Chapter 2, Section 1 7 th Grade Social Studies

Chapter 2, Section 17th Grade Social Studies

Starter Activity

Starter Activity: How has technology changed over the years? List as many examples as you can think of in your notebook. Be prepared to share in class.

Key Vocab & IdeasO classical = relating to Ancient Greece & RomeO technology = the use of science in commerce and industryO astrolabe = an instrument used by sailors to observe

positions of the starsO pilgrimage = journey to a holy placeO mosque = Muslim house of worshipO Quran = Muslim holy bookO acquire = to come to have somethingO impose = to establish or imply by authority

CrusadesO Started in 1095. Time period called "The Middle Ages"O ****watch Brainpop on Middle Ages***O 9 trips total/lasted about 200 yearsO Led by European ChristiansO Goal = regain control of their holy sites from the MuslimO Effect = brought Europeans into contact with Middle East

CrusadesO Europeans bought spices, sugar, silk, and other items from

traders in the Middle East.O The items were sent back home to major cities like Venice,

Genoa, and Pisa.O Interest grew. People wanted these new, exotic items.

O Problem: Middle Eastern traders charged high prices on their goods.

O Solution: Europeans began to look at other trade routes & places to buy goods.

RenaissanceO Renaissance: "rebirth"O *The expansion of travel and sampling new goods caused

Europeans to want to improve their knowledge of the world.

O *Began studying Ancient Greek & Roman (classical) philosophies

O *New experimental approach to science O *Began thinking about the universe & writing about their

ideas.O *Studied sculptures & architecture of classical world.O Visit this website: http

://www.kidsdiscover.com/spotlight/renaissance-for-kids/

http://www.kidsdiscover.com/spotlight/renaissance-for-kids/



In-Class Project (omit 2015)

ExplorationO *Nation-states began to form in Europe. O *Monarchs came into power. O *Leaders wanted to increase trade and make their countries stronger.

O Marco Polo: Famous explorer/trader who wrote about his travels.O "The length of this Desert is so great that 'tis said it wouldO take a year and more to ride from one end of it to the other. O And here, where its breadth is least (narrowest), it takes a O month to cross it. 'Tis all composed of hills and valleys of sand, O and not a thing to eat is to be found on it."O ---------from The Travels Of Marco Polo (talking about the Gobi

desert)

Extension ActivityO Common Core Aligned: The Road With Two-

Humped Camels

InventionsO Advances in technology (use of scientific knowledge for

practical purposes)O Allowed more and more European voyages for exploration

and trade.

1. printing press was invented

2. better maps

3. better ships (now had rudder and triangular sail = steer into the wind)

4. gained better instruments:

*astrolabe=measured the position of the stars

*compass = determine direction

African Kingdoms Flourished from 400-1600 AD

Ghana = African Trade

Center

Click icon to add picture

• gold, copper, salt, slaves, ivory, etc. were traded here

• made $$$ by imposing taxes on trade

MALI


• Mansa Musa king 1312-1337

• made pilgrimage (journey to a holy place) to Mecca.

• returned with an architect who built mosques (Muslim house of worship) in Timbuktu.

Songhai


• built strong navy to control Niger River

• captured Timbuktu from Mali in 1468

• Quran (Muslim holy book) started to be used there

Extension Activity

Extension Activity: Please answer the following question in your notebook. What events and technological advances paved the way for European exploration? Use your notes & textbook to help you.

Chapter 2: Section 2

Early Exploration

Starter Activity

In your notebook, answer the following question: Would you have wanted to be an early explorer? Explain why or why not.

Key Vocab & IdeasO saga = long, detailed storyO line of demarcation = imaginary line running down the

middle of the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to the South Pole dividing the Americas between Spain and Portugal

O strait = narrow passageway connecting two larger bodies of water

O circumnavigate = sail around the world

Cause & Effect Of Early European Exploration

Cause Effect

O European desire for new trade routes

O growing power and wealth of European nations

O competition for tradeO missionaries' desire to

convert people to Christianity

O Knowledge grows about other regions

O Europeans and Native Americans clash

O Enslavement of AfricansO Rivalry in the Americas

grow

Unaware of the Americas. Assumed only one large land mass. Maps didn't include the Americas.

