Chapter 24Chapter 24Solid and Hazardous WasteSolid and Hazardous Waste

Overview of Chapter 24Overview of Chapter 24

o Solid WasteSolid Waste• Types of Solid WasteTypes of Solid Waste

o Waste PreventionWaste Prevention• Reducing the Amount of WasteReducing the Amount of Waste• Reusing ProductsReusing Products• Recycling MaterialsRecycling Materials

o Hazardous WasteHazardous Waste• Types of Hazardous WasteTypes of Hazardous Waste• Management of Hazardous WasteManagement of Hazardous Waste

o Environmental JusticeEnvironmental Justice

Solid WasteSolid Waste

o US generates more solid waste per capita US generates more solid waste per capita than any other countrythan any other country• 2.1kg per person per day (that’s about 4.5 2.1kg per person per day (that’s about 4.5

POUNDS!)POUNDS!)o Types of Solid WasteTypes of Solid Waste

• Municipal solid wasteMunicipal solid waste• Solid material discarded by homes, office Solid material discarded by homes, office

buildings, retail stores, schools, hospitals, prisons, buildings, retail stores, schools, hospitals, prisons, etcetc

• Relatively small portion of solid waste producedRelatively small portion of solid waste produced• Non-municipal solid wasteNon-municipal solid waste

• Solid waste generated by industry, agriculture, and Solid waste generated by industry, agriculture, and miningmining

Composition of Municipal Solid Composition of Municipal Solid WasteWaste

Disposal of Solid WasteDisposal of Solid Waste

o Three methodsThree methods• Sanitary LandfillsSanitary Landfills• IncinerationIncineration• RecyclingRecycling

Sanitary Sanitary LandfillLandfill

o Compacting Compacting and burying and burying waste under waste under a shallow a shallow layer of soillayer of soil

o Most Most common common method of method of disposaldisposal

Sanitary LandfillSanitary Landfillo ProblemsProblems

• Methane gas production by microorganismsMethane gas production by microorganisms• Contamination of surface water & ground water Contamination of surface water & ground water

by leachateby leachate• Not a long-term remedyNot a long-term remedy• Few new facilities being openedFew new facilities being opened• Closing a full landfill is very expensiveClosing a full landfill is very expensive

Sanitary LandfillSanitary Landfillo Special Problem of PlasticSpecial Problem of Plastic

• Much of plastic is from packagingMuch of plastic is from packaging• Chemically stable and do not readily break Chemically stable and do not readily break

down and decomposedown and decomposeo Special Problem of TiresSpecial Problem of Tires

• Cannot be melted and Cannot be melted and reused for tiresreused for tires

• Made from materials that Made from materials that cannot be recycledcannot be recycled

• Can be incinerated or Can be incinerated or shreddedshredded

IncinerationIncineration

o Volume of solid Volume of solid waste reduced by waste reduced by 90%90%

o Produces heat that Produces heat that can make steam to can make steam to generate electricitygenerate electricity• Produce less carbon Produce less carbon

emissions than emissions than fossil fuel power fossil fuel power plants (right)plants (right)

IncinerationIncinerationo Types of IncineratorsTypes of Incinerators

• Mass burn (below)Mass burn (below)• ModularModular• Refuse-derivedRefuse-derived

IncineratorIncineratoro Problems Associated with IncinerationProblems Associated with Incineration

• Yields air pollution (mercury, arsenic, cadmium, Yields air pollution (mercury, arsenic, cadmium, other heavy metals, carbon dioxide, nitrous other heavy metals, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, etc.)oxides, etc.)

• Produce large amounts of ash (still need a Produce large amounts of ash (still need a landfill)landfill)

• Site selection often controversialSite selection often controversial

CompostingCompostingo Includes:Includes:

• Food scrapsFood scraps• Sewage sludgeSewage sludge• Agricultural manureAgricultural manure• Yard wasteYard waste

o Reduces yard waste in landfillsReduces yard waste in landfillso Can be sold or distributed to communityCan be sold or distributed to community

Waste PreventionWaste Preventiono Three GoalsThree Goals

• (1) Reduce the amount of waste(1) Reduce the amount of waste• (2) Reuse products (2) Reuse products • (3) Recycle materials(3) Recycle materials

Reducing WasteReducing Wasteo Purchase products with less packagingPurchase products with less packagingo Buy in Buy in bulkbulk to cut down on packaging to cut down on packaging

