Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 4- Cell Processes
Chapter 4- Cell Processes
ATPPhotosynthesis
Cellular RespirationFermentationBy: Mrs. Stahl
Biology
ATPPhotosynthesis
Cellular RespirationFermentationBy: Mrs. Stahl
Biology
Unit LayoutUnit Layout Background knowledge Energy- where does it all come from? Review of Ecological Terms Food webs, food chains, and the transfer of energy in
ecosystems. All starts with sunlight and plants. ATP and ADP processes Photosynthesis
Anatomy and functions of a plant. Process of photosynthesis and the importance of the
chloroplast. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Bringing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration and
the relationship they have together.
Background knowledge Energy- where does it all come from? Review of Ecological Terms Food webs, food chains, and the transfer of energy in
ecosystems. All starts with sunlight and plants. ATP and ADP processes Photosynthesis
Anatomy and functions of a plant. Process of photosynthesis and the importance of the
chloroplast. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Bringing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration and
the relationship they have together.
How do we get our energy?
How do we get our energy?
Chemical energy- starts with the sun!
Chemical energy- starts with the sun!
Two Main Sources of Energy:
Two Main Sources of Energy:
LipidsCarbohydrates
LipidsCarbohydrates
Energy is only useable after it is broken down by a series of chemical
reactions
Energy is only useable after it is broken down by a series of chemical
reactions
Energy…………Energy…………• Energy for living things comes from food.• Originally, the energy in food comes from the
sun and travels up the food web or food chain.
• Energy for living things comes from food.• Originally, the energy in food comes from the
sun and travels up the food web or food chain.
Let’s review some terminology!!
Let’s review some terminology!!
Ecology- The study of living things and their surroundings.
Organism- individual living thing. Species- a group of organisms that can
reproduce together and produce fertile offspring. Ex- humans are the same species.
Population- group of the same species. Ex- A group of bottlenose dolphins.
Ecology- The study of living things and their surroundings.
Organism- individual living thing. Species- a group of organisms that can
reproduce together and produce fertile offspring. Ex- humans are the same species.
Population- group of the same species. Ex- A group of bottlenose dolphins.
Community- group of different species living together. Example- deer, rabbits, and birds.
Ecosystem- Made up of both biotic and abiotic factors. Example- rocks, water, deer, rabbits
Biome- A region or area that is defined by the climate and plants that grow there. Example- Tropical Rain Forest.
Biosphere- Planet Earth
Community- group of different species living together. Example- deer, rabbits, and birds.
Ecosystem- Made up of both biotic and abiotic factors. Example- rocks, water, deer, rabbits
Biome- A region or area that is defined by the climate and plants that grow there. Example- Tropical Rain Forest.
Biosphere- Planet Earth
Biodiversity- Variety of life Abiotic- Non-living things. Ex- water, sunlight,
rocks Biotic-Living things. Ex- Plants and animals Keystone Species- species that keeps an
ecosystem in check / holds it together. Example- Sea otters keep the sea urchin population in check so that they don’t eat all the kelp (algae).
Producers / Autotrophs- make their own food via sunlight. Example- Plants
Consumers / Heterotrophs- rely on others for food. Example- Animals
Biodiversity- Variety of life Abiotic- Non-living things. Ex- water, sunlight,
rocks Biotic-Living things. Ex- Plants and animals Keystone Species- species that keeps an
ecosystem in check / holds it together. Example- Sea otters keep the sea urchin population in check so that they don’t eat all the kelp (algae).
Producers / Autotrophs- make their own food via sunlight. Example- Plants
Consumers / Heterotrophs- rely on others for food. Example- Animals
AutotrophsAutotrophs
HeterotrophsHeterotrophs
Types of ConsumersTypes of Consumers
Herbivores- Eat only plantsCarnivores- Meat eatersOmnivores- Eat plants and animalsDetritivores- Eat detritus or dead
organic matter. Decomposers- Breakdown dead
organic matter into simpler compounds.
Herbivores- Eat only plantsCarnivores- Meat eatersOmnivores- Eat plants and animalsDetritivores- Eat detritus or dead
organic matter. Decomposers- Breakdown dead
organic matter into simpler compounds.
HerbivoresHerbivores
CarnivoresCarnivores
OmnivoresOmnivores
Detritivores & DecomposersDetritivores & Decomposers
Energy FlowEnergy Flow
In ecosystems, energy has to flow from one organism to another, and it does this through food chains and food webs, starting with the sun and plants!
In ecosystems, energy has to flow from one organism to another, and it does this through food chains and food webs, starting with the sun and plants!
Food WebFood WebNetwork of feeding relationships b
etween trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Network of feeding relationships between trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Arrows point in the direction which the energy is flowing.
Food ChainsFood ChainsShows the feeding relationships for
a single chain of producers and consumers.
Shows the feeding relationships for a single chain of producers and consumers.
Rabbit eats the grass and the hawk eats the rabbit.
How does the energy from the sun flow through an ecosystem? How does the energy from the
sun flow through an ecosystem?
Trophic levelsTrophic levels are nourishment
levels in a food chain. Example- Producer- Herbivore-
Carnivore = 3 Trophic levelsCarnivores are the highest,
herbivore are second, and producers are the first.
Trophic levelsTrophic levels are nourishment
levels in a food chain. Example- Producer- Herbivore-
Carnivore = 3 Trophic levelsCarnivores are the highest,
herbivore are second, and producers are the first.
Break it down further…Break it down further…– Primary consumers are herbivores that eat
producers. – Secondary consumers are carnivores that
eat herbivores.– Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat
secondary consumers.– Omnivores, such as humans that eat both
plants and animals, may be listed at different trophic levels in different food chains.
– Primary consumers are herbivores that eat producers.
– Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores.
– Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat secondary consumers.
– Omnivores, such as humans that eat both plants and animals, may be listed at different trophic levels in different food chains.
Trophic LevelsTrophic LevelsShark
Shrimp
Plants, algae, phytoplankton
Triggerfish
How does the energy get distributed from trophic level to
trophic level?
