Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 5 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Berko, R. M., Aitken, J. E., & Wolvin, A. D. (2010)

Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 5NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Berko, R. M., Aitken, J. E., & Wolvin, A. D. (2010). ICOMM: Interpersonal concepts and competencies. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Sound of Silence

Student video about nonverbal communication http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfDWQG47pAQ


Nonverbal = Non word

Nonverbal signals operate together in a cluster, an interactive grouping.

http://www.fhsu.edu/~zhrepic/Teaching/GenEducation/nonverbcom/nonverbcom_files/image002.jpg


Congruency

Notice whether the present actions are parallel to or different from past actions.


What is an example of nonverbal communication you noticed this week?

Describe the nonverbal and what you thought it meant (and why).

What does this expression say to you?


Activity: 1. How do you know if you are in danger? What nonverbals do you look for?

Wrong eye contact or stare? Lack of blinking? Proximity? Closeness? Hands on hips? Taking up more space? Incongruent verbal-nonverbals? Clenched teeth? Flattened lips? Inapropriate touch? Clenched hand? Breathing?


2. What makes you feel afraid? Listen to your gut instinct?

What do you think of the information on this site? http://www.lesc.net/blog/firearms-instructor-ialefi-official-publication-publishes-article-recognizing-signs-and-signals


Activity: 1. With a partner or small group--Nonverbal message with voice.

Use numbers to use your voice and other nonverbal communication to express one of the emotions on the next slide. You may be extremely brief (seconds). Are you successful? Why or why not?


2. Emotions

1. Fear 2. Compassion 3. Anger4. Happiness 5. Excitement 6. Love


Activity: 1. With a partner—Can you tell if your partner is lying?

Ask your partner the following questions. Your partner will lie about some of the


2. Questions

1. Why did you select your major?2. What is something your mother (or

guardian) often told you?3. What is a meal you had recently?4. If you could have any job, what

would it be?5. What is your best friend like?


3. How did you do?

Many of the nonverbals that suggest lying also can be caused by stress.

Research suggests that people generally can’t tell if another person is lying.

What did you notice about nonverbals?


THE BASIS FOR NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Innate neurological programs are automatic nonverbal reactions to stimuli with which you were born.

These nonverbal “automatic responses” are reflexive reactions caused by neurological need drives


CULTURAL INFLUENCES

Reflective reactions are the nonverbals you use because you were taught them by your family, friends, and culture.

You reflect back the nonverbal communication of people you observe in your life.


Action Chain

A behavioral sequence of standard steps for reaching a goal.

Euro Americans engaged in business dealings with Arabs, for example, should understand and adhere to that culture’s action chains of hospitality in order to be successful.


THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORDS AND NONVERBAL CUES

Substituting relationship. Complementing relationship. Conflicting relationship. Accenting relationships.


CONCEPTS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

For emotional content, nonverbal communication is more accurate and easy communication than words.

Culture influences the way people communicate emotions.


MORE CONCEPTS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Nonverbal communication conveys meaning naturally.

Nonverbal acts work better than words when you want to soften communication.

Nonverbal behaviors indicate how you should interpret the verbal messages you receive.


CLASSIFICATIONS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Kinesics is the use of the body to communicate.

Face: “The 80 muscles of the face can create more than 7,000 expressions.”

Jordan, N. (1986, January). The face of feeling. Psychology Today, p. 8; for an extensive discussion on the face and its effects on human communication, see Knapp & Hall, Chapter 9; for additional reading, see Heisel, M. J., & Mongrain, M. (2004). Facial expressions and ambivalence: Looking for conflict in all the right faces. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28(1), 35-52.


MORE CLASSIFICATIONS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Pupilometrics is a theory of nonverbal communication, which suggests that eyes dilate when they are focused on a pleasurable object, and contract when focused on those which are not pleasurable.



Gestures include posture, walk, stance, hand movements, body shifts and head nods which can give clues about a person’s status, mood, ethnic and cultural affiliation, and self-perception.


Gestures

Speech-independent gestures are not tied to speech. These gestures are referred to as emblems.

Speech-related gestures are directly tied to, or accompany, speech.

Adaptors are movements that accompany boredom, show internal feelings, or regulate a situation (e.g., foot tapping).

Affect displays are facial gestures that show emotions and feelings such as sadness or happiness. Pouting, winking, and raising or lowering the eyelids and eyebrows are examples of affect displays.


Gestures

Emblems are nonverbal acts that have a direct verbal translation or dictionary definition, which usually consist of a word or two.