Reducing WasteReducing Wasteo Source reductionSource reduction

• Products are designed and manufactured in Products are designed and manufactured in ways that decrease the volume of solid waste in ways that decrease the volume of solid waste in the waste streamthe waste stream

Reducing WasteReducing Wasteo Pollution Prevention Act (1990) – first U.S. Pollution Prevention Act (1990) – first U.S.

law to focus on reduction of waste at the law to focus on reduction of waste at the sourcesource• Requires EPA to identify source reduction Requires EPA to identify source reduction

measuresmeasures• Requires manufacturers to report their source Requires manufacturers to report their source

reduction and recycling activities to the EPAreduction and recycling activities to the EPAo DematerializationDematerialization

• Progressive decrease in the size and weight of a Progressive decrease in the size and weight of a product as a result of technological product as a result of technological improvementsimprovements

Reusing ProductsReusing Productso Refilling glass beverage bottlesRefilling glass beverage bottles

• Heavier glass that costs moreHeavier glass that costs moreo Japan recycles almost all bottlesJapan recycles almost all bottles

• Reused 20 times on avg. before being discardedReused 20 times on avg. before being discardedo Many products (boxes, scrap paper, storage Many products (boxes, scrap paper, storage

containers) have other uses that can extend containers) have other uses that can extend the life of the materials they are made of! the life of the materials they are made of! Be creative.Be creative.

Recycling MaterialsRecycling Materialso Recycling: In the Recycling: In the

NE USA, most NE USA, most communities communities recycle:recycle:• Glass bottles, Glass bottles,

newspapers, newspapers, alum/steel cans, alum/steel cans, plastic bottles, plastic bottles, cardboard, office cardboard, office paperpaper

RecyclingRecyclingo Recycling PaperRecycling Paper

• US recycles 50%US recycles 50%• Many developed countries are Many developed countries are

higherhighero Every ton of recycled paper Every ton of recycled paper

saves:saves:• 17 trees17 trees• 7000 gallons of water7000 gallons of water• 4100 kwatt-hrs of energy4100 kwatt-hrs of energy• 3 cubic yards of landfill space3 cubic yards of landfill space

o Recycling GlassRecycling Glass• US recycles 25%US recycles 25%• Costs less than new glassCosts less than new glass• Can be used to make glassphalt Can be used to make glassphalt

(right)(right)

RecyclingRecyclingo Recycling AluminumRecycling Aluminum

• Making a new can from recycled one costs far less Making a new can from recycled one costs far less than making a brand new one, and requires far less than making a brand new one, and requires far less energy!energy!

Recycling AluminumRecycling Aluminum• In 2000, 55% of aluminum beverage cans were In 2000, 55% of aluminum beverage cans were

recycled!recycled!

Recycling Other MetalsRecycling Other Metals

o Recycling Metals other than AluminumRecycling Metals other than Aluminum• Lead, gold, iron, steel, silver and zincLead, gold, iron, steel, silver and zinc• Metallic composition is often unknown and Metallic composition is often unknown and

they are often mixed together!they are often mixed together!• Makes recycling difficultMakes recycling difficult

RecyclingRecyclingo Recycling PlasticRecycling Plastic

• Less than 20% is recycledLess than 20% is recycled• Less expensive to make Less expensive to make

from raw materialsfrom raw materials• 35% of plastic soda 35% of plastic soda

bottles are recycled bottles are recycled annually (PET = annually (PET = polyethylene polyethylene terphthalate)terphthalate)

• Used to make carpeting, Used to make carpeting, clothing, felt, auto parts, clothing, felt, auto parts, etc.etc.

The Special Problem of Plastics…The Special Problem of Plastics…o The amount of plastic in our solid waste stream is The amount of plastic in our solid waste stream is

growing faster than any other component!growing faster than any other component!• More than half of this plastic is from packaging!More than half of this plastic is from packaging!

o The properties of each type of plastic (polystyrene, The properties of each type of plastic (polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene) are different based polyethylene, polypropylene) are different based upon their different chemical compositionsupon their different chemical compositions

o Most plastics are chemically stable and do not Most plastics are chemically stable and do not break down in a landfill easily!break down in a landfill easily!

