to swear allegiance to herShe
wisely selected ministersRefused to marry because her husband, as
king, would have more power than sheManipulated parliament
All citizens had to attend Church or pay a fineElizabethan
Settlement created a moderate church that was a compromise between
Catholicism and the Puritan faithElizabeth was the supreme head of
the governor of England
Carefully managed finances (but left a large debt)
Gave financial support to Dutch rebels against SpainApproved of
pirating wealth from Spanish ships
*Picture of James I by John de Critz 1606. James I ruled
1603-1625Believed in divine right everyone has to obey the king no
matter what. James I was an absolutist, he wrote The True Law of
Free Monarchy (free from control of Parliament) Kings drew their
authority from God. It was the kings job to take care of the
people. Divine right.Seen as a foreigner (because he was from
Scotland). Personality was tiresome, called the wisest fool in
Christendom Needed money wars against Spain left debt, plus he was
far from economical. Landowner members of Parliament did not want
taxes increased.Utilized sympathy to get more money out of
ParliamentInsulted Parliament when it did not do his
biddingDissolved two ParliamentsCreated Earldoms for a price as a
way of raising revenue
The Parliament under James I was truly national. It represented
the wealth of the nobility and the middle class. It chafed under
the restrictions James tried to place on it.
James insisted on keeping bishops when Parliament wanted to get
rid of them (the Puritan-leaning Parliament saw bishops as too
Catholic)Sponsored the authorized version of the Bible which was
used by both Anglicans and Puritans as a tool to encourage people
to read the BibleTaxes relatively lowKept England at peace
Parliament had a different opinion. Goes back to the Magna Carta
which acknowledges that kings have to follow the law, the concept
of no taxation without representation and the idea that every
person has the right to a due process of law.
**Charles I ruled 1625-1649Picture of Charles I in three
positions van Dyck 1635 (van Dyck was Rembrandts most successful
pupil)Believed in Divine Right so he tried to govern without
calling Parliament. This was a problem because Parliament
controlled the countrys money.Puritans didnt like him because he
strongly supported the Church of England Parliament was
Puritan-leaning. Charles I supported William Laud who tried to
impose many elaborate rituals on the Anglican Church, many thought
the Anglican Church was becoming too much like CatholicismCharles I
(and Laud) Insisted on the use of the Book of Common prayer, this
made the Presbyterian Scots rebel because they did not want to
institute bishops.Property owners didnt like him because he raised
fees. (Ex. Ship money. Originally a tax on coastal cities to help
pay for defense, Charles I extended it to all Englishmen. Charles
saw it as a legit way for a king to raise money to finance a navy
for the whole country. Parliament saw it as taxation without
representation which went against British Tradition and the Magna
Carta.) When the Scots attacked over their religious differences,
Charles called Parliament (The Long Parliament) but it would not
authorize funds to pay for war with Scotland. Parliament did not
trust Charles I with an army. Charles I often bargained with
Parliament then rescinded orders he had already approvedHe had
tried (and failed) to arrest Parliamentary leadersUtilized the
Court of the Star Chamber to prosecute opponents
*Since Parliament would not give him money, Charles I eventually
raised an army in the North of England made up of nobility, rural
gentry and mercenaries
The conflict evolved into the English Civil WarOliver Cromwell
commanded an effective regiment in the Parliamentary force which
took its inspiration from Protestantism. Was able to rout Charles
Is army. Charles I was brought back to be tried and found
guilty.Oliver Cromwell will then control the country. He lived
frugally.
(Cromwell was buried at Westminster, but then exhumed in 1661
and hanged. Head displayed for 20 years!)
*Picture of Charles Is beheading in 1649 Dutch woodprint, man
holding head on right of platform.Cromwell thought the king had to
be removed in a permanent way.Parliament hesitated, so Cromwell
used his army to remove those who would not find the king to be
treasonous forming the Rump Parliament (the Parliament left over
after Cromwells removal of some members. So the Rump Parliament is
part of the Long Parliament that was elected during the reign of
Charles I and lasted until the reign of Charles II because no
elections were held during Cromwells rule. This time between kings
is also called the interregnum.
*Oliver Cromwell ruled 1653-1658Initially Favored
constitutionalism and parliamentary government, granted a measure
of religious toleration allowing several forms of Protestantism.