How does the energy get distributed from trophic level to
trophic level?We know that ecosystems get their
energy from sunlight, which then provides the energy for photosynthesis to occur. That energy then flows up the food chain.
The amount of energy that gets transferred from trophic level to trophic level is 10% = Biomass
We know that ecosystems get their energy from sunlight, which then provides the energy for photosynthesis to occur. That energy then flows up the food chain.
The amount of energy that gets transferred from trophic level to trophic level is 10% = Biomass
tertiaryconsumers
secondaryconsumers
primaryconsumers
producers
5
5000
500,000
5,000,000producers Producers
use 100% of energy from the sun
Herbivores eat plants but burn some energy in the process
Carnivores eat herbivores and more energy is lost
Energy given off as heat
How does life continue?How does life continue?
The sun pumps more energy into the plants allowing life to carry on.
The sun pumps more energy into the plants allowing life to carry on.
How do organisms lose energy?
How do organisms lose energy?
MetabolismMaintaining homeostasis- keeping your
body at normal temperatureMating, finding food, resting, movement,
growth, The same way we use energy so do other
organisms. That’s why we have to continuously eat.
Unused material = excreted as waste
MetabolismMaintaining homeostasis- keeping your
body at normal temperatureMating, finding food, resting, movement,
growth, The same way we use energy so do other
organisms. That’s why we have to continuously eat.
Unused material = excreted as waste
ExampleExampleGrass- Prairie Dog- Coyote1st- Grass=Photosynthesis traps energy
as carbohydrates = ENERGY! 2nd Prairie dog eats the grass. The
prairie dog uses some of the energy to grow, some is used to fuel cellular respiration.
The loss of energy between levels may be as much as 90%, meaning that only 10% of energy is left over.
Grass- Prairie Dog- Coyote1st- Grass=Photosynthesis traps energy
as carbohydrates = ENERGY! 2nd Prairie dog eats the grass. The
prairie dog uses some of the energy to grow, some is used to fuel cellular respiration.
The loss of energy between levels may be as much as 90%, meaning that only 10% of energy is left over.
Some fun review!Some fun review!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLk-9ib0OVA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUY_-LK_lOc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLk-9ib0OVA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUY_-LK_lOc
ATP AND ADP- OUR MAIN ENERGY
CURRENCY
ATP AND ADP- OUR MAIN ENERGY
CURRENCY
phosphate removed
ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate
Molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes.
Molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes.
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule
Cells use ATP to:Cells use ATP to:
1. Carry energy2. Build molecules3. Move materials by active transport
1. Carry energy2. Build molecules3. Move materials by active transport
ATP is made up of:ATP is made up of:
Sugar riboseAdenineThree Phosphates
Sugar riboseAdenineThree Phosphates
ATP has 3 phosphate groups:
ATP has 3 phosphate groups:
Third bond is unstable so it is easily broken
When 3rd is removed it’s releasing energy and turns into ADP
Third bond is unstable so it is easily broken
When 3rd is removed it’s releasing energy and turns into ADP
How is ATP made?How is ATP made?
Breakdown of sugarsBreakdown of sugars
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule
How are sugars made?How are sugars made?
By capturing energy from sunlight and changing it into chemical energy stored in sugars.
By capturing energy from sunlight and changing it into chemical energy stored in sugars.
How does ATP work Exactly?????
How does ATP work Exactly?????
Step 1- The energy carried by ATP is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. The third bond is unstable and is easily broken.
Step 2- Reaction takes place and the energy is released for cell functions, meaning the third phosphate fell off.
Step 3- ATP (high energy) then becomes ADP (lower energy molecule) because it just lost a phosphate.
Step 4-The molecules get broken down and energy gets added.
Step 5- Phosphate is added and it’s back to ATP!
Step 1- The energy carried by ATP is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. The third bond is unstable and is easily broken.
Step 2- Reaction takes place and the energy is released for cell functions, meaning the third phosphate fell off.
Step 3- ATP (high energy) then becomes ADP (lower energy molecule) because it just lost a phosphate.
Step 4-The molecules get broken down and energy gets added.
Step 5- Phosphate is added and it’s back to ATP!
phosphate removed
What is needed to change ADP into ATP?
What is needed to change ADP into ATP?
Large group of complex proteins and a phosphate
Large group of complex proteins and a phosphate
Why is this important?Why is this important?The foods that you eat don’t contain ATP.The food needs to be digested and
broken downEverything that you eat has a different
calorie amount (measures of energy), therefore different foods produce different amounts of ATP.
The number of ATP produced depends on what you eat- Carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids.
The foods that you eat don’t contain ATP.The food needs to be digested and
broken downEverything that you eat has a different
calorie amount (measures of energy), therefore different foods produce different amounts of ATP.
The number of ATP produced depends on what you eat- Carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids.
Swallow your food and then digestion takes place (NOT THAT FAST OF COURSE!).
Does each type of food have the same amount of calories?
- NO!!!- Different foods have
different calories, therefore provide different amounts of
ATP.
Swallow your food and then digestion takes place (NOT THAT FAST OF COURSE!).
Does each type of food have the same amount of calories?
- NO!!!- Different foods have
different calories, therefore provide different amounts of
ATP.
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates are not stored in
large amounts in your body because they are the most commonly broken down molecule.
The breakdown of glucose yields 36 ATP.
Carbohydrates DO NOT provide the body with the most ATP. Lipids do!
Carbohydrates are not stored in large amounts in your body because they are the most commonly broken down molecule.
The breakdown of glucose yields 36 ATP.
Carbohydrates DO NOT provide the body with the most ATP. Lipids do!
LipidsLipidsStore the most energy, about 80%
of the energy in your body.When they are broken down they
yield the most ATP, 146 ATP
Store the most energy, about 80% of the energy in your body.
When they are broken down they yield the most ATP, 146 ATP
ProteinsProteinsStore about the same amount of
energy as carbohydrates, but they are less likely to be broken down to make ATP.
The amino acids that cells can break down to make ATP are needed and used to build new proteins.
Store about the same amount of energy as carbohydrates, but they are less likely to be broken down to make ATP.
The amino acids that cells can break down to make ATP are needed and used to build new proteins.
