Chapter 36 the Cold Chapter 36 the Cold War Begins War Begins

Post War DepressionPost War Depression

High prices as price controls removedHigh prices as price controls removed Lots of strikes in 1946 4.6 million workers will strike at Lots of strikes in 1946 4.6 million workers will strike at

one time another – Steel, automobile, coal strikesone time another – Steel, automobile, coal strikes Caused by inflating prices and loss of high wages Caused by inflating prices and loss of high wages

made during the war which caused more strikesmade during the war which caused more strikes GM introduce the contract tied to cost of living GM introduce the contract tied to cost of living Republicans push through Taft Hartley Act 1947Republicans push through Taft Hartley Act 1947

– Outlawed the closed shopOutlawed the closed shop– Permitted employers to sue unions for broken contracts Permitted employers to sue unions for broken contracts

or damagesor damages– Established a federal mediation serviceEstablished a federal mediation service– 80 day cooling off period in strikes involving national 80 day cooling off period in strikes involving national

health or safety health or safety – Union leaders had to take a loyalty oath.Union leaders had to take a loyalty oath.

DemobilizationDemobilization

We bring our troops home with too We bring our troops home with too much haste and create power vacuum much haste and create power vacuum which the Russians fillwhich the Russians fill

No jobs for returning soldiers No jobs for returning soldiers GI bill of rights education benefitsGI bill of rights education benefits Tremendous inflation when price Tremendous inflation when price

controls are removed 33% in one year controls are removed 33% in one year 1945-19461945-1946– Scarce goods Scarce goods – Heavy savingsHeavy savings

Long Economic BoomLong Economic Boom

War helped to rebuild the depression War helped to rebuild the depression plagued economyplagued economy

Huge military budgets especially in Huge military budgets especially in 1950 for the Korean War1950 for the Korean War

Cheap EnergyCheap Energy American Productivity enhanced by American Productivity enhanced by

the rising educational level 1970 – the rising educational level 1970 – 90% of school aged children attend 90% of school aged children attend schoolschool

Shift of the workforce out of farming Shift of the workforce out of farming because of productivity gainsbecause of productivity gains

The SunbeltThe Sunbelt

Post war movement -- an average of 30 Post war movement -- an average of 30 million people change residence every yearmillion people change residence every year– Hard on familiesHard on families– Dr. Spock’s book “The Common Sense Book of Dr. Spock’s book “The Common Sense Book of

Baby and Child Care”Baby and Child Care”– Sunbelt from Virginia to Florida, Texas, Arizona, Sunbelt from Virginia to Florida, Texas, Arizona,

and Californiaand California– Search of Jobs, climate, and lower taxesSearch of Jobs, climate, and lower taxes– Roosevelt had put a lot of defense money into the Roosevelt had put a lot of defense money into the

South South – Left the “Rustbelt” the Ohio valley.Left the “Rustbelt” the Ohio valley.– Every elected President since 1964 has come from Every elected President since 1964 has come from

the Sunbeltthe Sunbelt

Move to the Suburbs Move to the Suburbs

FHA and VA loans made it more FHA and VA loans made it more affordable to by your own homeaffordable to by your own home

Tax deductions on interest helps Tax deductions on interest helps provide financial incentive provide financial incentive

Government built highways gave Government built highways gave people to live in the “burbs” and people to live in the “burbs” and commute to the city for their jobs.commute to the city for their jobs.

Levittown in New York Long IslandLevittown in New York Long Island White flightWhite flight

Baby BoomBaby Boom

Adds 50 million babies to the Adds 50 million babies to the nations population by the end of nations population by the end of the 50sthe 50s

Strains many aspects of American Strains many aspects of American lifelife– EducationEducation– HealthcareHealthcare– Social SecuritySocial Security

Harry TrumanHarry Truman

No college educationNo college education Fought in WWIFought in WWI JudgeJudge Senator from MissouriSenator from Missouri Vice Pres under RooseveltVice Pres under Roosevelt Became a give them hell speakerBecame a give them hell speaker Hot tempered and half cocked sometimesHot tempered and half cocked sometimes “ “The buck stops here”The buck stops here” “ “If you can’t stand the heat get out of the kitchen”If you can’t stand the heat get out of the kitchen” Like Grant he permits old friends to become part of Like Grant he permits old friends to become part of

his administration and is very loyal despite their his administration and is very loyal despite their dishonestydishonesty

