Chapter 28: The Russian Revolution Section 1: Two Revolutions in Russia Section 2: From Lenin to Stalin Section 3: Life in a Totalitarian State

Chapter 28: Chapter 28: The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution

Section 1: Two Revolutions in RussiaSection 1: Two Revolutions in Russia

Section 2: From Lenin to StalinSection 2: From Lenin to Stalin

Section 3: Life in a Totalitarian StateSection 3: Life in a Totalitarian State

Section 1: Two Revolutions in Section 1: Two Revolutions in RussiaRussia

In 1917, Russia was in troubleIn 1917, Russia was in trouble– Millions of Russians had died in WWIMillions of Russians had died in WWI– There was not enough food, people were There was not enough food, people were

starvingstarving– Many people blamed Czar Nicholas II for Many people blamed Czar Nicholas II for

the problemsthe problems– A Strike of workers began a revolution in A Strike of workers began a revolution in

MarchMarch


March Revolution (1March Revolution (1stst Revolution)Revolution)– A new government A new government

seized power and seized power and promised to be promised to be democraticdemocratic

– However, this However, this government decided government decided to continue the war to continue the war against Germanyagainst Germany This decision drained This decision drained

more men, money, and more men, money, and foodfood


Vladimir Lenin, an Vladimir Lenin, an enemy of the czar, enemy of the czar, returned to Russia in returned to Russia in April from exile in April from exile in SwitzerlandSwitzerland– He and his followers, He and his followers,

the Bolsheviks, started the Bolsheviks, started a second revolutiona second revolution

– Lenin called for a Lenin called for a classless society based classless society based on the socialist on the socialist teachings of the teachings of the German Karl MarxGerman Karl Marx


Lenin and the Bolsheviks promised Lenin and the Bolsheviks promised “Peace, land, and bread” and won “Peace, land, and bread” and won control of the government in control of the government in November of 1917 (2November of 1917 (2ndnd revolution) revolution)– They set up councils, called soviets, to They set up councils, called soviets, to

govern the nationgovern the nation– Lenin made peace with Germany, but Lenin made peace with Germany, but

for the next 3 years faced unrest in for the next 3 years faced unrest in RussiaRussia


Russians had expected democracyRussians had expected democracy– But they found that the Bolsheviks, now But they found that the Bolsheviks, now

called Communists, ran the sovietscalled Communists, ran the soviets– A civil war erupted when rebel forces A civil war erupted when rebel forces

fought against Lenin’s Red Armyfought against Lenin’s Red Army– By 1921, the Communists had defeated By 1921, the Communists had defeated

the rebelsthe rebels

Section 1: Two Revolutions in Section 1: Two Revolutions in RussiaRussia The March RevolutionThe March RevolutionCauses

-Heavy loss of lives in WWI, Food shortages, Military defeats &-Power hungry rulers

Goals

-Overthrow the czar & Set up a new Russian Republic

Results

-End of czarist rule

-Beginnings of a constitution

-Continued war with Germany

Section 1: Two Revolutions in Section 1: Two Revolutions in RussiaRussia The November RevolutionThe November Revolution

Causes

-Continued loss of lives in WWI, Continued food shortages, Continued military defeats & the Return of Lenin

Goals

-Bolshevik overthrow of government & Ideas of Karl Marx applied to Russia

Results

-Bolshevik-run soviets control government & End of private ownership of land

-Peace with Germany & Outbreak of civil war

Section 2: From Lenin to Section 2: From Lenin to StalinStalin

In 1922, Lenin and the In 1922, Lenin and the Communists controlled Communists controlled much of the old much of the old Russian empireRussian empire– They called it the Union They called it the Union

of Soviet Socialist of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)Republics (USSR) The USSR, or the Soviet The USSR, or the Soviet

Union, was made up of Union, was made up of many many republicsrepublics, or states, or states

– Russia was the largest Russia was the largest republic and it controlled republic and it controlled all of the othersall of the others


Under Communist Under Communist Party control, the Party control, the economy slowedeconomy slowed– Lenin had said he Lenin had said he

wanted to put all wanted to put all factories and lands in factories and lands in the hands of the peoplethe hands of the people In truth, the party, not the In truth, the party, not the

people, was in chargepeople, was in charge


Lenin had to give up some of his Lenin had to give up some of his socialist idealssocialist ideals– His New Economic Policy (NEP) allowed His New Economic Policy (NEP) allowed

some private profitsome private profit It let peasants own plots of landIt let peasants own plots of land The NEP improved business and the The NEP improved business and the

standard of livingstandard of living


When Lenin died in 1924, When Lenin died in 1924, Joseph Joseph Stalin Stalin became head of the USSR (his became head of the USSR (his real name was Joseph real name was Joseph Dzhugashvili, but he changed it to Stalin, the Russian word for “man of steel)– Stalin destroyed all those he thought

were against him His police arrested millions and had them

shot or sent to labor camps


Stalin brought all factories and farms Stalin brought all factories and farms under government controlunder government control– In his In his command economycommand economy government government

officials made all the basic economic officials made all the basic economic decisionsdecisions Workers who met their production quotas Workers who met their production quotas

were rewardedwere rewarded Those that did not were punishedThose that did not were punished

