Chapter OneSection 1Section 2Section 3Section 4

Unit One

Chapter TwoSection 1Section 2Section 3Section 4

Chapter ThreeSection 1Section 2Section 3

Chapter 1

Section 1: Converging Cultures

The Earliest Americans

• How early did humans arrive to the Americas?– No one knows for sure.– 10,000 years ago. 30,000 years ago.

• Originally these people were nomads.– Soon they developed into permanent settlements.

• Civilization in the Americas was born.

The Earliest Americans

• The first civilization to develop in the Americas was the Olmec in Mexico.

• Followed by Aztecs and Maya.• 300 AD – Hohokam civilization begins in

Arizona.

Columbus

• Christopher Columbus– An Italian sailing for Spain searching for a route to

Asia.– 1492 – Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.– He landed on modern-day San Salvador Island.

• He believed he was in Asia.

Other Expeditions

• Europeans learn that America is not Asia. – They name the new land America in honor of

Amerigo Vespucci.– 1494 – treaty gives Spanish rights to most of these

new lands.– Conquistadors defeat many native tribes and begin

building an empire.

Other Expeditions

• How are the Spanish able to defeat the native people?– 1521 – Hernan Cortez defeats the Aztecs.– 1532 – Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca.

Cultural Exchanges

• Native Americans introduce Europeans to new things.– Foods like corn, squash, pumpkins, chocolate, and

chewing gum.– Canoes, snowshoes, and ponchos.

• Europeans introduce Native Americans to…–Wheat, rice, coffee, bananas, citrus fruits, and

domesticated livestock.

Cultural Exchanges

• Europeans also bring some not so positive things.– Germs – influenza, measles, chicken pox, typhus,

smallpox.–With no immunities millions die.–Military conquests cost them their lives, land, and

way of life.

More Expeditions

• French and British begin explorations to the new world.– England sends John Cabot (discovers Canada in

1497).– Jacques Cartier sails for France.

• They do not establish successful colonies unitl the 1600s.

New France

• 1608 – Samuel de Champlain founded the outpost of Quebec.– Fur trade with natives begins.

• Soon the French begin to expanding to the south.– Explore to the Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico.– Name the area Louisiana.– Founded New Orleans.– They begin growing sugar cane, rice and tobacco.– Begin to import slaves for labor.

Jamestown

• Jamestown– Founded in Virginia.– Source of raw materials and outlets for British

goods.– Colony prospers by growing tobacco.– 1619 – Colonists form a House of Burgesses to

make their own laws.

Plymouth Colony

• King James persecuted a group of Puritans.– They were called separatists because they wanted to be

separate from the Anglican church.– They sought religious freedom.

• 1620– The Pilgrims set sail on the Mayflower.– Upon arrival they draft the Mayflower Compact.– They befriended the local Wampanoag people and had

a harvest celebration – the first Thanksgiving.

• Ten years later the Massachusetts Bay Colony is formed.

New England Grows

• Religious dissention leads to other colonies.– Roger Williams gets banned from Massachusetts.– Heads south and founds the town of Providence.– Anne Hutchinson joins him.– 1644 – The colony of Rhode Island and

Providence Plantations is formed.

• 1679 – colony of New Hampshire forms.

New England Grows

• Reverend Thomas Hooker– Disagreed with policy that only churchgoers could

vote.–Moves his congregation to Connecticut valley.– Adopt America’s first written constitution –

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – allowing all adult men to vote and hold office.

New England Life

• Puritan town life– Towns included a meetinghouse (church), school,

and marketplace.– During town meetings locals would discuss

problems.– This would lead to the creation of a local

government.– People begin to believe in their right to self-

government.

Issues With Natives

• 1637 – War breaks out between English and the Pequot.– Pequot nearly exterminated.

• 1670s – Colonial governments demand that Natives follow English laws and customs.– 1675 – Plymouth Colony executes three

Wampanoag for murder.– King Philip’s War – named after Wampanoag

leader Metacomet.– 1678 – Few natives left in New England.

The Middle Colonies

• Dutch – Make claims to land south of Connecticut.– Henry Hudson – discovers the Hudson River

Valley in New York.– New Netherland on Manhattan Island.

