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Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates

Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

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Page 1: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Chapter 9

Overview of the Fossil Primates

Page 2: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Chapter Outline

• Introduction• Primate Origins• Paleocene Primate-like Mammals• Eocene Primates• Oligocene Primates• Miocene Primates

Page 3: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Orthograde

• An upright body position.• This term relates to the position of the

head and torso during sitting, climbing, etc., and doesn’t necessarily mean an animal is bipedal.

Page 4: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Archonta

• The superorder designated the sister orders of tree shrews, flying lemurs, plesiadapiforms, and primates.

Page 5: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Map Showing Location of the Fossil Primates

Page 6: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Map Showing Location of the Fossil Primates

Page 7: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Archonta

• The superorder designated for thesister orders of tree shrews, flying lemurs,plesiadapiforms, and primates.

Page 8: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Seven Epochs of the Cenozoic

• Paleocene (65 mya; primate-like mammals, aka Plesiadapiformes)

• Eocene (55.8 mya; first true primates, Prosimians)

• Oligocene (33 mya; early Catarrhines, precursors to monkeys and apes, emerge)

• Miocene (23 mya; monkeys and apes emerge, first humanlike creatures appear)

Page 9: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Seven Epochs of the Cenozoic

• Pliocene (5.3 mya; early humans diversify)• Pleistocene (1.8 mya; early Homo develops)• Holocene (0.01 mya; the present epoch)

Page 10: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Last Common Ancestor (LCA)

• The final evolutionary link between two related groups.

Page 11: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Question

• Monkeys, apes and the first humanlike creatures appeared during the:

a) Pliocene.

b) Eocene.

c) Paleocene.

d) Miocene.

Page 12: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Answer: d

• Monkeys, apes and the first humanlike creatures appeared during the Miocene.

Page 13: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Carpolestes

• Nearly complete skeleton of Carpolestes discovered in the Clarks Fork Basin of Wyoming. (a) Carpolestes as it was discovered. (b) Reconstructed skeleton (c) Artist’s rendering.

Page 14: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Eocene Primates

• Fossil primates from the Eocene display distinctive primate features.

• Looking at the whole array of Eocene primates, it is certain that they were:

1. Primates2. Widely distributed3. Mostly extinct by the end of the

Eocene.

Page 15: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Teilhardina

• (a) View of the skull of Teilhardina from the top.

• (b) An artist’s reconstruction of Teilhardina, with areas in gray representing missing fragments.

Page 16: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Teilhardina

• The rapid westward dispersal of euprimates of the genus Teilhardina.

Page 17: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Early Eocene Primates: Features

• Chinese fossils dating from the early Eocene (55–45 m.y.a.) have three interesting features: Forward rotation of the eyes makes them

distinct from the lemur-loris lineage. The cranium shows small eye sockets,

suggesting they may have been diurnal. They were all apparently extremely small,

weighing less than 1 ounce.

Page 18: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Amphipithecids

• The teeth of the amphipithecids are misleading, but the mandibles betray their phylogenetic affinity as lower primates.

Page 19: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Convergent Evolution

• An example of convergent evolution: the skull of Archaeolemur (left) and a macaque monkey.

• Note how the lemur resembles the monkey in the shape of the jaw, teeth, and overall cranial form.

Page 20: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Subfossil

• Bone not old enough to have become completely mineralized as a fossil.

Page 21: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Bilophodonty

• Molars that have 4 cusps, oriented in 2 parallel rows, that resemble ridges or “lophs.”

• This is characteristic of Old World Monkeys.

Page 22: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Paleoprimatologist

• A person who specializes in the study of the nonhuman primate fossil record.

Page 23: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

General Prosimian Characteristics

1. Smaller body size.

2. Longer snouts with greater emphasis on smell.

3. Eye sockets not completely enclosed in bone.

4. Dental comb.

5. Small simple premolars.

Page 24: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

General Prosimian Characteristics

6. Primitive triangle-shaped molars.7. Grooming claw.8. Artery running through the middle ear bone.9. Unfused mandible.10. Unfused frontal bone.11. Smaller brain size relative to body size.

Page 25: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

General Anthropoid Characteristics

1. Generally larger body size

2. Shorter snouts with greater emphasis on vision

3. Back of eye socket formed by bony plate

4. Less specialized dentition, as seen in absence of dental comb and some other features

5. Larger and more complex premolars

6. Derived square-shaped molars with new cusp

Page 26: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

General Anthropoid Characteristics

7. Nails instead of claws on all digits8. Loss of the artery running through the middle

ear bone9. Fusion of the two sides of the mandible to

form one bone10. Fusion of the two sides of the frontal bone11. Larger brain (in absolute terms and relative to

body weight)

Page 27: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Catopithecus• Three specimens of

Catopithecus the earliestanthropoid genus to preserve a skull.

• These give us our first view of early catarrhine cranial anatomy including fully enclosed orbits.

Page 28: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Oligocene Primates

• The Oligocene (34–23 m.y.a.) yielded fossil remains of several species of early anthropoids.

• By the early Oligocene, continental drift had separated the New World from the Old World.

