Chapter 17Chapter 17

World development and

interdependence

World development and

interdependence

How to measuredevelopment?

How to measuredevelopment?

PatternsPatterns

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

• Economic wealth (GNP)

• Social indicators (population, health)

• Other indicators (education, diet, employment, energy, trade)

• Economic wealth (GNP)

• Social indicators (population, health)

• Other indicators (education, diet, employment, energy, trade)

Gross National Product per capitaGross National Product per capita

Schooling in LEDCs and MEDCs: classrooms in (left) Pakistan and (right) the UKSchooling in LEDCs and MEDCs: classrooms in (left) Pakistan and (right) the UK

The indicators of development used in the index are:

- Literacy Rate

- Life Expectancy

- The GNP per person, adjusted to take into account the cost of living in that country.The HDI is a more effective measure than just using GDP, as it brings in social considerations also. However it still has problems because it does not show any of the regional differences within a country.

The indicators of development used in the index are:

- Literacy Rate

- Life Expectancy

- The GNP per person, adjusted to take into account the cost of living in that country.The HDI is a more effective measure than just using GDP, as it brings in social considerations also. However it still has problems because it does not show any of the regional differences within a country.

• •

Causes of inequalityCauses of inequality

• Economic (mineral deposits, energy resources, able to develop industrially, many jobs, improve transport systems, develop new technologies and imposing trade restrictions.

• Economic (mineral deposits, energy resources, able to develop industrially, many jobs, improve transport systems, develop new technologies and imposing trade restrictions.

• Social (money to spend on education, health and better-quality housing)

• Social (money to spend on education, health and better-quality housing)

• Political (stable government, investing in the economy, avoiding civil war, colonial powers)

• Political (stable government, investing in the economy, avoiding civil war, colonial powers)

• Environmental (unaffected by frequent drought, flooding, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tropical storms, malaria, AIDS, pests and having clean water)

• Environmental (unaffected by frequent drought, flooding, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tropical storms, malaria, AIDS, pests and having clean water)

Consequences of inequality

Consequences of inequality

LEDCs usually have:

Higher birth rates, infant mortality rates, natural increase, shorter life-expectancy, poorer educational facilities, poorer health care, poorer diet and poorer provision of services, more jobs in primary, trade deficit, need aid, less purchasing power per capita

LEDCs usually have:

Higher birth rates, infant mortality rates, natural increase, shorter life-expectancy, poorer educational facilities, poorer health care, poorer diet and poorer provision of services, more jobs in primary, trade deficit, need aid, less purchasing power per capita

Human Development Index (HDI)

Human Development Index (HDI)

Sustainable developmentSustainable development

"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need."

"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need."

Ladakh (India)Ladakh (India)

World trade and interdependenceWorld trade and interdependence

Widening trade gapWidening trade gap

Trade barriersTrade barriers

• Tariffs

• Quotas

• Tariffs

• Quotas

If Africa, East Asia, South Asia, and Latin America each increased their share of world exports by just one per cent, the resulting gains could lift 128 million people out of poverty.

If Africa, East Asia, South Asia, and Latin America each increased their share of world exports by just one per cent, the resulting gains could lift 128 million people out of poverty.

Appropriate techonologyAppropriate techonology

Appropriate technology is technology that is appropriate to the environmental, cultural and economic situation it is intended for. An appropriate technology, in this sense, typically requires fewer resources, which means lower cost and less impact on the environment.

Appropriate technology is technology that is appropriate to the environmental, cultural and economic situation it is intended for. An appropriate technology, in this sense, typically requires fewer resources, which means lower cost and less impact on the environment.

Trading blocsTrading blocs

- to increase the volume and the value of their trade

- to increase the volume and the value of their trade

Aid

Aid is given by donor countries to recipient countries to help their

development, or help them recover from a natural disaster.

Aid

Aid is given by donor countries to recipient countries to help their

development, or help them recover from a natural disaster.

Different types of aidDifferent types of aid

• Government (Bilateral)• International organisations (Multilateral)

• Voluntary (Non-Governmental Organisations)

• Short-term/emergency• Long-term/sustainable

• Government (Bilateral)• International organisations (Multilateral)

• Voluntary (Non-Governmental Organisations)

• Short-term/emergency• Long-term/sustainable

Government (Bilateral)Government (Bilateral)

Often conditional/tiedOften conditional/tied

International organisations (Multilateral)

International organisations (Multilateral)

Voluntary (Non-Governmental

Organisations)

Voluntary (Non-Governmental

Organisations)

CharitiesCharities

Short-term/emergencyShort-term/emergency

Long-term/sustainableLong-term/sustainable

Case studiesCase studies