Yalta Conference Feb. Yalta Conference Feb. 19451945 Final conference of the big three Final conference of the big three

(Roosevelt dies)(Roosevelt dies) Final plans for smashing Germany Final plans for smashing Germany

discusseddiscussed Stalin agrees that Poland should have Stalin agrees that Poland should have

a representative governmenta representative government Stalin soon to break that pledgeStalin soon to break that pledge Bulgaria, Romania to have free Bulgaria, Romania to have free

elections (a promise also lost)elections (a promise also lost)

Yalta ContinuedYalta Continued Multi-power conference to be held in San Francisco to Multi-power conference to be held in San Francisco to

Organize the United Nations Organize the United Nations Most controversial decision concerned the Far EastMost controversial decision concerned the Far East Atomic bomb not yet testedAtomic bomb not yet tested From Roosevelt’s stand point it was a good idea to have From Roosevelt’s stand point it was a good idea to have

Russia enter the war in the Pacific to pin down Japanese Russia enter the war in the Pacific to pin down Japanese troops in Manchuria and Korea troops in Manchuria and Korea

Stalin horse tradesStalin horse trades Agreed to attack Japan within 2-3 months after Germany’s Agreed to attack Japan within 2-3 months after Germany’s

fallfall Russia to receive southern half of the Sakhalin Island and Russia to receive southern half of the Sakhalin Island and

Japan’s Kurile IslandsJapan’s Kurile Islands Joint control of the Railroads in Manchuria and special Joint control of the Railroads in Manchuria and special

privileges at port Dairin and Arthurprivileges at port Dairin and Arthur

Russia enters the war at the last minute in order to claim its prize

Post War WorldPost War World

Soviet Sphere of Soviet Sphere of influence created in influence created in EuropeEurope International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund

createdcreated– To encourage world tradeTo encourage world trade– Also founds the World BankAlso founds the World Bank– US takes the lead in the formation US takes the lead in the formation

of these in contrast to the end of of these in contrast to the end of WWIWWI

The formation of the The formation of the UNUN Post war world organization was Post war world organization was

discussed at all major conferencediscussed at all major conference 1945 invitations went out – one of 1945 invitations went out – one of

Truman first acts was to accept the Truman first acts was to accept the inviteinvite

April 25, 1945 the conference April 25, 1945 the conference assembles in San Franciscoassembles in San Francisco

Took two months to write the charter Took two months to write the charter but all 50 nations signbut all 50 nations sign

UN organizationUN organization

Provides a General Assembly where each nation has Provides a General Assembly where each nation has one voteone vote– Largely to discuss problemsLargely to discuss problems

Security councilSecurity council– given the power to resolve international disputesgiven the power to resolve international disputes– Consisted of five permanent members US, Consisted of five permanent members US,

Britain, France, Russia, China and six elected membersBritain, France, Russia, China and six elected members– Each major power given a veto to protect their vital Each major power given a veto to protect their vital

interestsinterests Other Aspects of the UNOther Aspects of the UN

– Economic and social council 18 members chosen by Economic and social council 18 members chosen by General AssemblyGeneral Assembly

– World court of 15 judgesWorld court of 15 judges– Secretaries, and trusteeshipSecretaries, and trusteeship

Passed by congressPassed by congress

Berlin Airlift 1948Berlin Airlift 1948

Germany was to be partitioned but the German Germany was to be partitioned but the German Republic was to be treated as an economic Republic was to be treated as an economic whole (decided at Potsdam)whole (decided at Potsdam)

Berlin had been partitioned into 4 sectorsBerlin had been partitioned into 4 sectors No provisions for control of land routesNo provisions for control of land routes Russians use this when they become upset Russians use this when they become upset

over controversies involving 4 power control in over controversies involving 4 power control in 19481948

Americans begin and around the clock airlift Americans begin and around the clock airlift 4500 tons a day. Planes landing every 3 4500 tons a day. Planes landing every 3 minutes for almost 1 year.minutes for almost 1 year.

