Chapter 27:Cold War / Postwar Changes

Rivalry in EuropeThe US and the Soviet Union disagreed over how Eastern Europe should run their governments post WWII.USA: Nations should freely determine their own governments.Soviet Union: Stalin fearful that the Eastern European nations would be anti-Soviet opposed the US plan.In Greece civil war erupted where the communist army was supported by the Soviets with the anticommunist being supported by the British.

Truman Doctrine

Truman DoctrineThe United States would provide money to countries threatened by Communist expansion.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pUt7Lr3lubc (Marshall Plan)

Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan (1947)European Recovery ProgramDesigned to rebuild war-torn Europe, $13 billion in aid, the Soviets founds these “American loans” an attempt of the US to buy Eastern European nations.

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

The Soviet response to the US economic recovery plan for Eastern European states.

Division of GermanyAt the end of the war Germany had been divided into four zones (US, Soviet Union, Great Britain and France).Berlin, was located in the Soviet zone.1948, negotiations were made to unify Germany, however failed. The three western nations then proposed to unify the 3 of the 4 territories.

The Soviets attempted to prevent this merging by blocking West Berlin.

In reaction, the British and the Americans used planes to drop off supplies to areas in Berlin they could not reach.

Realizing that there was nothing left to do and wanting to avoid a WWIII, Russia gave in and lifted their blockade in 1949.

Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)

-Capital was BonnLess than a month later, a separate East German state was created, theGerman Democratic Republic (East Germany)

Berlin was now split into West and East

NATOIn search for greater security the “West” formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949

Warsaw Pact

Soviet Union joined with Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania for a military alliance.

What is Communism What is Capitalism?Capitalism Socialism

Philosophy:Capital (or the "means of production") is owned, operated, and traded for the purpose of generating profits for private owners or shareholders. Emphasis on individual profit rather than on workers or society as a whole.

From each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution. Emphasis on profit being distributed among the society or workforce in addition to receiving a wage.

Ideas:

Laissez-faire means to "let it be"; opposed to government intervention in economics because capitalists believe it introduces inefficiencies. Free market produces the best economic outcome for society. Govt. should not pick winners and losers.

All people should be given an equal opportunity to succeed. Workers should have most say in their factory's management. The free market suffers from problems like tragedy of the commons. Government regulation is necessary.

Economic coordination:

Relies principally on markets to determine investment, production and distribution decisions. Markets may be free-markets, regulated-markets, or may be combined with a degree of state-directed economic planning or planning within private companies.

Planned-Socialism relies principally on planning to determine investment and production decisions. Planning may be centralized or decentralized. Market-socialism relies on markets for allocating capital to different socially-owned enterprises.

Ownership structure:The means of production are privately-owned and operated for a private profit. This drives incentives for producers to engage in economic activity.

The means of production are socially-owned with the surplus value produced accruing to either all of society (in Public-ownership models) or to all the employee-members of the enterprise (in Cooperative-ownership models).

Key Proponents: Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Milton Friedman, Fredrich Hayek, Ayn Rand

Robert Owen, Pierre Leroux, Karl Marx, Fredrick Engels, John Stuart Mill, Albert Einstein, George Bernard Shaw,

Way of Change:Fast change within the system. In theory, the relationship between buyer and seller (the market) is what fuels what is produced. Government can change rules of conduct/business practices through regulation or ease of regulations.

Workers in a Socialist-state are the agent of change rather than any market or desire on the part of consumers. Change by the workers can be swift or slow, depending on change in ideology or even whim.

http://www.diffen.com/difference/Capitalism_vs_Socialism

For example school

Capitalism:Positives?Negatives?

Communism:Positives?Negatives?

Global Alliances

Alliances continued to spread across the globe.KoreaA war began in 1950 where Communist governments attempted to take over South Korea.

