Upload
monica-gibson
View
314
Download
12
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 37:Surface Engineering
DeGarmo’s Materials and Processes in Manufacturing
37.1 Introduction
Surface Profiles
FIGURE 37-1 Machining processes produce surface flaws, waviness, and roughness that can influence the performance of the component.
Machined Surfaces
Machined Surfaces
FIGURE 37-2 (a) Terminology used in specifying and measuring surface quality; (b) symbols used on drawingby part designers, with definitions of symbols; (c) lay symbols; (d) lay symbols applied on drawings.
SurfaceMeasurement
FIGURE 37-3 (a) Schematic of stylus profile device for measuring surface roughness and surfaceprofile with two readout devices shown: a meter for AA or rms values and a strip chart recorder forsurface profile. (b) Profile enlarged. (c) Examples of surface profiles.
Surface Finish Measurement
FIGURE 37-4 Typical machinedsteel surface as created by facemilling and examined in the SEM. Amicrograph (same magnification) ofa 0.00005-in. stylus tip has beensuperimposed at the top.
SEM Micrograph
FIGURE 37-5 (a) SEMmicrograph of a U.S. dime,showing the S in the wordTRUST after the region has beentraced by a stylus-type machine.(b) Topographical map of the Sregion of the word TRUST from aU.S. dime [compare to part (a)].
Roughness
FIGURE 37-6 Comparison of surface roughness produced by common production processes.(Courtesy of American Machinist.)
Surface Deformation
FIGURE 37-7 Plasticdeformation in the surface layerafter cutting shown in a micrograph at 120X.
Surface Damage as a Function of Rake Angle
FIGURE 37-8 The depthof damage to the surface of amachined part increases withdecreasing rake angle of thecutting tool.
Fatigue Strength as a Function of Finish
FIGURE 37-9 Fatigue strengthof Inconel 718 components aftersurface finishing by grinding orEDM. (Field and Kahles, 1971).
Shot Peening
FIGURE 37-10 & 11 (a) Mechanism for formation of residual compressive stresses in surface by cold plastic deformation (shot peening). (b) Hardness increased in surface due to shot peening.
37.2 Abrasive Cleaning and Finishing
Finishing Barrel
FIGURE 37-12 Schematic ofthe blow of material in tumblingor barrel finishing. The parts andmedia mass typically account for50 to 60% of capacity.
Synthetic Media Geometry
FIGURE 37-13 Syntheticabrasive media are available in awide variety of sizes and shapes.Through proper selection, themedia can be tailored to theproduct being cleaned
Vibration Finishing Tub
FIGURE 37-14 Schematic diagram of a vibratory-finishing tub loaded with parts andmedia. The single eccentric shaft drive provides maximum motion at the bottom, which decreasesas one moves upward. The dualshaft design produces moreuniform motion of the tub and reduces processing time
Media to Part Ratio
Part Examples
FIGURE 37-15 A variety of parts before and after barrelfinishing with triangular-shaped media. (Courtesy of NortonCompany.)
37.3 Chemical Cleaning
37.4 Coatings
Organic Finishes
Electroplating Processes
FIGURE 37-16 Basic steps inthe electrocoating process
Powder Coating
Powder Coating Systems
FIGURE 37-17 A schematic of a powder coating system. The wheels on the color modules permit it to beexchanged with a spare module to obtain the next color.
Electroplating Circuitry
FIGURE 37-18 Basic circuit foran electroplating operation,showing the anode, cathode(workpiece), and electrolyte(conductive solution).
Electroplating Design Recomendations
FIGURE 37-19 Designrecommendations forelectroplating operations
Anodizing
FIGURE 37-20 The anodizing processhas many steps.
Nickel Carbide Plating
FIGURE 37-21 (Left) Photomicrograph of nickel carbide plating produced by electroless deposition. Noticethe uniform thickness coating on the irregularly shaped product. (Right) High-magnification cross sectionthrough the coating. (Courtesy of Electro-Coatings Inc.)
37.5 Vaporized Metal Coatings
37.6 Clad Materials
37.7 Textured Surfaces
37.8 Coil-Coated Sheets
37.9 Edge Finishing and Burrs
Burr Formation
FIGURE 37-22 Schematicshowing the formation of heavyburrs on the exit side of a milledslot. (From L. X. Gillespie,American Machinist, November1985.)
Deburring Allowance
Burr Prevention
FIGURE 37-23 Designingextra recesses and grooves into apart may eliminate the need todeburr. (From L.X. Gillespie,American Machinist, November1985.)