o A few are photodegradable, and may start to break A few are photodegradable, and may start to break down when exposed to sunlight; Very few are down when exposed to sunlight; Very few are biodegradable, and can be decomposed by biodegradable, and can be decomposed by microorganismsmicroorganisms

The Special Problem of Plastics…The Special Problem of Plastics…o Plastic Bags! According to the Plastic Bags! According to the WorldWatchWorldWatch

Institute Institute, “Factories around the world , “Factories around the world churned out a whopping 4-5 trillion of them churned out a whopping 4-5 trillion of them in 2002”!in 2002”!

o China has instituted a China has instituted a plastic bag ban plastic bag ban since since 2008!2008!

o So has So has San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA and many other , CA and many other cities in the U.S. are now following suit!cities in the U.S. are now following suit!

RecyclingRecyclingo Recycling TiresRecycling Tires

• Few products are made from old tiresFew products are made from old tires• Playground equipmentPlayground equipment• TrashcansTrashcans• Garden hoseGarden hose• CarpetCarpet• Roofing materialsRoofing materials

• 36% of tires are currently recycled to make other 36% of tires are currently recycled to make other productsproducts

Integrated Waste ManagementIntegrated Waste Management

Integrated Waste ManagementIntegrated Waste Managemento Dealing with waste through a combination of Dealing with waste through a combination of

approaches, including the three R’s, with a approaches, including the three R’s, with a focus on source reduction!focus on source reduction!• Much like integrated pest management, the goal Much like integrated pest management, the goal

is to use a variety of strategies to minimize is to use a variety of strategies to minimize municipal solid waste!municipal solid waste!

Hazardous WasteHazardous Wasteo Any discarded chemical Any discarded chemical

(solid, liquid, or gas) that (solid, liquid, or gas) that threatens human health or threatens human health or the environmentthe environment• Reactive, corrosive, Reactive, corrosive,

explosive or toxic chemicalsexplosive or toxic chemicalso Types of Hazardous WasteTypes of Hazardous Waste

• DioxinsDioxins• PCBsPCBs• Radioactive wasteRadioactive waste

o Love CanalLove Canal

Legacy of Love CanalLegacy of Love Canalo After it became apparent that residents After it became apparent that residents

(especially children) in the neighborhood had a (especially children) in the neighborhood had a high incidence of serious illnesses, it became high incidence of serious illnesses, it became the first location ever declared a “national the first location ever declared a “national emergency disaster area” due to hazardous emergency disaster area” due to hazardous waste….700 families were evacuated!waste….700 families were evacuated!

o Hooker Chemical Company disposed of 22,000 Hooker Chemical Company disposed of 22,000 tons of chemical waste into the canal…which tons of chemical waste into the canal…which was later “donated” by Hooker to the school was later “donated” by Hooker to the school boardboard• A school and houses were built on the site, which A school and houses were built on the site, which

began oozing haz. Waste several years later.began oozing haz. Waste several years later.• Over 300 chemicals were identified in Love Canal’s Over 300 chemicals were identified in Love Canal’s

hazardous waste!hazardous waste!

Types of Hazardous WasteTypes of Hazardous Wasteo More than 700,000 chemicals are known to More than 700,000 chemicals are known to

exist!exist!• How many are hazardous is unknown because most How many are hazardous is unknown because most

have never been tested for toxicity!have never been tested for toxicity!o According to the EPA, only 7% of the 3000 According to the EPA, only 7% of the 3000

chemicals used in large quantities (over 500 chemicals used in large quantities (over 500 tons annually) have undergone comprehensive tons annually) have undergone comprehensive studies for potential health impactsstudies for potential health impacts

o Acids, dioxins, abandoned explosives, heavy Acids, dioxins, abandoned explosives, heavy metals, PCB’s, pesticides, radioactive metals, PCB’s, pesticides, radioactive substances, solvents, infectious waste, nerve substances, solvents, infectious waste, nerve gas, etc (Just to name a few!)gas, etc (Just to name a few!)