Also allowed Jews to live in England.But he ruled as a dictator of
the Puritans holding onto all control for himselfDismissed members
of Parliament that supported the kingTore up the constitution
prepared by ParliamentKept the standing army and proclaimed
semi-martial lawCensored the press Very Puritan forbade sports,
closed theatersBanned Catholicism in Ireland, executed priests and
confiscated church landMercantilist who enforced the Navigation
Acts requiring good going to the colonies be shipped on English
ships. Crushed a rebellion in IrelandShort but successful war
against the commercially successful Dutch
Had to fight the Scots who became royalist when one of their
Stuart monarchs was beheaded.Irish rebellion violently
suppressed*Thomas Hobbes the LeviathanBelieved that people come
together in a social contract to form a government - but that they
hand over all power to the king. They have no right to rebel, they
must follow their king.His thoughts are influenced by the bloody
war he had just experienced the English Civil War.*King Charles II
ruled 1660-1685 ( Painting by 1685 Godfrey Kneller (1646 - 1723)He
intended to get along with the restored (power back to Parliament
after Cromwell) Parliament. Made sure that he got along with
Parliament by utilizing a group of 5 members of Parliament as his
top advisors (beginning of the cabinet system)Courts restoredNeeded
more money than Parliament gave him so he made a secret agreement
with Louis XIV (in whose court he was raised when his family fled
England) for money in exchange for Charles II relaxing laws against
Catholics. Louis XIV hoped Charles II would gradually
re-Catholicize England.Perhaps in response Charles II did not
strongly enforce the Test Act which prohibited those who were not
members of the Church of England from voting, holding public
office, preaching, teaching, attending the universities or even
assembling for meetingsHe also dissolved the Parliament that passed
a law saying all rulers had to be members of the Roman Catholic
Church Calls for religious toleration were also seen as his
promotion of CatholicismAgreed to support French policy against the
Dutch Note: Tories were the aristocratic political party who
supported Charles II. The Whigs were suspicious of the king, so
they passed the Test Act all officeholders must take communion in
the Church of England
*Picture of James II 1680s Sir Godfrey Kneller Ruled
(1685-1688)Charles IIs brotherWas religiously tolerantHad a
Catholic son in 1688 with is second wife.
Absolutist like his father and grandfather, thought he could
suspend law at will Appointed Roman Catholics into positions in the
army, universities and local government. Granted Religious freedom
to all, imprisoned church leaders who disavowed this position
Prominent members of Parliament ask William (husband of Mary who
is James IIs Protestant daughter she had been raised that way at
the request of her uncle Charles II) to come to England with an
army.James II flees.
Lockes words summarize the philosophy behind the Glorious
Revolution. He also advocates a Social Contract (like Hobbes), but
in his if the government does not protect peoples rights then the
people can overthrow the government.**William and Mary (ruled
1689-1702)Recognized the supremacy of Parliament by accepting the
throne from Parliament Accepted Parliaments bill of rights no law
could be suspended by the king (like the Test Act had been
suspended), no taxes could support an army without parliamentary
consent
Mary very committed to serving as head of the Anglican Church.
William controlled the Treasury - Created the Bank of
EnglandWilliam seen as saving the Protestant Dutch from the French
in the Franco Dutch War (using English resources)William organized
the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV more than once, was working on
opposing Louis XIV in the War of Spanish succession at the time of
his deathMainstream Protestants and Catholics supported
them.Strongly repressed the Irish only allowed to trade
agricultural goods, not allowed their Catholicism, not allowed to
voteThis revolution was definitely upper class oriented the upper
class is happy to have monarchs who bring stability and recognize
rights.
Also, Parliament had to be called at least once every three
years.Judiciary branch was independent from the Crown Freedom of
worship to all Protestants
*Catholics allowed to live in England, but could not own
guns
**Treaty of Utrecht (1715) ended the War of Spanish
SuccessionFrench Bourbon king succeeded to the Spanish throne.
France gave Austria the Spanish Netherlands. France recognized the
Hohenzollerns as rulers of Prussia. England received Gibraltar and
the land around the Hudson Bay region of Canada. England now widely
seen as an up-and-coming nation.
