PowerPoint Presentation

ISLAM & BIOLOGYIn his Sahih, Imam Muslim reported on the authority of Abu Hurayrah that the prophet (PBUH) said: The whole body of the son of Adam will be eaten by dust except ajb adh-dhanab (coccyx) for he was created from it and his body will be reconstructed starting with it.SUPPORT & LOCOMOTION11.1 support & locomotion in human and animalsLocomotionthe movement of whole organisms from place to placePURPOSE ???Forms of LocomotionWalkingRunningCrawlingSwimmingCrawlingFlyingSkeleton: structure that supports the body of a human or animal

Types of skeletonExoskeleton

Endoskeleton

Hydrostatic Skeleton

The Human Skeleton

The Axial SkeletonSkullCranium

Vertebral Column(7)(12)(5)(5)(4)

Structure of typical vertebraeTypical vertebra has:A centrum (body)A neural arch (vertebral arch)A neural canal (vertebral canal)Transverse process

Cervical vertebrae3rd 7th cervical vertebrae smallest & lightest vertebrae thinner centrum & smaller neural spine transverse process has a vertebrarterial canal

Thoracic vertebraeThoracic vertebrae:Heart shape centrumSmall circular neural canalLong neural spine which point downwards

Lumbar vertebrae triangular neural canal large broad transverse processes short broad neural spineSUPPORT & LOCOMOTIONThe Rib Cage

FUNCTIONS

Protects lung & heartFor the attachment of intercostal muscleProvides pumping mechanism required for breathing

Upper limbs8 carpals5 metacarpals14 phalanges

Lower Limbs7 tarsals5 metatarsals14 phalangesMusclesTendonConnect muscle tissue to bones & cartilage

LigamentHold bones together Muscle3 types of muscleSmooth muscleCardiac muscleSkeletal muscle

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Skeletal Muscle/ myofibres

Tendon

A cord of dense connective tissue made up of strong & inelastic collagen fibresConnect muscle tissue to bones & cartilageLigamentMade of collagen fibres containing an elastic proteinStrong and elasticHold bones together at a joint preventing them from being dislocated

Similarities between tendons & ligaments Connect two types of tissues together Are made of collagen tissue

TENDONSAspect of comparisonLIGAMENTSMuscle to boneTypes of tissues connectedBone to boneAbsentPresence of elastinPresentInelasticElasticityElasticComparison between tendons & ligamentsCartilage and synovial fluid at jointJOINT:a place where two or more bones are joined togetherthe weakest part of the skeletonIts:allow flexibility & movement of the skeletonallow attachment between bones

Cartilage and synovial fluid at jointImmovable jointFixed jointsE.g Sutures are found between the bones of the skull

Slightly movableE.g.:Joints between adjacent centra of the vertebral column

Freely movableSynovial jointsE.g.:Hip knee

CartilageIn movable joints, cartilage covers the bone surfaces at which they articulateReduces the friction between articulating bone surfaces

Synovial JointsBall & socket joint

Allow freedom movement in any planee.g.: shoulder joint and hip joint

Hinge joint

Allow movement only in one planeE.g.: elbow and kneeMovement of the limb

Skeletal muscle : can only contractTo move a bone, 2 sets of skeletal muscle needed:When one set of skeletal muscle tissue contracts, it moves in one directionWhen the other sets contract, it moves the bone in the opposite directionPoint of originpoint of attachment of a muscle that does not move when muscle tissue contractPoint of insertion point of attachment of a muscle tissue that moves when the muscle tissue contractThe movement of elbow joint

Movement of the knee jointMechanism of locomotion in animals

Locomotion in earthwormLocomotion in Earthworm

Locomotion in grasshopper

Locomotion in grasshopperfemurtibiafoot

Adaptive features in fish for locomotion in water:Streamlined shapeThe body is covered with scales and slimy coating to reduce frictionThe presence of fins to stabilize the fish and help it move efficiently through waterLocomotion in fishFish : Locomotion in water

Dorsal fin (increases the vertical surface of the fish and keeps it upright by preventing it from rolling sideways)Caudal fin(generates the forward force (thrust) which propels a fish forward and aids in steering the fish)Paired pelvic (ventral) finsUsed to provide stability & steering while swimmingPaired pectoral finsAllow the fish to swim backwards, stay in one spot, and move up & down or from side to side

Fish : Locomotion in waterBirds : AdaptationSkeletonStrong, light and forms a rigid framework for the attachment of flight musclesDeep keel provides large surface for flight musclesLimb bones are strong but hollow

Birds: Locomotion in the airLIFTWEIGHTTHRUSTDRAG

Locomotion of Amphibian

Impaired musculoskeletal systemIs involuntary , painful & prolonged contraction within the muscleCan occur while muscles are in use or at rest

Muscle crampPoor blood circulation in the legsOverexertion of the calf muscles while exercisingInsufficient stretching before exerciseExercising in the heatMuscle fatigueDehydrationMagnesium and/or potassium deficiencyCalcium deficiency in pregnant womenPossible causesOsteoporosiscaused by gradual loss of bone density and thinning of bone tissue, causing bone to break easilyMain effect :Bone fractures easilyCrippling body and locomotion

Muscular dystrophy inheritable diseasescause the muscles of the body to become gradually weaker & finally stop workingCan start in childhood / adulthoodCan affect muscles very slowly / very quickly

Treatment:No known cure for muscular dystrophyDrugs are used to slow down muscle degeneration, to control seizures of some muscle activity, antibiotics to fight respiratory infectionsExercise & physical therapy are used to maintain mobility ImpactCauses muscle weakness leading to frequent falls & walking problemCauses skeletal & muscle deformities

Is an inflammation of the joints> 100 types of arthritis

Osteoarthritis:Due to the wear & tear of joints & surrounding tissuesCauses pain, tenderness, swelling & decreased function of joints affecting both support & locomotion

Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritisAutoimmune diseaseImmune system of the body mistakenly attacks the synovial membraneCauses joint pain, stiffness & swelling of joints & loss of joint functionDirectly cripples both support & locomotion in humans

SUPPORT IN PLANTSSupport allows plants to physically grow in sizeRoot system anchors to the ground to support the shoot system above the ground in airSupport from the stem enables plant organs to be placed high above the ground to maximise their function

Necessity for support in plantsE.g. water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) Roots Thick, fibrous, & heavily branchedLeaves have:Air sacs (buoyancy)Sclereids (sclerenchyma) within the mesophyll to provide some support & prevent leaves from collapsing

Support in aquatic plants (hydrophytes)Root Contains aerenchyma cells with large air spaces which provide buoyancy for support

Petioles:Spongy & inflatedAerenchyma cells with large air spaces which provide buoyancyContain sclereids to give support to the spongy petiole

Support in Aquatic plantsIncludeWoody plantsNon woody plantsWoody plants:Schlerenchyma tissuesXylem vesselsTracheids

Support in terrestrial plant

Support in terrestrial plants (Woody)Herbaceous plants and climbersParenchyma cells provides hydrostatic supportDepend on the turgidity of their cells and other supportive tissueClimbers :TendrilsTwining stemNon woody plant