Chapter 4 Interdependence Organisms(2)

Science Module Form 2 - Chapter 4

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Example :

Species Habitat

Tiger, lion, deer. elephant jungle

Birds, monkeys, squirrels tree

Tadpoles, eel pond

Dolphin, shark, fishes sea

Amoeba, Paramecium, Hydra Fresh water pond

Interdependence Among Living Organisms

Ecology : The study of interaction among organisms and the environment.

Species Population Community Ecosystem

A group of organisms with same common characteristics.

A group of organisms of the same species living together in a habitat.

Combination of different population of plants and animals living together in a habitat.

Combination of different communities and interaction with non-living things (environment) and living things.

Habitat : Natural place where the organisms live and reproduce.



Interaction Consumer/commensal/parasite Host

Commensalisms

Mutualism

Parasitism

Interaction between Living Organisms

INTERACTION

Prey-predator Competition

Symbiosis

Commensalisms Mutualism Parasitism

Interaction between two organisms in which one

benefits and the other is not affected.

Interaction between two organisms in which both

benefit.

Interaction between two organisms in which one

benefits and the other is harmed or killed.

Interaction between an animal and other animals.

Interaction among organisms in the same environment competing for food, shelter, light, water, space, minerals and mates.

Examples:

Remora fish - shark

Examples:

Sea anemone – hermit crab

Examples:

Tape worm - human

Lice – human

Intraspecies Interspecies



Does not cause Environmental Pollution

Saves labour and cost

Cannot build up resistance

Safe method as no pesticide are used

Advantages Disadvantages

Wrong predator used may kill useful organisms

Difficult to obtain suitable predators

Predator used may upset the ecosystem

Guppies are reared in ponds to feed on the eggs and larvae of mosquitoes

Ladybird are used to feed on Aphids

Snakes and owl are reared in oil palm plantations to kill rat

Examples

Definition : a method to control the population of pests in agriculture by using natural predators



Food Chain Food Web Pyramid of Numbers

Producers Primary Consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers

Food webs

Producers

Consumers

Decomposers

Pyramids of numbers

Green plants which make their own food by photosynthesis

(a) Primary consumers are herbivores (b) Secondary consumers are carnivores (c) Tertiary consumers are bigger consumers

Organisms that break down dead animal and plant materials into simpler substances. eg: bacteria and fungi

Relative number of organisms at each level of a food chain.

Paddy Grasshopper

Frog Snake

Plant Rabbit

Rat Snake

Caterpillar Small bird

Hawk

Snakes

Eagle

Rats

Paddy



water

carbon dioxide

product

Gas oxygen

Glucose which

is then turn into

starch

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make their own food from carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.

Carbon

dioxid

e

+ wate

r

Sun light

(chlorophyll

)

glucos

e + oxyge

n



Exercise 4.1 Interdependence Among Living Organisms



1. Complete the following sentences with suitable words from the box.

(a) A group of plants or animals resembling one another in form and characteristics, and able to reproduce among themselves is called a ___________________.

(b) A ________________ is the area where an organisms lives. (c) A group of organisms of the same kind living in a habitat forms a

________________. (d) A ________________ is made up of many populations living together in a

particular place. (e) An _________________ refers to a community of organisms living

together in a particular place with the non-living environment. (f) When different communities interact with one another and their physical

environment, they form a _________________ ecosystem. 2. Predict three organisms you will be able to find in these habitats.

Habitat Organisms

(a) Jungle

(i) (ii) (iii)

(b) Pond

(i) (ii) (iii)

(c) Grassy field

(i) (ii) (iii)

(d) Sea (i) (ii) (iii) (

Population species habitat balanced community ecosystem



Diagram 1

1. (a) Diagram 1 shows one type of interaction between organisms.

(i) The eagle is known as ______________________________________ (ii) The rabbit is known as ______________________________________

(b) Name the type of symbiosis below.

Exercise 4.2 Interaction between Living Organisms



2. Diagram shows an interaction which exist in the root nodules of a leguminous

plant.

(a) Name the interaction involved. ___________________________________________________________

(b) Explain how the above interaction takes place. ___________________________________________________________

3. Diagram 2 shows the symbiotic interaction between a butterfly and a flower.

(a) What is the advantage gained by (i) the butterfly from the flower?

_____________________________________________________

(ii) the flower from the butterfly? _____________________________________________________

(b) State the type of symbiotic interaction that exists between the butterfly and

the flower.



___________________________________________________________

(c) A bird eats the butterfly at the moment the butterfly visiting the plant.

(i) Build a food chain involving these organisms in the space provided below. _____________________________________________________

(ii) State the primary consumer, secondary consumer and producer in

the food chain in 3 (c)(i). Primary consumer : _____________________________________ Secondary consumer : ___________________________________ Tertiary consumer : _____________________________________

4. Match each of the following examples of relationships between organisms with the correct type of interaction.



1. The diagram shows the food web in a paddy field.

(a) Identify the following organisms in the above diagram by writing their alphabets in the correct boxes provided.

Producer Secondary consumer

Primary consumer Tertiary consumer

(b) Give two food chains to show the producer, primary consumer and

secondary consumer.

(i) ________________________________________________________ (ii) ________________________________________________________

(c) What happen if the population of owls in the food chain decreases?

(i) ________________________________________________________ (ii) ________________________________________________________

(d) Give a suggestion on how to increase the population of paddy fields. ___________________________________________________________

Exercise 4.3 Food Webs



2. The diagram shows a food web in a maize farm.

(a) Label the components R, S, t and u in the above diagram using these information.

