Conservative: Wealthy property owners and nobility; wanted
traditional monarchies Liberal: middle- class people; wanted
elected representatives with educated and landowning people voting
Radical: Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people
Clash of Philosophies In the first half of the 1800s, three schools
of political thought existed in Europe
Slide 4
Nationalism Develops Nationalism is the belief that peoples
greatest loyalty should be to their nation When a nation had its
own independent government, it became a nation- state France,
England, and Spain were nation-states
Slide 5
Greeks Gain Independence Greeks were first people to win self-
rule during this time In 1827, the British, French, and Russians
helped Greece defeat the Ottoman Empire, guaranteeing an
independent kingdom of Greece
Slide 6
1830s Uprisings Crushed Revolutionary ideas were challenging
the order established by the Congress of Vienna Revolutions in the
Netherlands, Italy, and Russia were put down, but nationalist ideas
remained
Slide 7
1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite In 1848, ethnic uprisings began
in Europe Vienna, Hungary, and Prague had liberal revolts However,
revolutionaries failed to unite themselves and conservatives
regained power
Slide 8
Radicals Change France In France, radicals were still demanding
democratic government King Charles X tried to return to absolute
monarchy in 1830, and the people rioted He was replaced by
Louis-Philippe, who supported liberal reforms
Slide 9
The Third Republic After almost 18 years, Louis-Philippes
monarchy was overturned by a Paris mob and replaced by a republic
The republic fell apart, and moderates gained control They set up a
new constitution with a parliament and an elected president
Slide 10
France Accepts a Strong Ruler In December 1848, Louis-Napoleon
(nephew of Napoleon) was elected president Four years later, he
took the title of Emperor Napoleon III Because of his policies,
France experienced a time of prosperity
Slide 11
Reform in Russia Russia in the 1800s was still not part of the
modern industrialized world Still under the feudal system, with
serfs bound to the nobles Serfdom became a major debate in
Russia
Slide 12
Defeat Brings Change In 1853, Russias Czar Nicholas I went to
war to take over the Ottoman Empire As a result of poor industry
and transportation, Russia lost the war in 1856 Afterwards,
Nicholass son, Alexander II decided to modernize Russia and bring
social change
Slide 13
Reform and Reaction Alexander II legally freed the serfs in
1861 and was assassinated in 1881 Alexander III succeeded him and
tightened czarist control, but continued industrial
development
Slide 14
Chapter 8, Section 3 Nationalism
Slide 15
A Force for Unity or Disunity Nationalism fueled efforts to
build nation- states in the 1800s Nationalists believed that people
of a single nationality should unite under one government People
who wanted the old order saw nationalism as a force for
disunity
Slide 16
Slide 17
The Breakup of the Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire had many
different nationalities Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria split his
empire in half, separating Austria and Hungary Nationalism began to
weaken Austria- Hungary for the next 40 years, and it broke down
after World War I
Slide 18
The Russian Empire Crumbles The Romanov dynasty of Russia ruled
over many different groups The instituted a policy of
Russification, forcing Russian culture on everyone in the empire
The helped disunify the people of Russia, and the Romanov dynasty
ended after World War I
Slide 19
The Ottoman Empire Weakens In 1856, under pressure from the
British and French, the Ottomans granted equal citizenship to all
people under their rule This angered conservative Turks and led to
the Armenian genocide The empire broke apart after World War I
Slide 20
Cavour Leads Italian Unification Piedmont-Sardinia was the
largest and most powerful Italian state In 1852, Sardinias king
named Count Camillo di Cavour as his prime minister Cavour wanted
to gain Northern Italy and unify He went to war with Austria in
1858 and won, taking all of northern Italy Case Study: Italy
Slide 21
Garibaldi Brings Unity In southern Italy, an army of Italian
nationalists led by Giuseppe Garibaldi captured Sicily Garibaldis
forces marched north and united with Piedmont- Sardinia With the
addition of Venetia and the Papal States, Italy unified and became
the united kingdom of Italy
Slide 22
Prussia Leads German Unification Prussia had a mainly German
population Nationalism unified Prussia In 1848, Berlin rioters
forced a new constitution, paving the way for unification Case
Study: Germany
Slide 23
Bismarck Takes Control In 1861, Wilhelm I became king of
Prussia Parliament refused him money for the army Wilhelm was
supported by the Junkers - Prussias wealthy landowners In 1862,
Wilhelm chose a Junker named Otto von Bismarck as prime
minister
Slide 24
Bismarck Takes Control, cont. Otto von Bismarck was a master of
what became known as realpolitik, or power politics He declared he
would rule without the kings power, the consent of parliament, or a
legal budget
Slide 25
Prussia Expands In 1864, Prussia and Austria formed an alliance
and went to war with Denmark for land When they won, national pride
among Prussians increased, and Prussia was considered to be the
head of a unified Germany
Slide 26
Seven Weeks War Prussia went to war with Austria over land
acquired from Denmark The war lasted only seven weeks, with Prussia
winning a huge victory Prussia took control of northern Germany and
in 1867, the remaining northern German states joined the North
German Confederation, headed by Prussia
Slide 27
The Franco-Prussian War By 1867, only the southern Catholic
German states resisted Prussia Bismarck went to war with France in
1870 in order to rally the south The Franco-Prussian war was the
final stage of German unification On January 18, 1871 King Wilhelm
I of Prussia was crowned kaiser (emperor)
Slide 28
A Shift in Power In 1815, the Congress of Vienna established
five equally powerful Great Powers of Europe By 1871, Britain and
Germany were the most powerful, Austria and Russia lagged behind,
and France was somewhere in the middle
