Chapter 26: The New Power Balance

What new technologies and industries appeared between 1850-1900, and how did they affect the world economy?

Railroads

The same data emphasizes the absolute increase in railroads during the period

Steamships and Telegraph Cables

size & speed of oceangoing vessels increased

Iron, then steel for hulls, propellers- more efficient

shipping lines created used submarine

telegraph cables to coordinate the movements of their ships around the globe

The Steel and Chemical Industries

Steel: reduced cost Chemicals: large-scale

manufacture of chemicals Explosives: (Alfred Nobel

invented dynamite) more powerful/accurate

firearms Science/technology

interacted daily gave advantage to Germany Pollution increased due to

waste products from steel and chemical production

Electricity

efficient generators turned mechanical energy into electricity

Powered arc lamps, incandescent lamps, streetcars, subways, electric motors for industry

street cars alleviated urban pollution caused by horse-drawn vehicles

World Trade and Finance

Between 1850-1913, world trade expanded tenfold, cost of freight dropped

cheap/ heavy products like agricultural products, raw materials, and machinery were shipped around the world

Trade/ close connections between industrial economies brought greater prosperity

more vulnerable to swings in business cycle

One main cause of growing interdependence was financial power of Great Britain

Non-industrial areas also tied to the world economy

Non-industrial areas more vulnerable to swings in the business cycle- they depended on the export of raw materials

How did Social Structures of the industrial countries change during this period?

Social Changes: Population/Migration

Europe-rapid population growth

emigration spurred population growth in US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina

Reasons: a drop in the death rate improved crop yields More grain Better nutrition

Asians migrated indentured laborers Caribbean, Brazil, and

California

Urbanization/Urban Environments

European, North American, Japanese cities grew in population and size

towns fused into one another, creating new cities Urban growth accompanied by changes in character of

urban life Technology changed urban life for rich (later for the

working class) mass transportation networks sewage and water supply systems gas and electric lighting police and fire departments, sanitation and garbage removal,

building and health inspection, schools, parks, and other amenities

Urbanization/Urban Environments

New neighborhoods/ cities built (older areas often rebuilt) on rectangular grid pattern-broad boulevards & modern apartment buildings

Cities divided into industrial, commercial, residential zones

residential zones occupied by different social classes air quality worsened Coal for fuel polluted the air Horse manure in streets until horses replaced by

streetcars & automobiles in early 20th century

Middle-Class Women’s “Separate Sphere”

Middle-Class Women’s “Separate Sphere”

most important duty of middle-class women was to raise children

girls received education different from boys Governments enforced legal discrimination against

women throughout 19th century society frowned on careers for middle-class women Women excluded from jobs that required higher

education teaching was permissible career expected to resign when married Some middle-class women not satisfied w/ home life-

chose to volunteer or joined women’s suffrage movement

Working-Class Women

Working-class women led lives of toil and pain

became domestic servants-long hours of hard physical labor

Many young women worked in factories-relegated to poorly paid work in textiles & clothing trades

Married women expected to stay home, raise children, do housework,- contribute to family income by taking in boarders, sewing or other piecework jobs, or by washing other people’s clothes

How did Industrialization contribute to the socialist and labor movements?

Socialism

began as intellectual movement Karl Marx (1818–1883) along w/ Friedrich

Engles (1820–1895) wrote Communist Manifesto (1848) & Das Kapital (1867)

Marx saw history as series of clashes between social classes

Marx’s theories provided intellectual framework for dissatisfaction w/ unregulated industrial capitalism

Labor Movements

industrial workers formed unions to defend their interests in negotiations with employers.

sought better wages, improved working conditions, & insurance During 19th century, workers brought into electoral politics as right

to vote was extended to all adult males in Europe & North America.

Instead of seeking violent overthrow of bourgeois class, socialists used voting power to force concessions from government & even win elections

Working-class women had little time for politics & were not welcome in male-dominated trade unions or in radical political parties-difficult to reconcile demands of workers with those of women

How was nationalism transformed from a revolutionary to a conservative ideology?

Used by governments to unite & mobilize population to common goals

“Russification” Spanish government made Spanish language

compulsory in Basque & Catalan speaking provinces

Immigrants to US expected to learn English Weakened diverse nations Strengthened homogeneous nations

Nationalism

Language was usually the crucial element in creating a feeling of national unity, but language and citizenship rarely coincided.

The idea of redrawing the boundaries of states to accommodate linguistic, religious, and cultural differences led to the forging of larger states from the many German and Italian principalities, but it threatened to break large multiethnic empires like Austria-Hungary into smaller states.

Until the 1860s, nationalism was associated with liberalism, as in the case of the Italian liberal nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini.

After 1848, conservative political leaders learned how to preserve the social status quo by using public education, universal military service, and colonial conquests to build a sense of national identity that focused loyalty on the state.

The Unification of Italy, 1860–1870

The Unification of Germany, 1866–1871

The West Challenges Japan

The West Challenges Japan

Meiji Restoration: Modernization of Japan, 1868–1894

Nationalism and Social Darwinism

The Great Powers of Europe, 1871–1900Germany at the Center of Europe

International relations revolved around united Germany-isolated France & forged loose coalition w/ Austria-Hungary & Russia

Bismarck used mass politics & social legislation to gain popular support & to develop strong sense of national unity & pride among German people

Wilhelm II (r. 1888–1918) dismissed Bismarck & initiated German foreign policy that placed emphasis on the acquisition of colonies

The Liberal Powers: France

second-rate power population and army

smaller than Germany divided between

monarchist Catholics and republicans with anticlerical views

cohesive society-advantage or disadvantage?

The Liberal Powers: Great Britain

Problems: Irish economy lagging

behind U.S. & Germany enormous empire was

expensive to administer & defend

preoccupation w/ India led British to exaggerate Russian threat to Ottoman Empire & to Central Asian approaches to India

ignored rise of Germany

The Conservative Powers: Russia and Austria-Hungary

Forces of nationalism weakened Russia & Austria-Hungary

Ethnic diversity contributed to instability in Russia

Attempts to foster Russian nationalism & to impose the Russian language on diverse population was divisive

The Conservative Powers: Russia

In 1861, serfs emancipated few skills-little capital. Tsars Alexander III & Nicholas

II opposed all forms of social change

middle class remained small & weak

land-owning aristocracy dominated court & administration.

Defeat in Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) & Revolution of 1905 demonstrated Russia’s weakness

Tsar Nicholas introduced constitution & parliament (the Duma)

soon reverted to traditional despotism

China in Turmoil

China weak from Taiping Rebellion-British & French demanded Treaty ports for trade

Empress Dowager Cixi opposed efforts to facilitate foreign trade internally

Chinese officials secretly encouraged rebellion against foreign technology- weakened resistance to western economic pressure

Japan Confronts China

Sino-Japanese War 1905

Conclusion

Industrialization combined with the introduction of electricity, steel, new chemicals, and global communication served to increase the economic power of western nations and East Asia.

The problems of pollution were somewhat relieved Working women entered factories Elite women became protected within separate spheres Socialism became an intellectual movement Labor unions gained recognition Universal male suffrage became the law in United States & parts

of Europe Conservatives made use of nationalism to unify nations such as

Germany and Italy Meiji Restoration gave regained power to the emperor in Japan