Producer Secondary consumer

Primary consumer Tertiary consumer

(b) If the populations of chickens and frogs decrease, what happens to the

population of : (i) Maize : _______________________________________________ (ii) Fox : _______________________________________________ (iii) grasshopper : __________________________________________

(c) Write two food chains from the food web above.

(i) ________________________________________________________ (ii) ________________________________________________________

3. The diagram below shows a complex food web.

Paddy plant

Bird

Snake



(a) Fill in the boxes in the above food web with the following: (b) Write a food chain in the box below based on the diagram. (c) Which is the tertiary consumer?

___________________________________________________________

4. Diagram belows shows a food web.

(a) Write out all the food chains in the web.

(i) ________________________________________________________ (ii) ________________________________________________________ (iii) ________________________________________________________ (iv) ________________________________________________________

(b) Name the secondary consumers in the food web. ___________________________________________________________

(c) Table shows the number of organisms in an ecosystem.

Organisms Number

P Q R S

120 2 000 5 600

Based on the table construct a pyramid number.

Grasshopper Frog Rat

Grass

Caterpillar

Grasshopper

Bird

Frog

Snake



5. The table below shows the number of four organisms.

Organisms Number

Grass Frog Grasshopper Snake

2 000 25 500 3

(a) Construct a pyramid of numbers to represent the above data. (b) Draw a food chain to represent the above data.

___________________________________________________________

(c) The frogs are infected by a disease and all of them die. What will happen to :

(i) the grasshopper?

________________________________________________________

(ii) the grass? ________________________________________________________

(iii) the snake? ________________________________________________________



6. Diagram below shows a food web in an agriculture farm.

(a) Which organism is a producer? _____________________________________________________

(b) Explain your answer in (a) _____________________________________________________

(c) Which animals are : (i) Primary consumers : __________________________________ (ii) Secondary consumers : _______________________________

(d) Write all the food chains related to the food web above. (i) ___________________________________________________ (ii) ___________________________________________________ (iii) ___________________________________________________

(e) If the grasshopper reproduces very fast, what could happen to: (i) Plants : ____________________________________________ (ii) Frogs : _____________________________________________ (iii) Snakes : ___________________________________________ (iv) Rats : ______________________________________________

(f) State the interaction between an eagle and a snake in the above food web. _____________________________________________________



1. The diagram below shows the process of photosynthesis.

(g) What is P, Q and R in the diagram?

P : ___________ Q : ____________ R : _________

(h) What is removed from the air during photosynthesis? ___________________________________________________________

(i) What happens to the excess of product R? ___________________________________________________________

(j) What role does green plant play in a food chain? ___________________________________________________________

2. Photosynthesis is a process that takes place in plants.

(a) Name the factors that are necessary for the process to take place.

(i) ________________________________________________________ (ii) ________________________________________________________ (iii) ________________________________________________________ (iv) ________________________________________________________

(b) Write a word equation to represent the process of photosynthesis.

Exercise 4.4 Photosynthesis



+ + (c) The above experiment is left under sunlight for two hours.

(i) Name the gas X. ________________________________________________________

(ii) How to test the presence of gas X? ________________________________________________________

3. (a) (i) What is photosynthesis? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (k) Write an equation to represent photosynthesis

________________________________________________________

(b) The experiment below is carried out to show that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis. The green plants are kept in a dark place for 24 hours before they are used in the experiment. State the variable that is

(a) Constant : _______________________________________________ (b) Manipulated : ____________________________________________ (c) Responds : _______________________________________________



(c) One leaf from each plant is tested for the presence of starch after three hours. What is the observation on the leaf from plant (i) A : _____________________________________________________ (ii) B : _____________________________________________________

(d) What is the function of sodium hydroxide solution used?

___________________________________________________________

(e) Write a conclusion for the above experiment. ___________________________________________________________

(f) State another factor, beside carbon dioxide, that is needed in photosynthesis. ___________________________________________________________

4. Diagram below shows the photosynthesis process of a green leaf.

(a) What is W, X, Y and Z? W : _____________________ Y : ________________________ X : ______________________ Z : ________________________

(b) Complete the photosynthesis equation below. + + (c) What will happen if one of the above factors is absent?

___________________________________________________________



5. The following experiment is used to find out whether sunlight is required for photosynthesis.

A plant is left in a dark place for two days.

A black paper is used to cover some parts of the leaf as shown below.

(a) Why is the plant left in a dark place for two days? ___________________________________________________________

(b) What solution is used to test the presence of starch in the leaf? ___________________________________________________________

(c) Colour the part of the leaf that reacts to solution used?

(d) What happens to the part that reacts with the solution? ___________________________________________________________

(e) Write the word equation for photosynthesis. ___________________________________________________________

(f) In this experiment, give the variable that is : (i) Manipulated : _____________________________________________ (ii) Responding : _____________________________________________



6. Diagram below shows the process of photosynthesis.

(a) Name the substances of photosynthesis in the spaces provided.. (b) What type of energy are absorbed by green plants?

___________________________________________________________ (c) Name the green pigment in the leaves that can absorb sunlight.

___________________________________________________________

(d) Give the plant cell structure that contains the green pigment. ___________________________________________________________



7. Diagram below shows a carbon cycle. What are P, Q, R, Sand T? P : _______________________ S : ________________________ Q : _______________________ T : ________________________ R : _______________________ 8. Diagarm below shows carbon cycle.

(g) Name the natural process X, Y and Z. X : ____________________ Y : ________________________ Z : ____________________

(h) What gas is released by process X? ___________________________________________________________

(i) What gas is used up during process Z? ___________________________________________________________

(j) Name two agents that help decomposition. ___________________________________________________________



9. Complete the flowchart below to show the relationship between

photosynthesis and respiration.

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Chapter 4 Interdependence Organisms(2)