SummarySummaryThe number of ATP molecules
depends on the number of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins broken down.
The organic compound most commonly broken down to make ATP = carbohydrates.
The number of ATP molecules depends on the number of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins broken down.
The organic compound most commonly broken down to make ATP = carbohydrates.
Fun VideoFun Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_xZuCPIHvk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUpuuL24NiQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XI8m6o0gXDY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_xZuCPIHvk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUpuuL24NiQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XI8m6o0gXDY
We know that plants use photosynthesis, but what about organisms that live
in the deep sea, where there isn’t any sunlight?
We know that plants use photosynthesis, but what about organisms that live
in the deep sea, where there isn’t any sunlight?
ChemosynthesisChemosynthesis Some animals don’t
need sunlight & photosynthesis as a source of energy.
Chemosynthesis- process by which organisms use chemical energy to make their food.
Example- Deep Ocean Hydrothermal Vents.
Some animals don’t need sunlight & photosynthesis as a source of energy.
Chemosynthesis- process by which organisms use chemical energy to make their food.
Example- Deep Ocean Hydrothermal Vents. https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=XotF9fzo4Vo
Mind MapMind MapEnergy Carrier
Gets energy from the breakdown of food molecules
Produced when phosphate is added to ADP
Releases energy when converted back to ADP
ATP
Do plants need ATP?Do plants need ATP?
YES!!!!!!Plants make their own food
through photosynthesis where they breakdown sugars -> ATP
YES!!!!!!Plants make their own food
through photosynthesis where they breakdown sugars -> ATP
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisDefined as the process that
captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy.
Location- Chloroplast of plant cells.
Defined as the process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy.
Location- Chloroplast of plant cells.
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Chloro= GreenPhyll= LeafPlast = Molded
Chloro= GreenPhyll= LeafPlast = Molded
chloroplast
leaf cell
leaf
Chloroplast
Leaf Cell
Leaf
Anatomy of a FlowerAnatomy of a Flower
Female PartsFemale PartsPistil= made up of the stigma, style,
ovule, and ovary.Stigma- Sticky portion that catches
the pollen.Style- tube that allows sperm /
pollen to be transported.Ovary- becomes the fruitOvule- where the seed develops
Pistil= made up of the stigma, style, ovule, and ovary.
Stigma- Sticky portion that catches the pollen.
Style- tube that allows sperm / pollen to be transported.
Ovary- becomes the fruitOvule- where the seed develops
Male partsMale partsStamen- male parts made up of the
anther and the filament.Anther- Produces the pollenFilament- Support tube for the anther
Stamen- male parts made up of the anther and the filament.
Anther- Produces the pollenFilament- Support tube for the anther
Sepals- green, tough region that protects the flower before it opens.
Receptacle- hard, base of the flower, bears the organs of the flower
Stem- support, transports water and nutrients
Sepals- green, tough region that protects the flower before it opens.
Receptacle- hard, base of the flower, bears the organs of the flower
Stem- support, transports water and nutrients
Two Types of Seed PlantsTwo Types of Seed PlantsAngiospermsAngiosperms
Reproduce with structures called flowers and fruits.
Brightly colored / highly scented
Attract animals-> transported from place to place via pollination, feces, and wind
Reproduce with structures called flowers and fruits.
Brightly colored / highly scented
Attract animals-> transported from place to place via pollination, feces, and wind
GymnospermsGymnosperms
Conifers- cone bearers like pine trees.
Naked seeds that aren’t enclosed in a fruit.
Needle shaped leaves with a protective cuticle.
Rely on wind for pollination.
Conifers- cone bearers like pine trees.
Naked seeds that aren’t enclosed in a fruit.
Needle shaped leaves with a protective cuticle.
Rely on wind for pollination.
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
LeavesLeavesMajor site of photosynthesis / food
production.Minimize water loss by collecting water
and transpiration.Take in carbon dioxide and produce
oxygen through the stomata.Stomata’s are tiny pores in the leaf.Protects stems and roots with shade and
shelter.
Major site of photosynthesis / food production.
Minimize water loss by collecting water and transpiration.
Take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen through the stomata.
Stomata’s are tiny pores in the leaf.Protects stems and roots with shade and
shelter.
Basic StructureBasic Structure
Blade- collects the sunlightPetiole- stem that holds the leaf
blade up.
Blade- collects the sunlightPetiole- stem that holds the leaf
blade up.
Upper portion / Top of the leaf
Upper portion / Top of the leaf
The tissue mesophyll, has most of the chloroplasts and is where the majority of the photosynthesis takes place.
The tissue mesophyll, has most of the chloroplasts and is where the majority of the photosynthesis takes place.
Bottom portion of the leaf / underside
Bottom portion of the leaf / underside
Has a stomata and is the site of transpiration and gas exchange.
Guard cells surround each stomata and open and close by changing shape.
Day- stomata is open, allowing the carbon dioxide to enter and water to evaporate.
Night- close
Has a stomata and is the site of transpiration and gas exchange.
Guard cells surround each stomata and open and close by changing shape.
Day- stomata is open, allowing the carbon dioxide to enter and water to evaporate.
Night- close
Guard CellsGuard CellsModified epidermal cells that are
photosynthetic and they open and close the stomata.
Potassium ions accumulate in the guard cells and when there is a high concentration of K+ it causes water to flow into the cells. When the plant is full of water, the guard cells plump up and open the stomata.
Modified epidermal cells that are photosynthetic and they open and close the stomata.
Potassium ions accumulate in the guard cells and when there is a high concentration of K+ it causes water to flow into the cells. When the plant is full of water, the guard cells plump up and open the stomata.