The US supportedSouth Korea with the Soviets supporting the North.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcmMtNOVORc

5:15-6:3015:30-20:301:20-1:231:43---1:5725min

1:57-2:2430minutes

SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty OrganizationUS, Great Britain, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia and New Zealand.CENTO Central Treaty OrganizationTurkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Great Britain and the United States By the late 1950s, the US was allied with 42 states.

Arms Race

1949: The Soviet Union sets off its own atomic bomb.1950’s: US and the Soviet union develop a stronger hydrogen bomb, capable of shooting far distances1957: the Soviets send Sputnik, the first human made space satellite, to orbit the earth

Both nations continue to increase weapons, especially their nuclear arsenal.

A Wall in Berlin

Many Germans in East Germany were migrating to West Germany where life was more prosperous.

In order to stop this trend Kruschev, the leader of the Soviet Union (1955) came up with an idea to create a large wall between the cities.

The wall was built in 1961 with barbed wired and machine-gun towers.

Game TheoryMutual assured destruction (MAD)Is the theory that both sides in a nuclear war would have the capacity to destroy and annihilate the other without a chance of victory.Therefore, nations in there own interest choose armistice instead of going to war.

RUSSIA Defect Cooperate

USA

Defect A: +1 B: +1

A: +5 B: +0

Cooperate A: +0 B: +5

A: +3 B: +3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSOrAQMXTcc

Game theory

Cuban Missile Crisis

1959, the tension between the Soviet Union and the USA reach new levels.Background:Fidel Castro, a left-wing revolutionary overthrew the Cuban dictator Fulgendo Batista. In reaction, President Kennedy approved a secrete plan to invade Cuba. The plan ended a horrible disaster known as the Bay of Pigs

Following the Bay of Pigs, the Soviet Union sent arms and military advisers to Cuba.-In 1962, Khrushchev began to place nuclear missiles in Cuba.-The US attempted to block Soviet ships to get to Cuba, the Soviets agreed to turn back as long as the US promised not to invade Cuba.

Up to this day, many look upon the Cuban missile crisis as the closest the world has come to a Nuclear War.

Vietnam

Vietnam WarNorth supported by the Soviet Union fighting for Communism, South supported by the United States fighting for democracy.

The war brought about the term “Domino Theory”. The US governments rationale was that if Vietnam was to be taken over by communism, like dominos the rest of Asia would go towards the Soviets.

Vietnam War

58,148 killed in Vietnam 304,000 Wounded in Action

Average age of the American soldier killed in action was 23 2/3 of the men who served in Vietnam were volunteers

Vietnam War Key Points

-US had superior weapons-The growing number of US soldiers started up massive anti-war movements in the US-In 1973 Nixon comes to an agreement that the US would withdrawal from Vietnam. -Of those killed, 61% were younger than 21.

The Draft• 1948 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of

conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the armed forces which could not be filled through voluntary means.

• Those who were drafted were between age 18-26• In 1973, the draft ended and the U.S. converted to an

All-Volunteer military.

Draft Dodging: 10 minutes, find an excuse to dodge the draft.

Anti-war Movement

Anti war movement (USA)-Mass protests / Student protests-Evading drafts-Going to CanadaJohn LennonFounder of Beatles. Outspoken protestor of the Vietnam War.

Imagine there's no countriesIt isn't hard to doNothing to kill or die forAnd no religion tooImagine all the peopleLiving life in peace

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRhq-yO1KN8

John Lennon was killed Dec.8, 1980 outside of his apartment building.

225,000 people converged on New Yorks Central Park to mourn the death of John Lennon. At least three Beatles fans committed suicide after the murder.

Imagine and Murder

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WpYeekQkAdc BEP Where is the love

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ox0Q4YIdnGI Eminem-mosh

Modern Era of Music and Anti-War

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PibXTko6VC4 Linkin Park – Hands Held High

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZD4ezDbbu4Born in the USA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fETIjVvv1Ds – Marvin Gaye – Whats going on