– Some production levels went upSome production levels went up– Still, most Russians were poorStill, most Russians were poor


The standard of living in Russia and The standard of living in Russia and the spirits of the people were lowthe spirits of the people were low– Stalin attempted to build up Soviet tradeStalin attempted to build up Soviet trade

Yet, many nations did not fully trust the Yet, many nations did not fully trust the USSRUSSR


-Chief goal: to create a -Chief goal: to create a classless society with classless society with production in the production in the hands of the peoplehands of the people

-Allows some private -Allows some private business; lets some business; lets some peasants own landpeasants own land

Standard of living rises Standard of living rises for many workers and for many workers and peasantspeasants

What Lenin & Stalin have in common

-Spent time in Siberian exile before 1917 revolution

-Became a Communist Part leader

-Uses secret police to enforce Communist will

-Wants to bring about a worldwide Communist revolution

-Chief goal: to make USSR into a modern industrial power with all production under government control

-Creates a command economy

-Brings all agriculture under government control; forces peasants to live on group farms

-Standard of living falls for most workers and peasants

Section 2: From Lenin to StalinSection 2: From Lenin to Stalin

Big Idea:Big Idea:– Lenin established the Soviet Union Lenin established the Soviet Union

under rule the Communist Partyunder rule the Communist Party– After Lenin’s death, Joseph Stalin gained After Lenin’s death, Joseph Stalin gained

absolute power over the nationabsolute power over the nation

Section 3: Life in a Totalitarian Section 3: Life in a Totalitarian StateState

Joseph Stalin turned Joseph Stalin turned the Soviet Union into the Soviet Union into a a Totalitarian StateTotalitarian State– In this form of In this form of

government, a one-government, a one-party dictatorship party dictatorship attempts to regulate attempts to regulate every aspect of the every aspect of the lives of its citizenslives of its citizens

Section 3: Life in a Totalitarian Section 3: Life in a Totalitarian StateState Stalin used propaganda to make himself a heroStalin used propaganda to make himself a hero

– His pictures appeared everywhereHis pictures appeared everywhere– He He censoredcensored, or withheld, news from inside and , or withheld, news from inside and

outside the USSRoutside the USSR The news said only what he wanted people to knowThe news said only what he wanted people to know


Stalin spoke of the evils of capitalism, but never Stalin spoke of the evils of capitalism, but never of the problems of the USSRof the problems of the USSR– He controlled all art so it showed only the good side He controlled all art so it showed only the good side

of communismof communism


Fear thought Russians to be obedient and Fear thought Russians to be obedient and loyalloyal– The Communists used secret police to silence The Communists used secret police to silence

all criticsall critics– They closed churches and synagogues and They closed churches and synagogues and

tried to replace religion with Communismtried to replace religion with Communism– The totalitarian state changed soviet lifeThe totalitarian state changed soviet life

The classes society did not happenThe classes society did not happen Members of the Communist Party made up the new Members of the Communist Party made up the new

upper classupper class


The Communists offered The Communists offered free health carefree health care– New laws gave women New laws gave women

training and jobstraining and jobs Still, the standard of living Still, the standard of living

remained low for most remained low for most peoplepeople

– Housing, meat, fresh foods, Housing, meat, fresh foods, and clothes were scarceand clothes were scarce


When Stalin died in 1953, When Stalin died in 1953, the Soviet Union had the Soviet Union had become a modern military become a modern military and industrial powerand industrial power– However, it had gained that However, it had gained that

power through a strict power through a strict program of censorship, program of censorship, propaganda, and fearpropaganda, and fear


(4)Economics:

-Growth of Industry

-Growth of Military

-Low standard of living

-Shortage of foods and consumer goods


(3)Politics:

-One-party dictatorship

-Total government control of citizens

- Total government control of industry and agriculture


(3)Arts:

-Censorship of books, music, art

-Purpose of all art to praise Communism

-Observation of artists and musicians by secret police


(4)Society:

-Fear of secret police

-An upper class of communist party members

-Free education and health care

-Jobs for women


(4)Religion:

-Government war on religion

-Takeover of houses of worship

-Secret police control religious worship

-Communist ideals replace religious ideals

Documents

Chapter 28: The Russian Revolution Section 1: Two Revolutions in Russia Section 2: From Lenin to Stalin Section 3: Life in a Totalitarian State