Factors that affect the stomata and guard cellsFactors that affect the
stomata and guard cellsTemperature, humidity, hormones,
and the amount of carbon dioxide in the leaves tells the guard cells to open and close
Temperature, humidity, hormones, and the amount of carbon dioxide in the leaves tells the guard cells to open and close
4 Types of Plant Tissues4 Types of Plant Tissues
1. Ground Tissue2. Dermal Tissue3. Vascular Tissue4. Meristematic Tissue
1. Ground Tissue2. Dermal Tissue3. Vascular Tissue4. Meristematic Tissue
Ground Tissuemost common and they differ based on their cell
walls- 3 Types
Ground Tissuemost common and they differ based on their cell
walls- 3 Types
1. Parenchymal2. Collenchymal3. Sclerenchymal
1. Parenchymal2. Collenchymal3. Sclerenchymal
The most common plant cell type-mesophyll
Cell walls store and secrete starch, oils and water
Help heal wounds tothe plant
Have thin, flexible walls
The most common plant cell type-mesophyll
Cell walls store and secrete starch, oils and water
Help heal wounds tothe plant
Have thin, flexible walls
Parenchymal CellsParenchymal Cells
Provide support to a growing plantThey are strong and flexible.Celery strings are strands of collenchyma.They have unevenly thick cell walls.
Provide support to a growing plantThey are strong and flexible.Celery strings are strands of collenchyma.They have unevenly thick cell walls.
Collenchyma Cells
Strongest, support, very thick cell wallsSecond cell wall hardened by ligninDie when they reach maturity Used by humans to make linen and rope
Strongest, support, very thick cell wallsSecond cell wall hardened by ligninDie when they reach maturity Used by humans to make linen and rope
Sclerenchyma cells
Dermal TissueDermal TissueCovers and protects the outside Secretes cuticle of leaves Forms outer bark of trees= dead
dermal cellsEpidermis= covers the surface, made
up of parenchymal cellsGuard cells= surrounds the stomata
and has a cuticle that secretes a waxy substance for protection.
Covers and protects the outside Secretes cuticle of leaves Forms outer bark of trees= dead
dermal cellsEpidermis= covers the surface, made
up of parenchymal cellsGuard cells= surrounds the stomata
and has a cuticle that secretes a waxy substance for protection.
Vascular Tissue- Xylem & PhloemVascular Tissue- Xylem & Phloem
Transports water, minerals, nutrients, and organic compounds to all areas of the plant.
Made up of two networks of tubes- xylem and phloem.
Transports water, minerals, nutrients, and organic compounds to all areas of the plant.
Made up of two networks of tubes- xylem and phloem.
PhloemPhloemCarries the products of
photosynthesis through the plant via active transport (products = oxygen and glucose).
Remember- PHLOEM IS FOR FOODPart of the bark (at or near)Have little sieve tubes and plates
that help the fluid flow from one cell to another.
Carries the products of photosynthesis through the plant via active transport (products = oxygen and glucose).
Remember- PHLOEM IS FOR FOODPart of the bark (at or near)Have little sieve tubes and plates
that help the fluid flow from one cell to another.
XylemXylemCarries water and nutrients from
the roots to the rest of the plant.Found within the wood of the tree.
Tracheids- long, thin, overlapping cells with tapered ends.
Vessel Members- wider, shorter, thinner cell walls.
Carries water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant.
Found within the wood of the tree.Tracheids- long, thin, overlapping
cells with tapered ends.Vessel Members- wider, shorter,
thinner cell walls.
Meristematic TissueMeristematic TissueGrowth tissueWhere cell division occursTurns into ground, dermal, or vascularApical Meristems- tips of roots and
stems-> primary growth occurs here.Lateral Meristems- secondary growth.
Increase the thickness of roots and stems.
Growth tissueWhere cell division occursTurns into ground, dermal, or vascularApical Meristems- tips of roots and
stems-> primary growth occurs here.Lateral Meristems- secondary growth.
Increase the thickness of roots and stems.
SeedsSeeds Monocots= one seed Dicots= two seeds Seed coat= protection Embryo
Epicotyl- top, shoot tip Hypocotyl- attached to the
cotyledon, young shoot Radicle- first organ from
the germinating seed-> becomes the root.
Cotyledon or Endosperm- stores food for the embryo
Monocots= one seed Dicots= two seeds Seed coat= protection Embryo
Epicotyl- top, shoot tip Hypocotyl- attached to the
cotyledon, young shoot Radicle- first organ from
the germinating seed-> becomes the root.
Cotyledon or Endosperm- stores food for the embryo
Environmental cues that are required by the seed:Environmental cues that are required by the seed:
Water, light, and temperatureThe seed is mature -> goes into a
dormant stage until all environmental needs are met.
Water, light, and temperatureThe seed is mature -> goes into a
dormant stage until all environmental needs are met.
Germination allows the seed to turn into a plant: Germination allows the
seed to turn into a plant:
1st- Water is absorbed 2nd- Enzymes get triggered3rd- Chemical process= respiration4th- Water gets absorbed, causes the
seed to swell and the seed coat cracks.5th- Roots grow from the radicle and
anchor the seedling into the soil. Hypocotyl grows to produce a young shoot.
1st- Water is absorbed 2nd- Enzymes get triggered3rd- Chemical process= respiration4th- Water gets absorbed, causes the
seed to swell and the seed coat cracks.5th- Roots grow from the radicle and
anchor the seedling into the soil. Hypocotyl grows to produce a young shoot.
Roots and StemsRoots and Stems
Absorb nutrientsAnchor the plant (hold it down)Store foodThey have specialized organs to
carry these out.
Absorb nutrientsAnchor the plant (hold it down)Store foodThey have specialized organs to
carry these out.
Root OrgansRoot Organs1. Epidermis- covers the outside surface of the rootHas root hairs= increases surface area and allows for more water to be absorbed. They are constantly being replaced.
2. Cortex- makes up most of the root-> stores starch (sugars) in the parenchymal cells.
1. Epidermis- covers the outside surface of the rootHas root hairs= increases surface area and allows for more water to be absorbed. They are constantly being replaced.
2. Cortex- makes up most of the root-> stores starch (sugars) in the parenchymal cells.
3. Endodermis- tightly packed ring of cells. Has suberin, a waxy band that surrounds each endodermis cell in a barrier where water can’t pass through called the Casparian Strip-> controls the movement of water and minerals.
3. Endodermis- tightly packed ring of cells. Has suberin, a waxy band that surrounds each endodermis cell in a barrier where water can’t pass through called the Casparian Strip-> controls the movement of water and minerals.