Russians back off – brings about 2 GermanysRussians back off – brings about 2 Germanys

ReconstructionReconstruction

US could not afford to see the people of US could not afford to see the people of Europe fall to communismEurope fall to communism

Helped UN Relief and Rehabilitations Admin.Helped UN Relief and Rehabilitations Admin. CARE encouraged private relief Corporation CARE encouraged private relief Corporation

for American Remittance to Europefor American Remittance to Europe Nuremberg war crimes trialNuremberg war crimes trial 22 leading Germans tried 19 convicted 12 22 leading Germans tried 19 convicted 12

sentenced to death 7given lifesentenced to death 7given life American (allied) policy was to help Germany American (allied) policy was to help Germany

– to keep them from the communist camp– to keep them from the communist camp

Truman doctrine 1947Truman doctrine 1947

Truman get tough policyTruman get tough policy George F. Kennan -- ContainmentGeorge F. Kennan -- Containment Britain could no longer bear financial Britain could no longer bear financial

and military load of Greece and Turkey and military load of Greece and Turkey to keep them from communismto keep them from communism

We fear the loss of the East Med.We fear the loss of the East Med. Establishes the policy of containment Establishes the policy of containment Congress appropriates 400 million in Congress appropriates 400 million in

economic and military aid economic and military aid

Marshall Plan 1947-48Marshall Plan 1947-48

Sec of state George Marshall Sec of state George Marshall Encourage a European conference to work Encourage a European conference to work

out plans of economic recoveryout plans of economic recovery Conference held July 1947 in ParisConference held July 1947 in Paris Plan of Marshall’s was to spend billions over Plan of Marshall’s was to spend billions over

4 years in 16 coop. Countries 12.5 billion4 years in 16 coop. Countries 12.5 billion Congress approves after a communist coup Congress approves after a communist coup

in Czech.in Czech. Within a few years most European countries Within a few years most European countries

were exceeding their pre war outputwere exceeding their pre war output Communism lost ground in important Communism lost ground in important

countries like France and Italycountries like France and Italy

Dealing with the Dealing with the Soviet MenaceSoviet Menace NATO signed on April 4, 1949 an attack NATO signed on April 4, 1949 an attack

on one member was as attack on all on one member was as attack on all and the signatories would then take and the signatories would then take action they deemed necessaryaction they deemed necessary

12 original signatories later 14 with 12 original signatories later 14 with Greece and Turkey added. Greece and Turkey added.

Congress enacts the first peace time Congress enacts the first peace time draftdraft

Soviets have the bomb in 1949– we Soviets have the bomb in 1949– we begin the development of the H-Bomb. begin the development of the H-Bomb.

Causes the US military to Causes the US military to be unified under the be unified under the national security act of national security act of 19471947 It creates the Dept. Of Defense-- It creates the Dept. Of Defense--

cabinet official Sec. of Defense -- cabinet official Sec. of Defense -- Forms the Joint Chief of Staff – army, Forms the Joint Chief of Staff – army, navy, air forcenavy, air force

National security council formed to National security council formed to advise the pres on security mattersadvise the pres on security matters

The CIA formed to organize foreign The CIA formed to organize foreign fact findingfact finding

Voice of America authorize by Voice of America authorize by congress in 1948congress in 1948

Point FourPoint Four

American money and American money and technological aid to go to foreign technological aid to go to foreign nations to prevent them from nations to prevent them from becoming communistbecoming communist

Launched in 1950Launched in 1950 Helped Latin American , Africa, Helped Latin American , Africa,

Near East, Far EastNear East, Far East

Red Scare Red Scare

Truman loyalty program 1947Truman loyalty program 1947 Attorney general drew up a list of 90 Attorney general drew up a list of 90

disloyal organizationsdisloyal organizations A loyalty review board investigates 3 A loyalty review board investigates 3

mill. Fed. Employees -- 3000 resign or mill. Fed. Employees -- 3000 resign or are dismissedare dismissed

Individual states create loyalty oathsIndividual states create loyalty oaths The question could be asked: could The question could be asked: could

freedom of speech exist in the face of freedom of speech exist in the face of international communism?international communism?