DioxinsDioxinso Dioxins are a group of about 75 similar Dioxins are a group of about 75 similar

compounds formed as unwanted by-products compounds formed as unwanted by-products during the combustion of chlorine compounds. during the combustion of chlorine compounds. • Sources include medical waste, municipal Sources include medical waste, municipal

incinerators, iron ore mills, coal combustion, paper incinerators, iron ore mills, coal combustion, paper plants that use chlorine to bleach paper, etc.plants that use chlorine to bleach paper, etc.

o Dioxins are typically emitted as smoke Dioxins are typically emitted as smoke particles, which then settle on plants, the soil, particles, which then settle on plants, the soil, bodies of water, and are then incorporated bodies of water, and are then incorporated into the food web.into the food web.

o Dioxins are known to cause cancer in several Dioxins are known to cause cancer in several kinds of lab animals!kinds of lab animals!

PCB’sPCB’so PCB’s = Poly-Chlorinated BiphenylsPCB’s = Poly-Chlorinated Biphenyls

• A group of 209 industrial chemicals composed of A group of 209 industrial chemicals composed of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine used as cooling carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine used as cooling fluids in electrical transformers, vacuum pumps, fluids in electrical transformers, vacuum pumps, and gas-transmission turbines, fire retardants, and gas-transmission turbines, fire retardants, adhesives, lubricants, inks, etc.adhesives, lubricants, inks, etc.

• Manufactured between 1929 and 1979Manufactured between 1929 and 1979o Extremely toxic to humansExtremely toxic to humans

• Mass poisonings have occurred in Japan in 1968 Mass poisonings have occurred in Japan in 1968 (rice bran oil contaminated with PCB’s), and (rice bran oil contaminated with PCB’s), and Taiwan in 1979!Taiwan in 1979!

• PCB’s are known endocrine disruptors which lead PCB’s are known endocrine disruptors which lead to reproduction problems, mental impairment, to reproduction problems, mental impairment, etc.etc.

• Also a suspected carcinogen!Also a suspected carcinogen!

PCB’sPCB’so PCB’s are chemically stable, meaning they DO PCB’s are chemically stable, meaning they DO

NOT break down easily and persist for NOT break down easily and persist for generationsgenerations

o PCB’s can biomagnify as they travel through PCB’s can biomagnify as they travel through the food web, and they may bio-accumulate in the food web, and they may bio-accumulate in fatty tissues within organisms including fatty tissues within organisms including humans!humans!

o Humans contact PCB’s mainly by eating food Humans contact PCB’s mainly by eating food contaminated with them…particularly fish contaminated with them…particularly fish that lived in a contaminated areathat lived in a contaminated area

o Banned by the EPA in the 1970’sBanned by the EPA in the 1970’s

PCB’sPCB’so Prior to the EPA ban in the 1970’s, PCB’s Prior to the EPA ban in the 1970’s, PCB’s

were dumped into fields, landfills, sewers, were dumped into fields, landfills, sewers, etc. so they still remain a threat today!etc. so they still remain a threat today!

o Disposal of PCB’s: High-temperature Disposal of PCB’s: High-temperature incineration is the best way to handle PCB incineration is the best way to handle PCB materials, but the cost is high and it is NOT materials, but the cost is high and it is NOT practical to remove PCB’s that have leached practical to remove PCB’s that have leached into soil and water suppliesinto soil and water supplies

o Certain bacteria can break down the PCB’s, Certain bacteria can break down the PCB’s, but they are a recent development and side-but they are a recent development and side-effects not fully known yet.effects not fully known yet.

Case-In-Point Hanford Nuclear Case-In-Point Hanford Nuclear ReservationReservation

Hanford Nuclear Reservation…Hanford Nuclear Reservation…o At this point, U.S. weapons facilities are no At this point, U.S. weapons facilities are no

longer producing nuclear weapons, but the longer producing nuclear weapons, but the radioactive and toxic wastes from their radioactive and toxic wastes from their production still present a major production still present a major environmental problemenvironmental problem

o Hanford Nuclear Reservation is located in Hanford Nuclear Reservation is located in Washington state, along the Columbia River, Washington state, along the Columbia River, and is the largest, most contaminated U.S. and is the largest, most contaminated U.S. weapons facilityweapons facility• Hanford was the main production site for the Hanford was the main production site for the

plutonium used in nuclear weapons.plutonium used in nuclear weapons.