Root GrowthRoot Growth
Root Cap- tip, protects the apical meristem where primary growth occurs.
Root Cap- tip, protects the apical meristem where primary growth occurs.
StemsStems
Support leaves and flowersMove water and food
Support leaves and flowersMove water and food
Fun Tree RingsFun Tree RingsType of secondary growthForm due to uneven growth over the
seasons. Age of the tree is done by counting the
ringsLighter cell bands =spring growthDarker bands = later season growthDuring good growing seasons the rings
are thicker
Type of secondary growthForm due to uneven growth over the
seasons. Age of the tree is done by counting the
ringsLighter cell bands =spring growthDarker bands = later season growthDuring good growing seasons the rings
are thicker
Physiological Process of Transpiration,
Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration
Physiological Process of Transpiration,
Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration
TranspirationTranspiration
Evaporation of water from leavesWater is pushed up through the xylem by
root pressure created from water moving up the soil to the plants root system and into the xylem-> results in small droplets of sap-> called guttation.
Water is also pulled up through cohesion through the xylem tissue-> creates a negative pressure or tension from roots to leaves.
Evaporation of water from leavesWater is pushed up through the xylem by
root pressure created from water moving up the soil to the plants root system and into the xylem-> results in small droplets of sap-> called guttation.
Water is also pulled up through cohesion through the xylem tissue-> creates a negative pressure or tension from roots to leaves.
Rate of TranspirationRate of Transpiration
Slows in high humidityAccelerates or speeds up in low
humidity Increases with wind Increases with intense light=
increased photosynthesis and water vapor
Slows in high humidityAccelerates or speeds up in low
humidity Increases with wind Increases with intense light=
increased photosynthesis and water vapor
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Process of using sunlight as energy to make carbon compounds (glucose) to make food.
Occurs in the chloroplastTwo processes: Light reactions and
Light independent reactions
Process of using sunlight as energy to make carbon compounds (glucose) to make food.
Occurs in the chloroplastTwo processes: Light reactions and
Light independent reactions
EquationEquation
Functions of Photosynthesis
Functions of Photosynthesis
1. Biochemical Process2. Plant Cells only3. Plant growth and development4. Builds plant cell walls= cellulose5. Helps regulate the Earth’s
environment6. Removes CO2 from the air
1. Biochemical Process2. Plant Cells only3. Plant growth and development4. Builds plant cell walls= cellulose5. Helps regulate the Earth’s
environment6. Removes CO2 from the air
ChloroplastChloroplast
Three main parts are:Grana- stacks of coined shaped membranes.
Three main parts are:Grana- stacks of coined shaped membranes.
ThylakoidThylakoidInside the grana and they are the
little disks. They contain chlorophyll and other light absorbing pigments.
Photosystems- light collecting units. They proteins that organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters.
Inside the grana and they are the little disks. They contain chlorophyll and other light absorbing pigments.
Photosystems- light collecting units. They proteins that organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters.
StromaStroma
Fluid that surrounds the grana inside the chloroplast.
Fluid that surrounds the grana inside the chloroplast.
Label the one in your notes!!!!
Label the one in your notes!!!!
Chlorophyll- the molecule in the chloroplast that absorbs the energy from the sunlight. Two main types chlorophyll a and b that absorb mostly red and blue light. Other pigments absorb the green.
Green color in plants comes from the reflection of light’s green wavelengths by chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll- the molecule in the chloroplast that absorbs the energy from the sunlight. Two main types chlorophyll a and b that absorb mostly red and blue light. Other pigments absorb the green.
Green color in plants comes from the reflection of light’s green wavelengths by chlorophyll.
Carotenoids are yellow-orange pigments which absorb light in violet, blue, and green regions.
When chlorophyll breaks down in fall, the yellow-orange pigments in leaves show through.
Don’t have to put this
in your notes!!!
Just a little fun fact!
Fall Foliage
So let’s beginSo let’s begin
The sunlight hits the leaves and CO2 is let in through the stomata (little pores) while H2O is let in through the roots.
The sunlight hits the leaves and CO2 is let in through the stomata (little pores) while H2O is let in through the roots.
Light Dependent Reactions or Light
Reactions– Requires sunlight– Take place in thylakoids– Water and sunlight are needed– Chlorophyll absorbs energy– Energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane
then to light-independent reactions– Oxygen is released
– Requires sunlight– Take place in thylakoids– Water and sunlight are needed– Chlorophyll absorbs energy– Energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane
then to light-independent reactions– Oxygen is released
Photosynthesis is broken down into two different reactions!!!
1st
Light Independent Reactions
Light Independent Reactions
Uses the energy transferred from the light dependent reactions to make sugars.
Reactions occur in the stroma Does NOT require sunlight Carbon dioxide is absorbed and used at this stage. Calvin Cycle- metabolic pathway found in the
stroma of the chloroplast in which carbon enters in the form of CO2 and leaves in the form of sugar.
ATP is produced as a final step and the enzyme ATP synthase is responsible for making ATP by adding phosphate groups to ADP.
Uses the energy transferred from the light dependent reactions to make sugars.
Reactions occur in the stroma Does NOT require sunlight Carbon dioxide is absorbed and used at this stage. Calvin Cycle- metabolic pathway found in the
stroma of the chloroplast in which carbon enters in the form of CO2 and leaves in the form of sugar.
ATP is produced as a final step and the enzyme ATP synthase is responsible for making ATP by adding phosphate groups to ADP.
2nd
The whole process in simple terms……….
The whole process in simple terms……….
Step 1- Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight. Energy is transferred along the thylakoid membrane, water molecules are broken down, and oxygen is released.
Step 2- Energy carried along the thylakoid is transferred to molecules that carry energy, like ATP
Step 3- CO2 is added and larger molecules are built.
Step 4- A molecule of simple sugar (glucose) is formed.
Step 1- Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight. Energy is transferred along the thylakoid membrane, water molecules are broken down, and oxygen is released.
Step 2- Energy carried along the thylakoid is transferred to molecules that carry energy, like ATP
Step 3- CO2 is added and larger molecules are built.