Changes

• Charles II of England – Seizes New Netherland.– Gives it to his brother and part of it is renamed

New York.– The rest becomes New Jersey.

William Penn

• William Penn– His colony would have religious freedom and

people would have a voice in government.–Would help fellow Quakers escape persecution.– They objected to mandatory taxes and military

service.– Oppose violence as a means to settle disputes.– Penn’s colony will be named Pennsylvania.

• Land on the coast in the east will become Delaware.

The Southern Colonies

• Tobacco is king.– Virginia and Maryland are proprietary colonies.– Owned by an individual who could govern it any

way they wanted (appoint officials, coin money, impose taxes, raise an army).

• George Calvert – owner of Virginia.–Makes Virginia a refuge for Catholics. –Most that come are Protestant.

The Southern Colonies

• Toleration Act (1649) – Maryland.– Grants religious toleration to all Christians in the

colony.

• Charles II gives some land to eight men.– This land is known as Carolina.– Soon becomes – North and South Carolina.

• Georgia– Started by James Oglethorpe as a colony where

England’s poor could start over.

Southern Life

• Agriculture is the main focus.• Many in England become indentured servants.– People who signed contracts with colonists to

receive free passage in return for four or more years of work, food, clothing, and shelter.

• Reliance on African slaves grow.

Crisis Over Land

• More people want land. There’s not enough land for everyone. Why?–Most opposed expansion because they did not

want to risk war with the natives.

• Bacon’s Rebellion – Nathaniel Bacon– Leads to westward expansion in Virginia.–More reliance on slaves and slave trade.– They no longer have to be freed.

Chapter 1

Section 2: A Diverse Society

Growth of the Colonies

• Population of the colonies grow.– High birth rates and improved housing and

sanitation.– Disease (typhoid, tuberculosis, cholera) remain a

problem.

• Triangular Trade– Trade between the colonies, England, Caribbean

sugar planters, and Africa.

Growth of the Colonies

• Social Hierarchy–Wealthy Merchants.– Artisans (skilled workers), innkeepers, shop

owners.– Lower class – No skills, no property.– Indentured servants.– Slaves.

Immigration

• Hundreds of thousands of people come to the colonies.– Germans – escaping religious wars.– Scots-Irish – escaping high taxes, religious

discrimination.– Jews – religious reasons as well.

Women

• Women do not have equal rights.• At first, women could not:– Own property–Make contracts or wills

• Husbands:–Were sole guardians of children.– Allowed to physically discipline children and

wives.

• Single women had more rights.

Slaves

• Between 1450 and 1870– 10 to 12 million Africans were enslaved and sent

to the Americas.– About 2 million died in route.– Referred to as the Middle Passage.

Slaves

• 1775 – 540,000 slaves in the United States (20% of

population).

• Slave Codes – Kept slaves from:– Owning property.– Testifying against whites.– Being educated.–Moving about freely.–Meeting in large groups.

Acts

• Charles II – Navigation Acts– All goods shipped from the colony be on English

ships.

• The Staple Act– All colonial imports had to go through England.– Increased price of goods in the colonies.–Merchants begin smuggling products to Europe,

the Caribbean, and Africa.

The Glorious Revolution

• King James II– Catholic.– People did not want a Catholic dynasty.– James’s Protestant daughter Mary claims the

throne with her husband William.– Known as the “Glorious Revolution.”– Suggest that revolution is justified when individual

rights were violated.

The Enlightenment

• The Age of Enlightenment– John Locke – People are not born sinful. Their

minds are blank slates that society and education could shape for the better.

– Rousseau – Government should be formed by the consent of the people who would make their own laws.

–Montesquieu – Three types of political power – executive, legislative, and judicial. Should be divided into three branches to protect the liberty of the people.

The Great Awakening

• The Great Awakening–Widespread resurgence of religious fervor.– All people are equal before God.– Baptists, Presbyterians, and Methodists embrace

new ideas.

• The Enlightenment and Great Awakening incline Americans towards political independence.

