View
217
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Cellular energy• Forms
– Kinetic– Potential
• Energy of cells is ATP– Energy lies in covalent bonds between P groups
Energy
• Exergonic– Releases energy
• Endergonic– Intakes energy (required energy)
These reactions are coupled in “energy coupling” where exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions
ATP
Chemical work Mechanical work Transport work
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Molecule formed Protein moved Solute transported
ADP +
Product
Reactants
Motorprotein
Membraneprotein Solute
+
ATP• Drives reactions via
phosphorylation– Transfer of a
phosphate group to make molecules more reactive
Figure 5.4B
ATP• P groups are negatively charged and crowded
together– Repulsion creates unstable bonds– Broken via hydrolysis reaction– As bonds break, 1 P leaves and ATP becomes ADP
& energy is released
• Released P goes to another molecule– Transfer of P = phosphorylation
Begin a chemical reaction• Reactants must absorb some energy
– Energy of activation (EA)
– Enzymes can lower EA
EA barrier
Reactants
Products1 2En
zym
e
Enzymes help begin chemical reactions• Enzymes that lower EA are catalysts
– Decrease the EA needed to begin a reaction
Reactants
EA withoutenzyme
EA withenzyme
Net changein energy
Products
Ener
gy
Progress of the reaction
Specificity
• Specific enzymes catalyze specific reactions– Shape determines which chemical reaction an
enzyme catalyzes
• Substrate– Specific reactant an enzyme acts upon
• Active site– Region of enzyme where substrate fits
Active sites fit only specific substrates
Figure 5.6
Enzyme(sucrase)
Glucose
Fructose
Active site
Substrate(sucrose)
H2O
1
Enzyme availablewith empty activesite
Substrate bindsto enzyme with induced fit
4
Products arereleased
3
Substrate is converted to products
How Enzymes Catalyze Reactions
Factors Influence Enzymes• Temperature, pH, salinity
– Affect shape of the enzyme– Optimal temperature
• Cofactors– Non-protein “helper”– Inorganic
• Ex: zinc, iron, copper• Coenzyme
– Organic• Ex: vitamin
Inhibitors Interfere with an Enzyme’s Activity
• Competitive inhibitor
• Noncompetitive inhibitor
• Feedback inhibition
Substrate
Enzyme
Active site
Normal binding of substrate
Enzyme inhibition
Noncompetitiveinhibitor
Competitiveinhibitor
Phospholipid bilayer• Selectively permeable• Imbedded proteins
– Fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins
Water
Water
Hydrophilicheads
Hydrophobictails
Membrane Proteins
• Structural• Cell-cell recognition• Junction forming• Receptors• Enzymes• Signal transduction• Transport
Functions of membrane proteins
Messenger molecule
Receptor
Activatedmolecule ATP
Enzymes Receptors for messages Transport of substances
The membrane is a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins
Figure5.12
Fibers of the extracellular matrix
Carbohydrate(of glycoprotein)
Glycoprotein
Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton
Phospholipid
CholesterolProteins
Plasmamembrane
Glycolipid
Cytoplasm
In and Out of Cells• Diffusion• Passive transport
– Concentration gradientEquilibriumMembraneMolecules of dye
Equilibrium
In and Out of Cells• Facilitated diffusion
– Small nonpolar molecules diffuse easily across the membrane
– Larger or polar molecules do not easily diffuse • Transport proteins provide passage across membranes
Solutemolecule
Transportprotein
In and Out of Cells•Osmosis
–Diffusion of water across a membrane• Water travels from a solution of lower solute concentration to
one of higher solute concentration
Selectivelypermeablemembrane
H2O
Solutemolecule
Watermolecule
Net flow of water
Solute molecule withcluster of water molecules
BalanceWater balance between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms– Osmosis causes cells to shrink in hypertonic solutions
and swell in hypotonic solutions
Figure 5.17
Plantcell
H2O
H2OH2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2OPlasma
membrane
(1) Normal (2) Lysed (3) Shriveled
(4) Flaccid (5) Turgid(6) Shriveled (plasmolyzed)
Isotonic solution Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution
Animalcell
PP PProtein
changes shapePhosphatedetaches
ATPADPSolute
Transportprotein
Solute binding1 Phosphorylation2 Transport3 Protein reversion4
In and Out of Cells
Cells expend energy for active transport– Transport proteins can move solutes against
concentration gradient
Figure 5.18
Fluid outside cell
Cytoplasm
Protein
Vesicle
In and Out of CellsExocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules
– Exocytosis• Export material from cell
– Endocytosis• Take into cell
Figure 5.19A
Types of Endocytosis
• Phagosytosis– Cellular “eating”
• Pinocytosis– Cellular “drinking”
• Receptor-mediated endocytosis– Specific molecules