Chapter 5: Analytical frameworks

Defining criminal intelligence?

ACPO ‘criminal intelligence can be said to be the end product of

a process often complex, sometimes physical, and always intellectual, derived from information that has been collated, analyzed and evaluated in order to prevent crime or secure the apprehension of offenders’ (ACPO 1975: para. 32)

IALEIA ‘information compiled, analyzed, and/or disseminated in

an effort to anticipate, prevent, or monitor criminal activity’ (IALEIA 2004: 32)

Defining crime analysis?

Rachel Boba The ‘systematic study of crime and disorder problems as

well as other police-related issues – including socio-demographic, spatial, and temporal factors – to assist the police in criminal apprehension, crime and disorder reduction, crime prevention, and evaluation’ (Boba 2005: 6)

Massachusetts Association of Crime Analysts ‘A discipline of public safety analysis, which provides

information support for the missions of law enforcement or criminal justice agencies (web site)

Crime intelligence?

An term to describe the integration of criminal intelligence analysis and crime analysis

Why crime intelligence? Many analysts complete both criminal intelligence and

crime analysis tasks on a daily basis The distinction is often redundant outside the US Increasingly, the two disciplines are seen as

interdependent

Data, information and knowledge

From collators to knowledge workers information + analysis = intelligence

Good as an initial training tool, but Idealized concept that is not reflected in most analysts’

work

DIKI Continuum

Data Data are the observations and measurements we can

make about crime Information

Information is data with greater relevance and purpose Knowledge

Data and information with added context, meaning, a particular interpretation

Intelligence Knowledge products can generate understanding, but

intelligence products are supposed to generate action

DIKI Continuum

Data

Information

Knowledge Intelligence

Levels of crime intelligence Tactical

Support for front-line areas, investigations and other operational areas in taking case-specific action to achieve enforcement objectives

Operational Supporting area commanders and regional operational

commanders in planning crime reduction activity and deploying resources to achieve operational objectives

Strategic Aiming to provide insight and understanding, and make a

contribution to broad strategies, policies and resources Source: Ratcliffe, J.H. (2004) “The Structure of Strategic

Thinking” , in Strategic Thinking in Criminal Intelligence (Sydney: Federation Press), pp. 4-5.

Crime intelligence within different agency types

NIM levels

The intelligence cycle

Gill’s cybernetic model

Original NIM outline

NIM business model

3-i model

InterpretInterpret ImpactImpact

InfluenceInfluence