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Chapter 17 Study Guide Answers. 1. What is weather?. the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place - controlled by Earth’s motions & energy from the sun. 2. What is climate?. the given weather conditions of an area over many years avg. rainfall avg. temp avg. humidity - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 17 Study Guide Answers
1. What is weather?
the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place
- controlled by Earth’s motions & energy from the sun
2. What is climate?
the given weather conditions of an area over many years
avg. rainfallavg. tempavg. humidityavg. wind directionavg. air pressure etc…
3. What is the current composition of our atmosphere? Give gases & %
Current composition of atmosphere: 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 0.93% Argon (inert gas) 0.039% Carbon DioxideAlso present in atmosphere = water vapor, dust, ozone, and pollution
OZONE
4. O3
5. Found in the stratosphere- between 10-50 km from surface, it increases the temperature
6. Blocks harmful Ultraviolet (UV) rays
7. 4 layers of atmosphere
Troposphere = temperature decreases as you increase altitude- Extends from surface to ~12 km- All weather occurs here
Stratosphere = slight increase in temperature- Extends from 12km to ~50 km- Contains the Ozone Layer (absorbs UV to increase temperature)
Mesosphere = temperatures decrease with altitude- No definite upper limit - Temperatures near -90ºC
Thermosphere = temperatures increase due to absorption of high energy solar radiation- No definite upper limit
8. What layer does weather occur?
Troposphere- all weather phenomena
9. How much of the sun’s energy is reflected back into space?
~30% is reflected back into space
10. What is reflection?
When light bounces off an object
11. What is scattering?
When weak light rays travel in different directions
12. What is conduction?
Conduction = transfer of heat through direct contact of molecules
heat flows from the hotter object into the colder object
13. What is convection?
Convection = transfer of heat by mass movement or circulation within a substance
heat from below (ground) conducts heat near the base of the atmosphere, the air
14. What is radiation?
Radiation = heat is radiated (travels by waves) from the sun and hits the atmosphere
some radiated energy is absorbed and some is reflected (bounced) back into space:
~30% is reflected back into space~50% is absorbed by land & sea~20% is absorbed by clouds & atmosphere
15. Greenhouse effect..why is it good?
Earth’s atmosphere naturally absorbs heat from the sun because of water vapor & carbon dioxide
atmosphere traps heat near the Earth’s surface
Without this natural greenhouse effect, Earth’s temperature would be much colder (uninhabitable for humans)
16. Global warming…why is it bad?
Global warming is an increase in temp. of Earth’s atmosphere that may be caused by human activity
Affects overall climate and animal habitats
17. 5 factors that influence temp. on Earth
LatitudeHeating of land & waterAltitudeGeographic positionCloud cover
18. How does latitude affect Earth’s temp?
Latitude (distance from the equator)
Differences in amount of solar radiation received
Variations in the angle of sun’s rays
Length of daylight
19. Why do land & water have diff temps?
Land heats more rapidly and to higher temperatures than water
- Land also cools more rapidly and to lower temperatures than water
- Cities near water have a smaller daily temperature change
compared to cities more inland
20. What happens to temp. as you increase altitude
The higher the altitude, the colder the temperatures
21. When does summer solstice occur?
On June 21 or 22
21. When does winter solstice occur?
On December 21 or 22
23. When does spring equinox occur?
March 21 or 22
24. When does autumnal equinox occur?
September 22 or 23
25. What is the tilt of Earth’s axis
23.5º
26. What causes seasons?
The tilt of the Earth’s axis
27. What are isotherms?
Line on a map connecting points of equal temperature
28. What is albedo?
Albedo- the fraction of total radiation that is reflected by any surface
29. Clouds and keeping Earth cool & warm..
Day- clouds reduce radiation and keep it cooler. No clouds means it’s warmer.
Night- it’s the opposite; clouds act like a blanket & keep it warm. A clear night means it’s cooler