• It has been suggested that late in the Eocene or very early in the Oligocene, the first anthropoids arose in Africa and reached South America by “rafting” over the water separation on drifting chunks of vegetation.

Page 29: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Phyletic Relationships of Fayum Early Anthropoids and Living Catarrhines

Page 30: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Parapithecus

• Parapithecus belongs to the group of Fayum anthropoids that are most closely related to the ancestry of New World monkeys.

Page 31: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Aegyptopithecus

• Skull of Aegyptopithecus.

• This genus has been proposed as the ancestor of both Old World monkeys and hominoids.

Page 32: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Homunculus

• Skull of Homunculus, a middle Miocene descendant of the earliest platyrrhine radiation.

Page 33: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Question

• The majority of Old World primate fossils of the Oligocene epoch (33-24 m.y.a) come from:

a) China.

b) the Fayum Depression in Egypt.

c) East Africa.

d) the Arabian Peninsula.

Page 34: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Answer: b

• The majority of Old World primate fossils of the Oligocene epoch (33-24 m.y.a) come from the Fayum Depression in Egypt.

Page 35: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Cladogram Of Extant Groups of New World Monkeys

Page 36: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Continental Relationships During the Late Eocene

• The broken white line and surrounding shades of blue represent seafloor spreading, which caused continents to drift apart.

Page 37: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

New World Monkey vs. Old World Monkey Characteristics

Old World Monkeys

1. Downward facing nostrils

2. Tube-like ear hole

3. Dental formula of 2.1.2.3

4. Ischial callosities

5. Distribution: Africa, southern Asia and Japan

New World Monkeys

1. Sideways facing nostrils

2. Ring-like ear hole with no tube

3. Dental formula of 2.1.3.3

4. Grasping tail

5. Distribution: Mexico and South America

Page 38: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Sister Group

• Two lineages that diverged from a particular common ancestor.

• Since sister groups share a common ancestor, they are each other’s closest relatives.

Page 39: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Victoriapithecus

• Skull of Victoriapithecus, the first Old World monkey.

Page 40: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Theropithecus• Skull of brumpti, the most

bizarre fossil monkey (inset).

• An artist’s rendering of Theropithecus on the landscape in the Omo Basin of Ethiopia about 3 mya.

Page 41: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Comparison of Bilophodont Molars

• Comparison of bilophodont molars as found in cercopithecoids and Y-5 molars as seen in hominoids.

• (a) Notice that the 4 cusps are positioned in 2 parallel rows or lobes.

• (b) See how the 5 cusps are arranged so that a Y-shaped valley runs between them.

Page 42: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Y-5 Molar

• Molars that have 5 cusps with grooves running between them, forming a Y shape.

• This is characteristic of hominoids.

Page 43: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Dental Ape

• An early ape that postcranially resembles a monkey, but dentally is hominoid (i.e., has a Y-5 molar configuration).

Page 44: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Diversity of Early Miocene Ape Mandibles

• The shapes and sizes of these mandibles and teeth illustrates the adaptive diversity of apes during this time.

• They ranged in size from that of a male orangutan through half the size of a modern gibbon and ate foods as varied as hard roots and soft fruit.

Page 45: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Proconsul

• Skull of Proconsul, the best known of the early Miocene dental apes.

Page 46: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Pliopithecus• Pliopithecus, from the

middle Miocene of Europe.

• The pliopithecoids were the first catarrhines to leave Africa.

• Since this skull is of a female, no sagittal crest is present, though strong temporal lines indicate the individual enjoyed a diet of hard plant items.

Page 47: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Old World Monkey vs. Ape Characteristics

Ape

1. Broad nose and palate

2. Even larger brain

3. Y-5 molars

4. Larger average body size

5. Shorter torso

6. Longer arms

7. No tail

Old World Monkey

1. Narrow nose and palate

2. Smaller brain

3. Bilophodont molars

4. Smaller average body size

5. Longer torso

6. Shorter arms

7. Tail

Page 48: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Dryopithecus

• Skull of Dryopithecus, the earliest European ape.

• The left side is reconstructed as a mirror image of the complete right side.

Page 49: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Ouranopithecus

• Ouranopithecus, possible ancestor of the African apes.

• Notice that the face shares many features with living African great apes, including large browridges and a wide distance between the eye orbits.

Page 50: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Sagittal Crest

• A ridge of bone that runs down the middle of the cranium like a short Mohawk.

• This serves as the attachment for the large temporal muscles, indicating strong chewing.

Page 51: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Comparison of Chimpanzee, Sivapithecus and Orangutan

• Modern chimpanzee (left), Sivapithecus (middle), and modern orangutan (right).

• Sivapithecus and the orangutan exhibit a dished face, broad cheekbones, and projecting maxilla and incisors.

Page 52: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Gigantopithecus

• An artist’s rendering of Gigantopithecus enjoying a meal of the tasty, but tough, tropical fruit known as durian.

Page 53: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Lufengpithecus

• Skull of a Lufengpithecus juvenile from the late Miocene of Yunnan Province, China.

Page 54: Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates

Biomolecular Primate Family Tree