Step 4- A molecule of simple sugar (glucose) is formed.
Calvin Cycle
Questions to reviewQuestions to review
1. Where do the light dependent reactions occur?
2. Where do the light independent reactions occur?
3. What two reactants are shown entering the chloroplast?
4. What two products are shown leaving the chloroplast?
5. What does the Calvin Cycle produce?
1. Where do the light dependent reactions occur?
2. Where do the light independent reactions occur?
3. What two reactants are shown entering the chloroplast?
4. What two products are shown leaving the chloroplast?
5. What does the Calvin Cycle produce?
AnswersAnswers
1. Thylakoid membrane2. Stroma3. Water and carbon dioxide4. Oxygen and sugar5. Sugar- converts CO2 into sugar
1. Thylakoid membrane2. Stroma3. Water and carbon dioxide4. Oxygen and sugar5. Sugar- converts CO2 into sugar
VideosVideos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDwUVpOEoE4
Now that we have a brief overview let’s look at it in
a little more detail.
Now that we have a brief overview let’s look at it in
a little more detail.
Light Dependent Reactions
Light Dependent Reactions
Main function: capture and transfer energy Broken down into Photosystem 2 / Electron
Transport and Photosystem 1 / Energy carrying molecule.
Water molecules are broken down into hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen gas. Oxygen is a waste product and sugars are not made at this point.
Energy is transferred to electrons. Electrons are used for energy during
photosynthesis NOT for the cells general energy needs.
Main function: capture and transfer energy Broken down into Photosystem 2 / Electron
Transport and Photosystem 1 / Energy carrying molecule.
Water molecules are broken down into hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen gas. Oxygen is a waste product and sugars are not made at this point.
Energy is transferred to electrons. Electrons are used for energy during
photosynthesis NOT for the cells general energy needs.
Light Dependent Cont.Light Dependent Cont.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)- series of proteins in the membrane of the thylakoid.
Energy-> electrons->ATP and NADPH (transferred to the later stages)
Arrows represent energy and enzymes! NADP= coenzyme that can accept hydrogen
and acts as an enzyme
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)- series of proteins in the membrane of the thylakoid.
Energy-> electrons->ATP and NADPH (transferred to the later stages)
Arrows represent energy and enzymes! NADP= coenzyme that can accept hydrogen
and acts as an enzyme
http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate
Lets put it all together, first stop Photosystem 2 and ETC
Lets put it all together, first stop Photosystem 2 and ETC
Step 1-> Energy is absorbed from sunlight via chlorophyll and other pigments. Energy is transferred to the electrons which enter the ETC.
Step 2-> Water molecules are broken down by enzymes and oxygen is released as waste.
Step 3-> Electrons jump from protein to protein down the ETC and their energy is used to pump the Hydrogen ions from outside to inside the thylakoid membrane (against the concentration gradient = ACTIVE TRANSPORT)
Step 1-> Energy is absorbed from sunlight via chlorophyll and other pigments. Energy is transferred to the electrons which enter the ETC.
Step 2-> Water molecules are broken down by enzymes and oxygen is released as waste.
Step 3-> Electrons jump from protein to protein down the ETC and their energy is used to pump the Hydrogen ions from outside to inside the thylakoid membrane (against the concentration gradient = ACTIVE TRANSPORT)
Photosystem 1 and Energy Carrying Molecules
Photosystem 1 and Energy Carrying Molecules
Step 4-> Energy from sunlight continues to be absorbed, energizing electrons and pushing them along the ETC.
Step 5-> Electrons are then added to the molecule NADP+ (functions like ADP) to produce NADPH (functions like ATP).
Step 6-> Hydrogen ions diffuse through a protein channel.
Step 7-> ATP is produced. ADP is changed into ATP when hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase (enzyme).
Step 4-> Energy from sunlight continues to be absorbed, energizing electrons and pushing them along the ETC.
Step 5-> Electrons are then added to the molecule NADP+ (functions like ADP) to produce NADPH (functions like ATP).
Step 6-> Hydrogen ions diffuse through a protein channel.
Step 7-> ATP is produced. ADP is changed into ATP when hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase (enzyme).
Now that we have completed all the steps of the light reactions, now we need to finish the
process of photosynthesis with the dark reactions or
light independent reactions!
Now that we have completed all the steps of the light reactions, now we need to finish the
process of photosynthesis with the dark reactions or
light independent reactions!
Calvin Cycle
Light Independent / Calvin Cycle
Light Independent / Calvin Cycle
Uses the ATP from light dependent reactions. ATP is crucial because without it the reaction would not happen.
Does not need sunlight Occurs in the stroma and produces sugars Energy sources are ATP and NADPH Energy that is needed for a series of chemical
reaction is called the Calvin Cycle, named after the scientist- Melvin Calvin.
Uses the ATP from light dependent reactions. ATP is crucial because without it the reaction would not happen.
Does not need sunlight Occurs in the stroma and produces sugars Energy sources are ATP and NADPH Energy that is needed for a series of chemical
reaction is called the Calvin Cycle, named after the scientist- Melvin Calvin.
Light Independent / Calvin Cycle continues
Light Independent / Calvin Cycle continues
* A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight.
Carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle
Energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged
A high-energy three-carbon molecule leaves the cycle
* A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight.
Carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle
Energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged
A high-energy three-carbon molecule leaves the cycle
Steps in Detail….Steps in Detail…. 1. CO2 is added to the 5 carbons that are
already there making a 6 carbon sugar. 2. Energy is added. ATP and NADPH is used
from LDR to split the six carbons into 2 groups of 3, and to keep the cycle going.
3. Three carbon molecules exit. After they both exit they bond together to form glucose.
4. Three carbon molecules are recycled and changed back to five carbon molecules by energy from ATP. It takes two turns of the Calvin Cycle to produce 1 molecule of glucose.
1. CO2 is added to the 5 carbons that are already there making a 6 carbon sugar.
2. Energy is added. ATP and NADPH is used from LDR to split the six carbons into 2 groups of 3, and to keep the cycle going.