Famous Early Explorers

Henry The Navigator (Prince Of Portugual)

O1420 set up Sarges ("school of navigation")

Oplanned voyages & analyzed reportsOdid not go on any expeditions himself

Bartholomeu DiazO mission (from King John of Portugal) was to reach AsiaO had only 2 caravels and a supply shipO sailed south around the tip of AfricaO forced off route by storm & returned homeO discovered the southern tip of Africa (Cape Of Good

Hope)O Caravel - travel in the shallows, lateen sail caught the

wind, 75-90 feet long

Vasco Da Gama

O first Portuguese to land in IndiaOJuly 1497, set out with 4 shipsOsailed around the Cape Of Good Hope and up the

East coast of AfricaOmade many stops on the eastern coastO landed in Calicut, India in May of 1498

Amerigo Vespucci

O1502 sailed along the coast of South AmericaOsaid it wasn't part of Asia, continent by itselfOgeographers called it "America"

Ferdinand MagellanO sailed around the tip of South America through a strait

(narrow water channel)O named the ocean Pacific (pacifico means peacefully in

Spanish)O crew sailed all the way to Spain in 1522 = O first to circumnavigate (travel around) the world

Extension Activity

Why did Spain and Portugal want to find a sea route to Asia? Think of as many reasons as possible. Use your text book to help you.

Who should get credit for discovering

America?

The Vikings or Columbus? You decide . . .

Round 1: The Vikings

OFirst Europeans to sail to North AmericaOVisited Iceland & Greenland in the 800s and 900s.OMade settlements (remains have been found by

archaeologists in NewfoundlandOsagas (traditional stories) tell all about Leif

Eriksson. Explored a land west of Greenland around 1000 AD. He called it Vinland.

O ******watch Brainpop on Vikings******

Round 2: Christopher Columbus

O1492OSailed with 3 ships: Nina, Pinta, and Santa MariaOThought he was at the East Indies, but actually

was in the Caribbean IslandsOnamed the place San SalvadorOmade 3 more voyages: explored & mapped the

coasts of Central & northern South AmericaO******Watch Columbus on Brainpop******

Discussion Time!

OWho do you think should get credit for “Discovering” America?

OBe able to support your answer.

Extension ActivityO Common Core Aligned: What Stopped

Columbus?

In-Class Project1) Select either Cortes and the Aztec (p. 43) or Pizarro and the Inca (p.

44).

2) Fold the top side of paper to bottom to divide it in half.

3) On the bottom half, draw and color a map of the area. Use p. 12, 14, and 44 for reference.

4) Draw a line to divide the top half into 3 columns. IN EACH COLUMN:

*******Write the name of one important concept (idea, invention, person, religion, etc. )

*******Draw and color a picture representing the concept.

*******Write 3 sentences providing facts about the concept.

5) Cut out the outline of a human (the explorer in the area). Draw, color, add construction paper, etc. to decorate your human. Add armor, etc.

6) Tape/glue to map.

Project Example

Chapter 2: Section 3Spain In America

Starter ActivityRead this quote:

"I know in my heart that we shall TAKE vast and wealthy lands, peoples such as have never before seen . . . If you do not abandon me, as I shall not abandon you, I shall make you in a very short time the richest of all men who have crossed the seas."

-----from Cortes: The Life Of The Conqueror by His Secretary

Why do you think explorers felt it was "OK" to take from the native people? Do you feel the same way? Explain. Write your thoughts in your notebook.

Key Vocab & IdeasO conquistador = Spanish explorers in America in the

1500sO encomienda = system of rewarding conquistadors

with tracts of land and the right to tax and demand labor from Native Americans who lived on the land

O pueblo = home or community of homes built by Native Americans

O plantation = a large estate run by an owner or manager and farmed by laborers who lived there

Spanish Conquistadors In The Americas

(watch brainpop)

Mercantilism = Economic Rivalry

What fueled the competition?

$$$ from fishing and fur trading

American land and resources

Competing for power at

home in Europe

Hernan CortesO Landed in Mexico in 1519

with 500 soldiersO made alliances with the

Aztec people's enemiesO went Tenochtitlan (Aztec's

main city) & was welcomed

O took Montezuma (Aztec ruler) prisoner

O Aztec rebelled in 1520 and Montezuma was killed

Francisco PizarroO 1523 captured Inca ruler

and destroyed most of the Inca military

O They captured the Inca ruler (Atahualpa) and falsely accused him of crimes. Executed him.

O Inca were unable to fight/re-group without their leader.