Hanford Nuclear Reservation…Hanford Nuclear Reservation…o Tons of highly radioactive solid and liquid Tons of highly radioactive solid and liquid

wastes were stored or dumped into wastes were stored or dumped into trenches, pits, tanks, ponds, etc. totaling trenches, pits, tanks, ponds, etc. totaling about 1700 separate sites.about 1700 separate sites.

o More than 100,000 spent fuel rods are More than 100,000 spent fuel rods are stored in 2 concrete pools of water…and as stored in 2 concrete pools of water…and as they corrode, they release radioactive they corrode, they release radioactive uranium, plutonium, cesium, etc into the uranium, plutonium, cesium, etc into the waterwater

o Soil and water from these areas are Soil and water from these areas are contaminated, and the Columbia river is in contaminated, and the Columbia river is in danger!danger!

Hanford Nuclear Reservation…Hanford Nuclear Reservation…o Eventually, the spent nuclear fuel rods will be Eventually, the spent nuclear fuel rods will be

placed at Yucca Mountain, but the facility isn’t placed at Yucca Mountain, but the facility isn’t ready yet.ready yet.

o Columbia river also threatened by millions of Columbia river also threatened by millions of gallons of toxic waste and radioactive material gallons of toxic waste and radioactive material stored in 174 large underground stored in 174 large underground tanks….material boiled for years under the tanks….material boiled for years under the heat generated by it’s own radioactive decay!heat generated by it’s own radioactive decay!• Some tanks may be explosive!Some tanks may be explosive!• Many are now leaking into the surrounding soil and Many are now leaking into the surrounding soil and

water!water!

Hanford Nuclear Reservation…Hanford Nuclear Reservation…o Cleanup is obviously complicated…and dangerous!Cleanup is obviously complicated…and dangerous!o Currently cleanup involves 7,000 workers and $1.7 Currently cleanup involves 7,000 workers and $1.7

BILLION BILLION PER YEAR!PER YEAR!o Cleanup has also created legal battles over the Cleanup has also created legal battles over the

environmental and health effects of such a environmental and health effects of such a process…many of the workers have developed process…many of the workers have developed serious chronic illnesses because they come into serious chronic illnesses because they come into close contact with toxic materials (inhaling close contact with toxic materials (inhaling beryllium, for example)beryllium, for example)

o Even after cleanup, Hanford will remain hazardous Even after cleanup, Hanford will remain hazardous for thousands of years…since we have no for thousands of years…since we have no technology to address widespread soil technology to address widespread soil contamination!contamination!

o All of this is costing us $$$$$All of this is costing us $$$$$

Management of Hazardous WasteManagement of Hazardous Wasteo Managing hazardous wastes can be done, Managing hazardous wastes can be done,

but it is very expensive…and not one but it is very expensive…and not one country yet has an effective hazardous country yet has an effective hazardous waste management programwaste management program

o Chemical accidentsChemical accidents• National Response Center notifiedNational Response Center notified• Typically involves oil, gasoline or other Typically involves oil, gasoline or other

petroleum spillpetroleum spill

Management of Hazardous WasteManagement of Hazardous Wasteo Current Management Policies: 2 Laws that Current Management Policies: 2 Laws that

dictate how hazardous waste is handled:dictate how hazardous waste is handled:1.1. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

(1976, 1984) is known as RCRA(1976, 1984) is known as RCRA2.2. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability Act (1980) is Compensation, and Liability Act (1980) is known as CERCLA and commonly known as CERCLA and commonly referred to as the “SUPERFUND” LAWreferred to as the “SUPERFUND” LAW

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

(RCRA)(RCRA)o Passed in 1976, amended in 1984; instructs Passed in 1976, amended in 1984; instructs

the EPA to identify which waste is hazardous the EPA to identify which waste is hazardous and to provide guidelines and standards to and to provide guidelines and standards to states for hazardous waste management states for hazardous waste management programsprograms• Also bans hazardous waste from land disposal Also bans hazardous waste from land disposal

unless it is treated to reduce toxicityunless it is treated to reduce toxicity

Comprehensive Environmental Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Response, Compensation, and

Liability Act (CERCLA)…SUPERFUND Liability Act (CERCLA)…SUPERFUND LAWLAW

o Program established in 1980 to clean up an Program established in 1980 to clean up an estimated 400,000 abandoned and illegal estimated 400,000 abandoned and illegal hazardous waste sites around the U.S., many hazardous waste sites around the U.S., many of which have leaking chemical storage tanks, of which have leaking chemical storage tanks, and also include pesticide dumps, mining and also include pesticide dumps, mining waste sites, but does NOT even include waste sites, but does NOT even include military complexes and nuclear weapons sites!military complexes and nuclear weapons sites!

o By 2007, 10,753 sites were actively on the By 2007, 10,753 sites were actively on the CERCLA Superfund list, while another 1,010 CERCLA Superfund list, while another 1,010 had already been cleaned up and removed had already been cleaned up and removed from the list!from the list!

