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Chapter Objectives You will learn what ATP is You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

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Page 1: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the
Page 2: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Chapter Objectives

You will learn what ATP is You will explain how ATP provides

energy for the cellYou will describe how chloroplasts

trap the sun’s energy to make ATP and complex carbohydrates

You will compare ATP production in mitochondria and chloroplasts

Page 3: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Cell RespirationCells need energy to do work and

to stay aliveMost of the energy comes from

carbohydrates (starches & sugars)Carbohydrates are turned into

glucose by digestionGlucose is taken apart chemically

and energy is released

Page 4: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

ATP and RespirationEnergy needed by the cell is

stored in a special molecule

Adenosine triphosphate

Page 5: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Molecule has 3 phosphate groupsRemoving one of the phosphate

groups breaks the chemical bond and releases lots of energy

When one phosphate group is removed it becomes

Adenosine diphosphate

Page 6: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

ADP

Turns back into ATP by bonding back the phosphate group that was removed

Energy to do this comes from glucose when it is broken down chemically

Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm

The ATP-----ADP cycle occurs in the mitochondria

Page 7: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Energy Cycle

Energy + phosphate Energy + phosphate

ATP

ADP

Page 8: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Steps in Cell Respiration

1. First step is called Glycolysis

2. 1 glucose molecule is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

3. Enough energy is released to change 2 molecules of ADP into 2 molecules of ATP

Page 9: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Glycolysis

Glucose

2 ATP

Pyruvic AcidPyruvic Acid

Page 10: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Second Step is Aerobic Respiration

Requires oxygen

2 Steps involved:a.) Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)

b.) Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Page 11: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Citric Acid Cycle

Begins and ends with the same molecule (Acetyl-CoA)

Pyruvate (formed during glycolysis) enters mitochondria and transforms to Acetyl-CoA.

CO2 is formed

2 ATP and Hydrogen (H+) ions are formed

Page 12: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Located on inner membrane of Mitochondria

H atoms pass along long chain to produce 34 ATP

Hydrogen atoms passed to O2 at final electron acceptor to convert the ADP into ATP and form H2O

Page 13: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Aerobic Respiration

Pyruvate

36 ATPCarbon Dioxide

Water

Page 14: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Respiration in Review

Total of 38 molecules of ATP are produced by the 3 steps:

2 ATP from breakdown of glycolysis

2 ATP from breakdown of acetyl-CoA (Krebs Cycle)

34 ATP from E.T.C.

Page 15: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Chemical Equation for Cell Respiration

ADP + P + C6H1206 + 6 02 6CO2 + 6H20 +ATP

Page 16: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Anaerobic Respiration

First step like aerobic respiration Second step

1. Pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2

and either alcohol or lactic acid.

2. During this step no additional energy

is released Net energy produced is only 2 ATP

Molecules produced in step one

Breaking down glucose w/out oxygen

Page 17: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

FERMENTATION

Anaerobic process that breaks glucose down into alcohol or lactic acid, CO2 and energy.

Takes place in the absence of oxygenCell only gets 2 ATP (very

inefficient)Uses for humans: wine, beer, bread,

cheese

Page 18: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Anaerobic Respiration

2 A TP M o lecu les

N o A TP C arb on D ioxid e + A lcoh o l o r L ac tic A c id

P yru vic A c id P yru vic A c id

Glucose

Lactic Acid when produced in muscle cells causes them to fatigue very rapidly.

Page 19: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Review of Respiration

ATP is the energy molecule obtained by the break down of glucose. Specifically 2 ATP are formed

When Pyruvic acid is broken down it forms 36 ATP molecules Carbon Dioxide and Water

Page 20: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process used by plants to :

Obtain the energy needed by organisms and cells

Capture solar energy and change it to usable chemical energy

Page 21: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Photosynthesis Chemical Equation

6 CO2 + 6 H20 C6H12O6 + 6 O2

LIGHT CHLOROPHYLL

Page 22: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Photosynthesis occurs in the plant cell chloroplasts

Inside chloroplasts are many folded membranes called grana

Chlorophyll molecules inside of grana trap solar energy

Surrounding the grana is a solution called stroma

Page 23: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Photosynthesis Occurs in two major reactions

Light ReactionsDark Reactions

Page 24: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Light ReactionsOccur only in lightChlorophyll traps sunlightEnergy is used to change ADP into ATPEnergy in ATP is used in second series of

reactions, used by the cell or storedA second carrier molecule is also

produced

NADPH2

Page 25: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Light Reactions Continued

Occur in the thylakoid membrane and grana of chloroplasts.

Water splits to form hydrogen and oxygen which is then released

H2O H2 + O2

Page 26: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Known as Calvin CycleOccurs in both light and darkTakes place in the stroma of

chloroplastEnergy from ATP and NADPH2

is used to produce glucose and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide

Page 27: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Dark Reactions Continued

Hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide and other compounds to produce glucose

This reaction occurs after the light reactions

Page 28: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Comparing Photosynthesis & Respiration

Photosynthesis1. Occurs only when

light and chlorophyll are present

2. Stores energy in glucose

3. Uses carbon dioxide and water

4. Produces glucose and oxygen

6CO2+ 6H20 C6H12 O6 +

6O2

Respiration1. Occurs in all cells with or

without light & chlorophyll

2. Takes energy from glucose3. Uses glucose and oxygen4. Produces Carbon dioxide

& water

ADP + P +C6H12O6 + 02

CO2 + H20 + ATP

Page 29: Chapter Objectives  You will learn what ATP is  You will explain how ATP provides energy for the cell  You will describe how chloroplasts trap the

Organisms and their food needs

AutotrophAn organism that

makes its own food

For example: plants

HeterotrophAn organism that

does not make its own food but depends on autotrophs.

For example: humans