Fear Creates a Witch Fear Creates a Witch HuntHunt Richard Nixon leads the red catching as a chairman of Richard Nixon leads the red catching as a chairman of

the House Committee on Un- American Activities – the House Committee on Un- American Activities – against Alger Hissagainst Alger Hiss

Feb. 1950 McCarthy charges that there are scores of Feb. 1950 McCarthy charges that there are scores of communist in the state department and begins a communist in the state department and begins a massive witch huntmassive witch hunt

1950 Truman vetoes the McCarran Internal Security 1950 Truman vetoes the McCarran Internal Security Bill but congress passes the bill over the vetoBill but congress passes the bill over the veto– authorizes the president to arrest or detain suspicious authorizes the president to arrest or detain suspicious

persons during an internal security emergencypersons during an internal security emergency Julius and Ethel Rosenberg convicted in 1951 of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg convicted in 1951 of

espionage and were electrocuted in 1953 – only espionage and were electrocuted in 1953 – only people in American history to be executed in peace people in American history to be executed in peace time for espionage .time for espionage .

Election of 1948Election of 1948

Rep. nom. Dewey Rep. nom. Dewey Demos. nom. Truman – Southern demos revolt Demos. nom. Truman – Southern demos revolt

because of Truman’s stand on civil rightsbecause of Truman’s stand on civil rights Southern Demos. nom. Gov. Strom ThurmondSouthern Demos. nom. Gov. Strom Thurmond Progressives nom. Henry Wallace, Roosevelt’s Progressives nom. Henry Wallace, Roosevelt’s

former VPformer VP– Very liberal pro soviet Very liberal pro soviet

Democrat attempt to nominate Eisenhower Democrat attempt to nominate Eisenhower fails when he refusesfails when he refuses

Truman winsTruman wins

Fair DealFair Deal

Sweeping program for Sweeping program for unemployment, housing, higher unemployment, housing, higher ed., min. wage, went further than ed., min. wage, went further than new dealnew deal

only a small portion achievedonly a small portion achieved Social Security broadenedSocial Security broadened Public housing progressesPublic housing progresses Min. wage increases 40-75 centsMin. wage increases 40-75 cents

Korean WarKorean War

Japan surrenders to Russia North of 38 Japan surrenders to Russia North of 38 degrees parallel in Koreadegrees parallel in Korea

Both powers U.S. and Russia said they Both powers U.S. and Russia said they wanted a unified Korea wanted a unified Korea

1949 Both had pulled out but Russia 1949 Both had pulled out but Russia had left North Korea heavily armedhad left North Korea heavily armed

June 25,1950 North Korea invades June 25,1950 North Korea invades South KoreaSouth Korea

Push South Korea to PusanPush South Korea to Pusan

Truman takes it to the Truman takes it to the U.N.U.N. Russia absent because they protested Russia absent because they protested

the non-seating of communist Chinathe non-seating of communist China U.N. orders assistance to South KoreaU.N. orders assistance to South Korea Gen. MacArthur was appointed U.N. Gen. MacArthur was appointed U.N.

commandercommander 16 nations16 nations MacArthur lands at InchonMacArthur lands at Inchon Push to Yalu makes Chinese nervous – Push to Yalu makes Chinese nervous –

China attacks Nov. 1950China attacks Nov. 1950

MacArthur wants to MacArthur wants to bomb bases in bomb bases in ManchuriaManchuria Truman says noTruman says no MacArthur takes it to the publicMacArthur takes it to the public Truman fires MacArthur April Truman fires MacArthur April

11,195111,1951

War drags on for next War drags on for next 2 years2 years

1952 elections Demos.1952 elections Demos.– Adlie StevensonAdlie Stevenson– Rep. Eisenhower Nixon V.P.Rep. Eisenhower Nixon V.P.– Eisenhower very popular, Nixon did most of Eisenhower very popular, Nixon did most of

campaigning labeling Democrats as soft communistscampaigning labeling Democrats as soft communists Eisenhower goes to KoreaEisenhower goes to Korea Stalin dies, Soviet Union loses interest in Stalin dies, Soviet Union loses interest in

continuing warcontinuing war Armistice signed 1953 (July), 54,000 Armistice signed 1953 (July), 54,000

Americans diedAmericans died