O Pizarro gained control over the whole empire

Juan Ponce De Leon

OHoped to find gold and the "Fountain Of Youth"

O"a spring of running water of such marvelous virtue that drinking it makes old men young again"

Robert La SalleOFrenchOWanted to reach the Gulf of

Mexico by traveling down the Mississippi River

OResultsOReached the Gulf of Mexico

and claimed the entire Mississippi River Valley for France

Looking For The Seven Cities Of Cibola

Hernando De Soto

Francisco Vasquez De Coronado

Sir Walter RaleighO EnglishO Sent by Queen Elizabeth to claim land for England in

North AmericaO Results

O Claimed land from present-day North Carolina to Maine and named it Virginia, in honor of Queen Elizabeth.

O Sent 100 people to settle at Roanoke Island

off North Carolina, but colony disappeared

by 1591.

Why Spain Succeeded

OWeapons = used guns & cannons vs native weapons of sticks & stones

OAnimals = had horses to travel quicklyOOther natives in the area were tired of being

treated hatefully by the Aztec and Inca = decided to help the Spanish

ODisease = Native Americans didn't have immunity to European Illnesses. Smallpox was one of the most deadly diseases at that time.

Spanish Law Called For 3 Kinds Of Settlements In The Americas:

OPueblos: towns OMissions: religious communitiesOPresidios: military fort

Social Classes FormedPeninsulares = born in Spain, owned land, served the church & ran the government

Creoles = born in America to Spanish parents

Mestizo = people who have a Spanish and Native American parent

Native Americans = born in America, lived in great poverty

African slaves = only class below Native Americans. No freedom. No money. Considered property.

Encomienda System

O right to demand taxes or labor from Native Americans living on the land

O turned Native Americans into slavesOmany Native Americans died from malnutrition

and diseaseOSpain passed New Laws in 1542 = forbade

anyone from making Native Americans slaves

Plantation System

OAllowed Spanish settlers to make large profits = exporting tobacco, sugarcane, and other crops.

OSince Native Americans were no longer allowed to be slaves, they brought people from Africa and made them slaves to work on the farms.

Extension Activity

How did Spain's conquests affect the economic and social development of the Americas?

Chapter 2: Section 4

Starter Activity

What would you do if someone tried to force their beliefs on you? Write about it in your notebook.

Key Vocab & Ideas

Omercantilism = theory that a state's or nation's power depends on its wealth

OColumbian exchange = exchange of goods, ideas, and people between Europe and the Americas

ONorthwest passage = water route to Asia through North America sought by European explorers

Reasons Europeans Continued To Move To Americas:

Religion:O Catholics (Spanish & French) worked to spread their faith

to AmericaO Protestants (Dutch & English) created settlements to work

in peace (learn more about that in the next chapter)O *Mercantilism = idea that a nation's power is based on its

wealthO ---encouraged people to move to North America $$$$ in

natural resources (gold, sugar cane, tobacco, salt) O ---increased the rivalry between European nations

Columbian Exchange

OTwo halves of the world brought together for the first time

OOccurred because of the contact between the European Explorers and Native Americans.

OPeriod of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds.

OExchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology

O*******watch Brainpop on it*****

Positive Impacts From The Columbian Exchange

OFrom Old World to New: Cattle were brought to Mexico in 1521. Source of food, can pull heavy loads. Horses allowed hunters to travel larger distances.

OFrom Old World to New: The Spanish brought sugar to Mexico.

OFrom Old World to New: Bananas were first grown in Southeast Asia and brought by Europeans to the Caribbean Islands.

Positive Impacts From The Columbian Exchange

OFrom New World to Old: Corn can be grown on land that can't easily grow rice or wheat. Has become an important food in Europe, Egypt, India, China, etc.

OFrom New World to Old: Potatoes have become an important source of nutrition for many countries all over the world.

Negative Impacts From The Columbian Exchange: From New World To Old World

OSand fleas, or chiggers, are insects that dig under human skin to lay eggs.

Negative Impacts From The Columbian Exchange: From Old World To New World

OBecause they were separated from the rest of the world, Native Americans had no prior immunity to smallpox and other deadly diseases.

OEuropean animals brought diseases with them that attacked llamas and alpacas.

Negative Impacts From The Columbian Exchange: From Old World To New World

ORats hitched rides on ships carrying Europeans. They spread all over the Americas quickly.

