Chapter 3 - Interactivity

7/31/2019 Chapter 3 - Interactivity

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Chapter 3Chapter 3

InteractivityInteractivity

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

At the end of the session, students shouldbe able to: Explain what is interactivity Discover how interactivit can be achieved

through navigation Compare types of navigation approaches

ContentContent

What is interactivity?Degree of interactivityWhat is navigation?

Multimedia application navigation: linearor branching?

What is Interactivity?What is Interactivity?

The dialog between human (user) and theapplication (machine).The look and feel concept

" " ,while the "feel" refers to its interactivity.

Degree of InteractivityDegree of Interactivity

Most digital technologies are interactiveto some degree.To define this degree, several questionsshould be answered: how much interactivity is needed ? how much interaction does the audience

want? how much interaction can other participants

realistically commit to?

Taxonomy of InteractivityTaxonomy of Interactivity 33DimensionsDimensions

Levels reactive, proactive, mutual

Functions confirmation acin navi ation in uir

elaborationTransactions keyboard, touch screen, mouse, voice


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Types of InteractivityTypes of InteractivityObject interactivity

Linear interactivitySupport interactivityUpdate interactivityConstruct interactivityReflective interactivitySimulation interactivityHyperlinked interactivityNon-Immersive Contextual InteractivityImmersive Virtual Interactivity

Object interactivityObject interactivityProactive inquiryrefers to an application in which objects (buttons,people, things) are activated by using a mouse or otherpointing device.When a user "clicks" on the ob ect, there will be someform of audio-visual response.

Linear interactivityLinear interactivityReactive pacingsimply provides access to the next/previous (orforward/backward) display in a sequenceNot recommended as the level of l earner control isrestricted, and learner-initiated branching may not beaccessible.

Support interactivitySupport interactivityReactive inquiry

Update interactivityUpdate interactivityUpdate interactivity can range from the simple questionand answer format to complex conditional responseswhich may incorporate artificial intelligencecomponents.

Construct interactivityConstruct interactivityPro-active elaborationAn extension to update interactivity, and requires the creation of aninstructional environment in which the learner is required tomanipulate component objects to achieve specific goals.Unless the construction was completed in the correct sequence, thetask could not be completed.This class of interaction can also provide a link between non-situate

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world actions.


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Reflective interactivityReflective interactivityPro-active elaborationHas been included to cater for the many situations in

which instructional designers wish to include textresponses to prompts or questions.

Simulation interactivitySimulation interactivityExtends the role of the learner t o that of controller oroperator, where individual selections determine thetraining sequence.

Hyperlinked interactivityHyperlinked interactivityPro-active navigationUser has access to a wealth of information, and may"travel" at will through that knowledge base.

NonNon--immersive contextualimmersive contextualinteractivityinteractivity

Combines and extends the various interactive levelsinto a complete virtual training environment (mutualelaboration.Rather than taking a passive role in which they work through a series of content oriented sequences, theyare transported into a microworld which models theirexisting work environment, and the tasks t heyundertake reflect those of the work experience.

NonNon--immersive contextualimmersive contextualinteractivityinteractivity

The diagram illustrates CONTEXTUAL interactivity (Copyright Dorling Kindersley1994) where the user can almost walk through an 18th Century warship, interactingwith SIMULATIONS and HYPERLINKING to other sections of the ship.

Immersive virtual interactivityImmersive virtual interactivityMutual elaboration - provides an interactiveenvironment in which the learner is projected into acomplete computer-generated world which responds toindividual movement and actions.


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What is Navigation?What is Navigation?

Navigation refers to the way variouspages and their components link.The level of interactivity offered by amultimedia system comes primarily fromits navigation structure.A well-designed navigation structure linksall the components into a cohesivesystem.

Navigation StructureNavigation Structure

NavigationLinearHierarchicalNonlinearComposite.

Navigation MetaphorsNavigation MetaphorsDirect manipulation style interfaces ofteninvolve some kind of navigationmetaphorsMoving to new places, virtually

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Types of navigation metaphors used ininteractive multimedia?

NavigationNavigation MetaphorsMetaphors

HypertextInteractive mapsHistory based: Previous, Next

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nav ga onNavigation via miniature objects or iconsScrollinghome buttons as standard way toreturn to start of navigation sequence

Icon designIcon designGood icon design is difficultMeaning of icons is cultural andcontext sensitiveSome tips:

always draw on existing traditions or

concrete objects or things are easierto represent than actions

From clip art, what do these meanto you?

Multimedia Application Navigation:Multimedia Application Navigation:Linear or Branching?Linear or Branching?

Which navigation structure is best formultimedia application?


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ReferencesReferences

Jensen, J.F., 1998. Interactivity Tracking aNew Concept in Media andCommunication Studies. In: NordicomReview,19(1). Pp. 185-204.Svanaes, D. Understanding Interactivity .Sims, R. Interactivity: A Forgotten Art? URL:http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwitr/docs/interact/

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Chapter 3 - Interactivity