Chapter 6 War and Revolution

Aim - How did the Americans win the War for Independence?

Chapter 5 - Least we need to KnowLegacy of F&I War:

•British Soldiers

•Political Autonomy

•Taxes

•Ideology

I. Toward IndependenceA. The second Continental

Congress and Civil War• Breed and Bunker Hill

– George Washington

• Olive Branch Petition– Kings refusal – Proclamation for

suppressing rebellion

• Oh Canada!

I. Toward IndependenceB. Common Sense

• Most Loyal to crown! Independence comes slowly

• Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

I. Toward IndependenceC. Independence Declared

• Blame Placed –

• Establishes revolutionary republicanism as defining American

Britain Americans

Advantages

On the Eve of the On the Eve of the Revolution ?Revolution ?

II. Trials of WarA. North

• Few thought colonials could win

• P.M. North – Capture NYC

• Gen Howe lands outside NYC

• Continentals retreat to NJ and Philadelphia – Congress flees!

• Winter 1776 – British halt campaign

II. Trials of WarB. Armies and Strategies

• Gen. Howe – Win surrender of foe, not destroy them

• Washington – draw British away from coast

• Colonials – Who?

II. Trials of WarB. Armies and Strategies

• 1/3 Loyalist, 1/3 Patriot, 1/3 Neutral

• State/colony loyalties.

• Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.

• Poor training until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

II. Trials of WarB. Armies and Strategies

Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].

Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]

Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.

The American

s

The British

Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.

Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.

“Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.

II. Trials of WarC. Victory at Saratoga

• Major campaign 1777 – Isolate New England

• Howe attacks Philadelphia

• Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga

• Assures success of alliance with France

•

• TURNING POINT

Trials of WarD. Social and Financial Perils

• Costs of War

• Funding the War1. 2.3.

Inflation

Crisis of Morale1777-78, Valley Forge

III. Path to VictoryA. French Alliance

• Why the French?

• Treaty of Alliance, 1778

• War fatigue in England

– Offer from Crown

III. Path to VictoryB. War in the South

Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.

Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.

Exploit racial divisions

The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]

Good US General:Nathanial Greene

III. Path to VictoryB. War in the South

• France focused on South…hmm

• Tide Turns

• Spanish

• Dutch

• French

• Yorktown, 1781

III. Toward IndependenceD. Diplomatic Triumph

• Treaty of Paris, 1783

British Americans

IV. Republicanism Defined and ChallengedA. Republican ideals under wartime pressure

• Slavery????

• Religion?

I. Toward IndependenceD

I. Toward IndependenceD

Question of the Day!

During the early to mid-1700s, the British policyof salutary neglect toward the American

coloniescontributed to(1) a decline in colonial manufacturing(2) the decline of slavery in the northern

colonies(3) a decrease in French and Spanish influencein North America(4) the development of independent colonialtrade practices

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

Pontiac’s Rebellion

• Natives in the Ohio River Valley were angered by the British treatment (compared to the French fur trappers)

• British suffer serious casualties

• Issuance of Proclamation of 1763.

George Grenville1763 – mew Minister of Finance

• Realized that colonists were not paying taxes.

• Sends tax collectors to colonies armed with Writs of Assistance – general search warrant (free pass)

Mercantilism Before the F&I War• Navigation Acts (1650&1673)

–Colonial trade had to be carried on Colonial/English ships

–All goods in/out of colonies had to pass through England

–“Enumerated” products (like tobacco) could be sold to England only!

–Despite the lax enforcement, colonists never liked the rules and smuggling/defiance common.

Mercantilism After F&I War• Colonies now looked at as a source of

revenue for the hurting English treasury• Sugar Act (1764) – taxed imported sugar

and other luxuries, provided stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts, caught smugglers to be tried in admiralty courts with crown appointed judges (no jury)

• Quartering Act (1765) – required colonists to provide living quarters and food to British soldiers

Mercantilism After F&I War• Stamp Tax (1765) – Required revenue

stamps be placed on most printed paper in the colonies (legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets). –**This is the first direct tax ever placed

on the colonists.**–Affected influential members of society

– Journalists, lawyers, businessmen, clergy

Response to Stamp Act (Tax)• Colonists were furious -

• Stamp Act Congress - October 1765, an inter-colonial effort to orchestrate opposition to the British plan. Resolve that only their elected officials had the authority to impose taxes “no taxation without representation”

• Stamp Act Riots - violence was used to intimidate potential tax agents

Response to Stamp Act (Tax)

• Non-Importation Agreements -Shopkeepers agreed among themselves not to sell British goods

• Sons of Liberty – Secret organization created to scare (terrorize?) tax collectors from and coerce colonists into compliance with boycott (Sam Addams).

Repeal of Stamp Tax

• British repeal tax 1766 due to chaos it created pressure from British merchants losing money

• Pass the Declaratory Act – face saving measure declaring Parliament has right to tax and make law in Colonies

Townshend Acts - 1767• Parliament passes new duty (tax)

on tea, glass and paper (not direct)• Revenues used to pay crown

officials (as opposed to Colonial Assemblies)

• Officials allowed to search homes for smuggled goods without warrant (writs of assistance)

• Suspend New York Assembly

Townshend Acts - 1767• At first little protest

• Colonial leaders (Sam Addams, James Otis etc.) stir up colonial resentment through their writings – Another boycott.

• Repealed in 1770 due too low revenue and unpopularity

The Boston Massacre

• Troops housed inside Boston (to protect tax collectors) were incredibly unpopular

• 5 Colonists killed when “redcoats” fire on unruly crowd outside customs house

• Used by colonists as propaganda to gather support for independence

1770-1773 –(relative) Quiet

• Gaspee incident

• Formation of Committees of Correspondence by Sam Addams

Boston Tea Party• British East

India Company was granted a monopoly on tea sold in colonies -

Boston Tea Party

• Colonists boycott British tea. • December 16, 1773 a group

of colonists, disguised as Mohawk Indians board tea ships and toss 342 chests into the harbor.

Intolerable (coercive) Acts• Britain responds to this “act of

violent injustice”• Closed port of Boston until tea is

paid for• British officials to be tried in

British courts • British troops can be quartered in

any town or home

Intolerable (coercive) Acts

• Massachusetts charter amended to reduce right of self-government

• Quebec Act – Allowed French Canada to stay French speaking and Catholic and to keep legal system

1st Continental Congress

• Philadelphia, 1774

• Petitioned King to end “Intolerable” acts

Lexington and Concord• British redcoats sent to

Lexington and Concord (25 miles outside Boston) to secure arms

• Fighting breaks out at Lexington• Paul Revere’s Ride• 250 British killed on way back to

Boston

2nd Continental Congress