3. Three carbon molecules exit. After they both exit they bond together to form glucose.
4. Three carbon molecules are recycled and changed back to five carbon molecules by energy from ATP. It takes two turns of the Calvin Cycle to produce 1 molecule of glucose.
Review QuestionsReview Questions
1. Where do the light reactions occur?2. Where do the electrons come from in
the ETC?3. What role do these electrons play?4. What two energy carriers are
produced?5. When does active transport take place? 6. What enzyme speeds up the process?
1. Where do the light reactions occur?2. Where do the electrons come from in
the ETC?3. What role do these electrons play?4. What two energy carriers are
produced?5. When does active transport take place? 6. What enzyme speeds up the process?
7. Where in the chloroplast do light independent reactions occur?
8. Where does the ATP and NADPH come from for the light independent reactions?
9. What does the LDR make? What does the LIR make?
10. How many cycles or turns does it take to make one glucose molecule?
7. Where in the chloroplast do light independent reactions occur?
8. Where does the ATP and NADPH come from for the light independent reactions?
9. What does the LDR make? What does the LIR make?
10. How many cycles or turns does it take to make one glucose molecule?
AnswersAnswers1. Thylakoid membrane2. Chlororphyll3. Provide energy to move hydrogen ions
into the thylakoid and to produce molecules of NADPH
4. NADPH and ATP5. Step 3 when hydrogen ions are
transported6. ATP synthase 7. Stroma 8.
LDR9. LDR= makes ATP, LIR= makes sugars10. 2
1. Thylakoid membrane2. Chlororphyll3. Provide energy to move hydrogen ions
into the thylakoid and to produce molecules of NADPH
4. NADPH and ATP5. Step 3 when hydrogen ions are
transported6. ATP synthase 7. Stroma 8.
LDR9. LDR= makes ATP, LIR= makes sugars10. 2
Let’s SummarizeLet’s Summarize
Process Location Reactants Ending Products
Light Dependent Reactions
Where the photosystems take place.
Light Independent Reactions.
Where the Calvin Cycle takes place
Write the Equation for Photosynthesis
Let’s SummarizeLet’s Summarize
Process Location Reactants Ending Products
Light Dependent Reactions
Where the photosystems take place.
Thylakoid Membrane
SunlightH2O
ATPNADPHO2
Light Independent Reactions.
Where the Calvin Cycle takes place
Stroma ATPNADPHCO2
Glucose
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
VideosVideos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k17bJQSQeQ4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k17bJQSQeQ4
Now we take photosynthesis and see how we, HUMANS and other organisms use it
through a process called Cellular Respiration.
Now we take photosynthesis and see how we, HUMANS and other organisms use it
through a process called Cellular Respiration.
Cellular Respiration!!Cellular Respiration!!
Releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present.
Releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present.
By the time you reach 16 you have taken about 200 million
breaths
By the time you reach 16 you have taken about 200 million
breathsFUN FACT!
Animals use cellular respiration
Plants use photosynthesisBreakdown food-> ATPAerobic-> Need OxygenAnaerobic= no oxygenTakes place in the
Mitochondria
Animals use cellular respiration
Plants use photosynthesisBreakdown food-> ATPAerobic-> Need OxygenAnaerobic= no oxygenTakes place in the
Mitochondria
After you eat and the food is broken down into glucose then the glucose needs to get broken down by glycolysis (2-3 carbon chains, ATP), which takes place in the cytoplasm and is anaerobic.
After you eat and the food is broken down into glucose then the glucose needs to get broken down by glycolysis (2-3 carbon chains, ATP), which takes place in the cytoplasm and is anaerobic.
GlycolysisGlycolysis
GlycolysisGlycolysis Ongoing process in all cells Happens before cellular respiration in the
cytoplasm, outside the mitochondria Anaerobic= no oxygen required Makes a small number of ATP molecules.
Makes 4 ATP, BUT it uses 2 to split up the carbons, therefore only 2 ATP molecules enter the mitochondria.
Series of reactions converts the three-carbon molecules to pyruvate / pyruvic acid.
Pyruvate and NADH are used for cellular respiration.
Ongoing process in all cells Happens before cellular respiration in the
cytoplasm, outside the mitochondria Anaerobic= no oxygen required Makes a small number of ATP molecules.
Makes 4 ATP, BUT it uses 2 to split up the carbons, therefore only 2 ATP molecules enter the mitochondria.
Series of reactions converts the three-carbon molecules to pyruvate / pyruvic acid.
Pyruvate and NADH are used for cellular respiration.
What is pyruvate?What is pyruvate?
Our bodies actually make it naturally during metabolism and when we digest sugars and starches. It is crucial for the Kreb’s cycle in cellular respiration.
Our bodies actually make it naturally during metabolism and when we digest sugars and starches. It is crucial for the Kreb’s cycle in cellular respiration.
2 Stages2 StagesStage 1= Krebs CycleStage 2= Electron Transport
Stage 1= Krebs CycleStage 2= Electron Transport
Krebs CycleKrebs CycleMain function- transfer high energy
electrons to molecules that carry them to the ETC
Occurs in the matrix of mitochondriaAlso known as the Citric Acid Cycle
because it’s the first molecule formed.
Main function- transfer high energy electrons to molecules that carry them to the ETC
Occurs in the matrix of mitochondriaAlso known as the Citric Acid Cycle
because it’s the first molecule formed.
6H O2
6CO 2
6O 2
mitochondrionmitochondrion
matrix (area enclosedby inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis
1
2
4
3
and
and
and
Step 1Step 1Pyruvate is broken
down into 2 carbon molecules and CO2 is released as a waste product.
NADH is produced
Pyruvate is broken down into 2 carbon molecules and CO2 is released as a waste product.
NADH is produced
Step 2Step 2Coenzyme A bonds to the 2 carbon
molecule made from pyruvate and enters the Kreb’s Cycle.
Acetyl-CoA is one of the most important molecules in the body because all nutrients (carbs, lipids, and proteins) generate it when they break down. This molecule is produced in large amounts and is pumped into the Kreb’s cycle if the body is in need of energy, or into synthesis of fat to be stored for later use.
Coenzyme A bonds to the 2 carbon molecule made from pyruvate and enters the Kreb’s Cycle.