OMany explorers wanted to find gold and silver in the New World. They used natives as slaves. When the natives began to die out, they turned to Africans as free labor.

Columbian Exchange Simulation

You will randomly receive a food card. The card will contain a modern recipe created with foods available as a direct result of the Columbian Exchange. If your food's primary ingredient is from the "New World", there will be a number in the bottom right-hand corner. If your food's primary ingredient is from the "Old World", there will be a letter in the bottom right-hand corner. Please note, there are some recipes which contain ingredients from both worlds, but I based classification on the primary ingredient. For example, baby-back ribs are considered an Old World food in this simulation because the primary ingredient, pork, is an Old World food.


O Step 2: You will be allowed 5 minutes to look at everyone else's cards. You are allowed to trade, should you choose to do so. HOWEVER, for this step, you are only allowed to trade within your group. In other words, "New World" foods (those marked with a number) are ONLY allowed to trade with each other. "Old World" foods (those marked with a letter) are only allowed to trade with each other.

O After I call time, head back to your seats. Share. Do you feel you had a good trading experience? Explain.


OStep 3: Now you will have 5 minutes to trade again. This time, you may trade for any recipe ~ Old or New World. You do not have to trade if you like your recipe.

OWhen I call time, return to your seats. How do you feel the trade went this time? Was your experience positive or negative? Explain.


O OH NO!!!!! By interacting with each other, you have shared your germs! Gross! Some of the New World consumers have been exposed to the small pox, for which they have no built-up immunity. (Old World consumers have been exposed to this disease previously and have developed immunity.) Flip your card over. If you have an X, you have become very ill and shall perish. You are out of the game.

Extension Activity

Evaluate our simulation. How did you do? Did you like your food? Describe your trades. Have a positive or negative trading experience? How does this relate to the real Columbian Exchange? Write a paragraph to share your thoughts. Draw a picture to illustrate your thoughts.

Searching For The Northwest Passage

OEuropean countries wanted to trade with Asia.OWater travel was faster than land travel.O It took too long to sail around the tip of Africa or

South America.OEuropeans needed a western route to Asia that cut

through North America

Northwest PassageWhy were Europeans interested in Asia?

•

What were explorers searching for in their exploration of North America’s coast?

•

Why were explorers searching for this?

•


• TRADE


•


•


• TRADE


• A NORTHWEST PASSAGE


•


• TRADE


• A NORTHWEST PASSAGE


• EUROPEAN NATIONS WANTED A QUICKER TRADE ROUTE TO ASIA

Northwest Passage

ODirect water route to Asia through The Americas

OJohn Cabot attempted to find it in 1497. Landed in Newfoundland.

OJacques Cartier looked for it in 1535. Sailed up the St. Lawrence River. Reached what is now Montreal, Canada.

Northwest PassageO Henry Hudson

1. 1609 discovered Hudson River (in Albany, NY now)

2. 1610 found Hudson Bay

3. thought he was in the Pacific so he searched for a way out

4. crew rebelled & sent Hudson off of the main ship in a small boat-never to be seen again.

French Trading Posts

OFrench uninterested in permanent settlement of North America

OOnly wanted resources for trade (fish, animal fur)

OQuebec and other areas of Canada

Dutch SettlementsO Dutch East India Company settled in the

North East (now Albany, NY) on the Hudson River

O Built Fort Nassau (near Philadelphia, PA)O New Amsterdam, located on the tip of

Manhattan Island (paid the Manhates people 60 Dutch guilders (about $24) in goods like cloth, axes, and hoes. Now = New York City

Extension ActivityWhy did European nations establish colonies in North America? Think of as many reasons as possible. Do you feel these reasons were valid? Yes or No. Copy this chart into your notebook. Complete.

Reasons Europeans Moved To NA

Reason: Valid:

Research Project1) Choose an explorer that we have discussed in this chapter.

2) Use at least 2 other resources to find out more information about your group. Fill out the RESOURCE PAGE (p. 2).

3) Answer the following questions:

Where did he live?

Tell about his family.

What was the goal of his journey?

Where did he explore?

Did he have a successful mission? How can you tell?

What can we learn from your explorer that applies to today?

Tell at least 1 interesting fact (other than listed above) about your explorer.

4) Present your information to the rest of the class. You will need a visual display AND share orally.

Documents

Chapter 2, Section 1 7 th Grade Social Studies