Illustrators are kinesic acts accompanying speech that are used to aid in the description of what is being said.


Gestures

Regulators are nonverbal acts that maintain and control the back-and-forth nature of speaking and listening between two or more people.

Nods of the head, eye movements, and body shifts are all regulators used to encourage or discourage conversation.



Touch. Posture, Walk and Stance. Artifacts are those things which

adorn the body.


PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Attractiveness. Height.


PROXEMICS--SPATIAL COMMUNICATION

Proxemics is the study of how individuals use space to communicate.

Space can include the distance people stand from each other, the perception of territory, how many people make a space feel crowded, and similar spatial considerations.


SPACE DISTANCES

Intimate space distance covers a space varying from direct physical contact with another person to a distance of eighteen inches (private activities).

Personal space distance, eighteen inches to four feet, is sometimes called the comfort bubble.


SPACE DISTANCES

Social space distance covers a four-foot to twelve-foot zone that is used during business transactions and casual social exchanges.

Public space distance may dictate a separation of as little as twelve feet, but it is usually more than twenty-five.


Nonverbal Immediacy Scale

http://www.jamescmccroskey.com/measures/nisf_srni.htm


Small-Group Environment

Small-group ecology, which includes the placement of chairs, the seating placement of the person conducting a meeting, and the setting for a small-group encounter, clearly influences the group’s operation.


PARAVOCALICS--VOCAL COMMUNICATION

Vocal quality. Pause—stopping, hesitation, length of

pause. Pitch—highness or lowness of tone, such

as soprano or bass. Rate--how fast you talk. Stress—emphasis or intensity of sounds

all have particular meanings. Volume--how loudly you talk. Improvisation Video Sound Effects


TIME AS COMMUNICATION

Circular time, there is no pressing need to achieve or create newness, or to produce more than is needed to survive.

Linear time, focused primarily with the future. These societies focus on the accurate and technical information needed to fulfill impending demands.


Technical time is precise time, as in the way some scientists look at how things happen in milliseconds.

Formal time is the way in which a culture defines its time, and it plays a daily role in most of our lives. It refers to centuries, years, months, weeks, days, hours, and minutes.

Informal time refers to a rather flexible use of time such as “soon,” or “right away.”


In a monochronic culture, like the US, why

are some people chronically late?

Chronic lateness is often deeply rooted in a person’s psyche.

Need to feel special. Believes he or she is better than other

people and doesn't have to play by the rules. Needs for perfectionism, punishment, power,

or as an expression of hostility. To punish yourself. To control others. To show disdain for others, thus

demonstrating your hostility.


SMELL AS COMMUNICATION

Smell blindness occurs when a person is unable to detect smells.

Smell adaptation occurs when we gradually lose the distinctiveness of a particular smell through repeated contact with a specific odor.


SMELL AS COMMUNICATION

The ability to recall previous situations when encountering a particular smell is smell memory.

Smell overload takes place when an exceptionally large number of odors or one extremely strong odor overpowers you.

The ability to identify people, places, and things on the basis of their smell is smell discrimination


AESTHETICS AS COMMUNICATION

Aesthetics is the study of communication of a message or mood through color or music.

How do aesthetics affect the way you feel? This video cannot be played here.

Spray paint art - Latte Art


TASTE AS COMMUNICATION

Taste blindness is the inability to taste.

Some people have extremely sensitive tasting abilities. These individuals are hypergustoric.

Taste adaptation takes place when you become used to a taste to the degree that you can eat a substance and not taste it.


Application Learning Activities

Discuss with a partner or small group or complete on your own outside class.


TIME

Discuss or write about time as communication. You may want to view and read the lyrics for Time - Pink Floyd . You could investigate how time is used differently in different cultures.


NONVERBAL ERRORS

View this video about nonverbal communication. Are there areas with which communication research disagrees? http://studio5.ksl.com/index.php?nid=54&sid=6406949


AESTHETICS

Aesthetics is the study of communication of a message or mood through color or music. Think of examples of aesthetics that positively or negatively affect your communication.

What causes the effects on communication?

Share the information with a partner or the class.


TASTE AS COMMUNICATION

How is a birthday dinner or thanksgiving dinner communication through taste?

Investigate cultural traditions around food and eating.


END CHAPTER 5NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Berko, R. M., Aitken, J. E., & Wolvin, A. D. (2010). ICOMM: Interpersonal concepts and competencies. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Alexandra Burke - "The Silence" with Lyrics

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Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 5 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Berko, R. M., Aitken, J. E., & Wolvin, A. D. (2010)