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CHAPTER 3Asia’s First Civilizations: India and China
World Civilization: The Global ExperienceFifth Edition
Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Chapter 3: Asia’s First Civilizations: India and China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The Indus River Valley and the Birth of South Asian CivilizationII. The AryansIII. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of ChinaIV. The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou Dominance
Chapter 3: Asia’s First Civilizations: India and China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
River valley systems
I. The Indus River Valley and the Birth of South Asian Civilization
Harappan civilization, 3rd millennium B.C.E.Indus river systemValley plains, snow-fed rivers
A. The Great Cities of the Indus ValleyHarappa, Mohenjo-Daro
Densely populatedWalled Square grid pattern Construction: kiln-dried bricksCitadels
Defensive retreatsCivic centersBathing tanks
GranariesSewage systemResidences
Courtyards
India in the Age of Harappa and the Early Aryan Migrations
Chapter 3: Asia’s First Civilizations: India and China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. The Indus River Valley and the Birth of South Asian Civilization
B. Harappan Culture and SocietyAgriculture
Wheat, rye, peas, cotton, and possibly riceDomesticated animals Irrigation systems Trade with Mesopotamia, China, and BurmaPriests
PrivilegedIntermediariesFertility central
Female figures and phallic symbols common
C. The Slow Demise of Harappan Civilizationc. 1150 B.C.E.Causes unclearFloods at Mohenjo-DaroFertile areas drierMigrants lead to deterioration of irrigation
system
Chapter 3: Asia’s First Civilizations: India and China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. The AryansIndo-EuropeansPastoralistsFrom Black and Caspian areas3rd, 2nd millennia B.C.E.
Into Asia Minor, Europe, IranIndus and Ganges river
systems
A. Aryan Warrior CultureDominated by warriorsTurn to agriculture in GangesVillagesOral literature
The VedasReligious hymns
HorsesChariots
Indra, god of battle and lightning
Chapter 3: Asia’s First Civilizations: India and China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. The Aryans
B. Aryan Society
Originally: warriors, priests, and commoners
Added serfs (dasas) from indigenous Indians
Develops into caste system
Four castes (varnas)Priests (brahmin)WarriorsMerchantsPeasantsPlus non-Aryan conquered peoples
Patriarchal, patrilinial, patrilocal
Brides bring dowries
Chapter 3: Asia’s First Civilizations: India and China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. The Aryans
C. Aryan ReligionPolytheistic Male gods dominate
D. Harappa’s Fall After 1500 B.C.E.,
civilization > pastoralism, small settlements
Tribal organization predominatesComparatively egalitarian
Aryans later turn to agricultureForm small kingdoms
New culture forms from synthesis
Chapter 3: Asia’s First Civilizations: India and China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China
A. BeginningsPeking manNeolithic
Ordos Bulge of HuangheMigrantsBy 4000 B.C.E., two cultural
centersYangshao culture (2500-2000 B.C.E.)
Longshan culture (2000-1500 B.C.E.)Millet, larger villagesControlled river with dikesRulers associated with flood
controlMythical Yu, ruler of Xia
China in the Shang and Zhou Eras
Chapter 3: Asia’s First Civilizations: India and China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China
B. The Warrior Kings of the Shang EraEarly legend
Yu’s rule of Xiac. 1500 B.C.E.
Small kingdoms near Ordos Bulge
Culture developsDivination, using bonesSilk worms, silk fabricsAncestor worship
Shang tribeNomadicKings
Intermediaries
China in the Shang and Zhou Eras
Chapter 3: Asia’s First Civilizations: India and China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China
C. Shang SocietyAnyang, capitalFarming
Peasant cooperativesMillet, wheat, beans, rice
SlavesRuling class
Walled townsExtended familiesPatrilocal
CommonersNuclear families
Chapter 3: Asia’s First Civilizations: India and China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China
D. Shang CultureReligion
Fertility centralHuman sacrificeShamans
DivinationBones, tortoise shells
WritingFrom religious scriptPictograms initially3000 charactersPaper used by 100 C.E.
Chapter 3: Asia’s First Civilizations: India and China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
IV. The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou Dominance
ZhouTurkic
Initially vassals of ShangTake power by 1100 B.C.E. Feudal
Oaths of allegianceGrants of fiefs for military service
WuExtended rule to east and south
A. Changes in the Social OrderTwo developments weaken feudal order
Idea of Mandate of Heavenbegins with Wu
Professional bureaucracyShi
China in the Shang and Zhou Eras
Chapter 3: Asia’s First Civilizations: India and China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
IV. The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou Dominance
B. New Patterns of LifeCapitals, Xian and Loyang
Garrison towns
Peasants
Military, labor requirements
C. Migrations and the Expansion of the Chinese Core
Movement along Huanghe Valley,
then into Huai, Yangzi basins
Non-Chinese displaced
D. Cultural Change in the Early Zhou PeriodPatriarchy reinforcedCorrect behavior, ritual important
Decline by 8th
771 B.C.E., assassination
Xian abandoned
Loyang the basis of smaller realmFragmentation, disunity follows