Management of Management of Hazardous WasteHazardous Waste

Management of Hazardous WasteManagement of Hazardous Wasteo Toxic waste sites are ranked according to Toxic waste sites are ranked according to

the seriousness of the health threat…leading the seriousness of the health threat…leading to the:to the:

o Superfund National Priorities ListSuperfund National Priorities List• 2006: 1558 sites on the list2006: 1558 sites on the list• States with the greatest number of sitesStates with the greatest number of sites

• New Jersey (115)New Jersey (115)• California (93)California (93)• Pennsylvania (93)Pennsylvania (93)• New York (86)New York (86)• Michigan (65)Michigan (65)

o NOTE: the AVERAGE cost of cleaning up a NOTE: the AVERAGE cost of cleaning up a single site is $20 MILLION!single site is $20 MILLION!

Management of Hazardous WasteManagement of Hazardous Wasteo ISSUE: since the fed. Govt. cannot possibly ISSUE: since the fed. Govt. cannot possibly

pay for all the cleanup, the SUPERFUND Law pay for all the cleanup, the SUPERFUND Law states that the current landowner, prior states that the current landowner, prior owners, and anyone who has dumped waste owners, and anyone who has dumped waste or has transported waste to a particular site or has transported waste to a particular site must share in the cleanup costs!must share in the cleanup costs!

o RESULT: cleanup operations are mired in RESULT: cleanup operations are mired in litigation for years, while no actual cleanup litigation for years, while no actual cleanup goes on…especially when companies are goes on…especially when companies are suing each other for the responsibility to suing each other for the responsibility to clean up the sites!clean up the sites!

Management of Hazardous WasteManagement of Hazardous Wasteo CERCLA Problems – due to litigation, cleanup CERCLA Problems – due to litigation, cleanup

occurs at a very slow pace…many sites not occurs at a very slow pace…many sites not even being considered at this pointeven being considered at this point

o CERCLA Positives – companies are now more CERCLA Positives – companies are now more aware of their toxic materials, and are aware of their toxic materials, and are disposing of them correctly in a safer way!disposing of them correctly in a safer way!• Some sites are now much safer!Some sites are now much safer!

Management of Hazardous WasteManagement of Hazardous Wasteo Biological Treatment of Hazardous Biological Treatment of Hazardous

ChemicalsChemicals• Bioremediation = the use of bacteria and other Bioremediation = the use of bacteria and other

microorganisms to break down hazardous waste microorganisms to break down hazardous waste into relatively harmless componentsinto relatively harmless components

• Phytoremediation = the use of plants to absorb Phytoremediation = the use of plants to absorb and accumulate hazardous materials from the and accumulate hazardous materials from the soil.soil.

Management of Hazardous WasteManagement of Hazardous Wasteo Management the Waste we are Producing Management the Waste we are Producing

NowNow• (1) source reduction(1) source reduction• (2) conversion to less hazardous materials(2) conversion to less hazardous materials• (3) long-term storage(3) long-term storage

Management of Hazardous Management of Hazardous WasteWaste

o Hazardous Waste LandfillHazardous Waste Landfill

Environmental JusticeEnvironmental Justiceo Environmental Justice and Ethical IssuesEnvironmental Justice and Ethical Issues

• Right of every citizen, regardless of age, race, Right of every citizen, regardless of age, race, gender, social class, to adequate protection from gender, social class, to adequate protection from environmental hazardsenvironmental hazards

• Fundamental human rightFundamental human right• Grassroots campaignGrassroots campaign

o Mandating environmental Justice- Federal Mandating environmental Justice- Federal LevelLevel

Environmental JusticeEnvironmental Justiceo International Waste ManagementInternational Waste Management

• Developed countries sometimes send their waste Developed countries sometimes send their waste to developing countriesto developing countries

• Less expensive than following laws within the countryLess expensive than following laws within the country• Controversial aspect of waste managementControversial aspect of waste management

• Basel Convention (1989)Basel Convention (1989)• Restricts international transport of hazardous wasteRestricts international transport of hazardous waste