Acetyl-CoA is one of the most important molecules in the body because all nutrients (carbs, lipids, and proteins) generate it when they break down. This molecule is produced in large amounts and is pumped into the Kreb’s cycle if the body is in need of energy, or into synthesis of fat to be stored for later use.
Step 3 Step 3
Citric Acid is formed- the two carbon molecule binds with a four carbon molecule to make a six carbon molecule which is called citric acid.
Citric Acid is formed- the two carbon molecule binds with a four carbon molecule to make a six carbon molecule which is called citric acid.
Step 4Step 4
Citric acid is broken downNADH is madeCO2 is given off as a waste
product.
Citric acid is broken downNADH is madeCO2 is given off as a waste
product.
Step 5Step 5
Five carbon molecule is broken down
Four carbon molecule, ATP, and NADH are formed.
NADH leaves the Krebs cycle
Five carbon molecule is broken down
Four carbon molecule, ATP, and NADH are formed.
NADH leaves the Krebs cycle
Step 6Step 6
Four carbon molecules are rearranged
High energy electrons are releasedNADH and FADH2 (electron carrier)
are made
Four carbon molecules are rearranged
High energy electrons are releasedNADH and FADH2 (electron carrier)
are made
One Molecule of Pyruvate makes these products:
One Molecule of Pyruvate makes these products:
3 molecules of CO2 have been given off
1 molecule of ATP4 molecules of NADH2 to the ETC1 molecule of FADH2 to the ETC
3 molecules of CO2 have been given off
1 molecule of ATP4 molecules of NADH2 to the ETC1 molecule of FADH2 to the ETC
If Glycolysis produces 2 molecules of pyruvate,
how much of each product do we have????
If Glycolysis produces 2 molecules of pyruvate,
how much of each product do we have????
AnswerAnswer
6 molecules of CO2 have been given off
2 molecules of ATP8 molecules of NADH2 to the ETC2 molecules of FADH2 to the ETC
6 molecules of CO2 have been given off
2 molecules of ATP8 molecules of NADH2 to the ETC2 molecules of FADH2 to the ETC
Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain
Takes place along the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Made up of proteinsProteins use energy from NADH and
FADH2 to pump hydrogen ions against the gradient (active transport)
Takes place along the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Made up of proteinsProteins use energy from NADH and
FADH2 to pump hydrogen ions against the gradient (active transport)
Step 1Step 1Proteins take electrons. They take 2 NADH and 1 FADH2.
Proteins take electrons. They take 2 NADH and 1 FADH2.
Step 2Step 2
Proteins use energy from the electrons to pump the hydrogen ions through the inner membrane and the hydrogen ions build up on the inside of the membrane.
Proteins use energy from the electrons to pump the hydrogen ions through the inner membrane and the hydrogen ions build up on the inside of the membrane.
Step 3Step 3
ATP is producedFlow of hydrogen ions helps make
the ATPATP synthase adds phosphate
groups to ADP to make the ATP molecules.
For each pair of electrons that passes through 3 ATP molecules are made.
ATP is producedFlow of hydrogen ions helps make
the ATPATP synthase adds phosphate
groups to ADP to make the ATP molecules.
For each pair of electrons that passes through 3 ATP molecules are made.
Step 4Step 4
Oxygen enters and water is formed.
Water is given off as a waste product
Oxygen enters and water is formed.
Water is given off as a waste product
End Result / Products of Cellular Respiration
End Result / Products of Cellular Respiration
CO2 and pyruvate (from Kreb’s)H2O from the ETCNet gain of about 38 ATP molecules are
made from 1 glucose molecule-> 2 glycolysis2 from Kreb’s Cycle34 from the ETC
CO2 and pyruvate (from Kreb’s)H2O from the ETCNet gain of about 38 ATP molecules are
made from 1 glucose molecule-> 2 glycolysis2 from Kreb’s Cycle34 from the ETC
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
Location Chloroplast Mitochondria
Reactants CO2 and H2O C6H12O6 and O2
Products C6H12O6 and O2 CO2 and H2O
Electron Transport Chain
Proteins within the thylakoid membrane
Proteins within the inner mitochondrial membrane
Cycle of chemical reaction
Calvin cycle in the stroma of chloroplasts builds sugar molecules.
Krebs cycle in matrix of mitochondria breaks down carbon based molecules.
What happens to your cells when there isn’t
enough oxygen to keep cellular respiration going?
What happens to your cells when there isn’t
enough oxygen to keep cellular respiration going?
FermentationFermentation
Allows glycolysis to continueDoes NOT make ATPRemoves electrons from NADH and
recycles NAD+ Important for NAD+ to still pick up
electrons because if it didn’t, glycolysis would stop and wouldn’t be able to make ATP.
Allows glycolysis to continueDoes NOT make ATPRemoves electrons from NADH and
recycles NAD+ Important for NAD+ to still pick up
electrons because if it didn’t, glycolysis would stop and wouldn’t be able to make ATP.
Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs when oxygen is unavailableCauses your muscles to be sore / burnWhen oxygen is available your cells
return to using cellular respiration and the lactic acid is broken down / removed. This is why you breathe heavy after exercising and it takes a few minutes to recover because your body is trying to recover from the oxygen depletion in your muscle cells.
Occurs when oxygen is unavailableCauses your muscles to be sore / burnWhen oxygen is available your cells
return to using cellular respiration and the lactic acid is broken down / removed. This is why you breathe heavy after exercising and it takes a few minutes to recover because your body is trying to recover from the oxygen depletion in your muscle cells.
Alcoholic FermentationAlcoholic Fermentation
Forms the same way as the other two: Glycolysis splits a molecule of glucose to make 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH molecules.
Occurs in many yeasts- CO2 causes the dough to rise
End product is CO2, NAD+, and ethyl alcohol
Forms the same way as the other two: Glycolysis splits a molecule of glucose to make 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH molecules.
Occurs in many yeasts- CO2 causes the dough to rise
End product is CO2, NAD+, and ethyl alcohol
Fermentation is used in food production.
Fermentation is used in food production.
YogurtCheese Bread