Chapter 1

Section 3: The American Revolution

French and Indian War

• French and Indian War– Fighting between British and French in frontier.– Natives allied with the French.

• Treaty of Paris (1763)– The British triumph.– Treaty gives British all French territory east of the

Mississippi except New Orleans.– Also gain Florida from Spain.

Unpopular Regulations

• Proclamation of 1763– Tried to halt expansion into Native American lands.– King George III wanted to avoid another war with natives.– Colonists wanted access to the Ohio River Valley.

• Customs Controls– Sugar Act of 1764 – raised taxes on sugar, molasses, silk,

wine, and coffee.– Quartering Act of 1765 – colonists had to provide shelter

for British troops.– Stamp Act of 1765 – required stamps to be bought and

placed on printed materials.

Unpopular Regulations

• Stamp Act Congress– Only representatives elected by the colonists had

the right to tax them.– “No taxation without representation.”–When the Stamp Act took effect, colonists ignored

it and boycotted British goods.– Stamp Act is repealed.

Townshend Acts

• Townshend Acts– New customs duties on glass, lead, paper, paint,

and tea.

• March 5, 1770 – Boston– Colonists began taunting a British soldier guarding

a customs house.– British troops opened fire and killed five colonists.– Known as the Boston Massacre.– Townshend Acts repealed except the one on tea.

Tea Act

• Tea Act– Favored British East India company.– American merchants outraged.– Boston – 150 men dump 342 chests of tea overboard –

Boston Tea Party.

• Coercive Acts– Used to punish Massachusetts.– One law shut down Boston’s port until tea was paid

for.– 2,000 troops stationed in New England.– Referred to as the Intolerable Acts.

First Continental Congress

• First Continental Congress– Protest the Intolerable Acts.– Approved a plan to boycott British goods.

Revolution

• Revolution begins in Massachusetts.–Minute-men – men who were trained and ready to

go at a minute’s notice.

• Some colonists still felt a loyalty to the King.– Called “Loyalists” or “Tories.”

• Those who thought the British were tyrants?– “Patriots.”

Revolution

• April 18, 1775 – British troops set out from Boston heading for Concord.– Old North Church – “One if by land, two if by

sea.”–Messengers carry word ahead of them – Paul

Revere.

• Lexington– First shot of the war (the Shot Heard ‘round the

World).

Revolution

• Second Continental Congress– Adopted the “militia.”– Chose George Washington as commander.– Successes of the militia builds American

confidence.

Independence

• Olive Branch Petition– Sent to King George III to resolve grievances

peacefully.– He rejected it.

• Thomas Payne – Common Sense– King George III is a tyrant – time to declare

independence.

• July 4, 1776– Congress issues the Declaration of Independence.– The colonies are now the United States of America.– American Revolution officially started.

Independence

• Continental Army (Video) (Video)– Could not match the British in size and funding.– They were fighting on home ground.– Also made use of unconventional, guerilla tactics.

Victory

• Yorktown– Last major battle (1781).– British General Cornwallis surrendered.– The war ends.

• Treaty of Paris– British recognize the United States.–Mississippi River is the western border.

Chapter 1

Section 4: The Constitution

Something New

• Creating a Republic– Power resides with citizens.– Citizens entitled to vote.– Power exercised by elected officials.– Elected officials responsible to the citizens.–Must govern according to a constitution.– All people are equal under the law.–What about women and slaves?

State Constitutions

• State Constitutions– Call for separation of powers among executive,

legislative, and judicial branches.– Bi-cameral legislatures.– List of rights guaranteeing essential freedoms.

Societal Changes

• Changes in Society– Greater separation of church and state.– Expanded voting rights – any white male taxpayer.–Women gain greater access to education and the

ability to get a divorce.–Many northern states begin to gradually abolish

slavery.

National Government

• Articles of Confederation– United the states under a single governing body –

Congress.– Congress has very limited powers.– Americans do not want to risk a government that

becomes tyrannical.

• Congress– Could negotiate with other nations, raise armies,

and declare war.– Could not regulate trade or impose taxes.

National Government

• Problems with the Articles– States did not have uniform trade policies.– Country falls into recession because Congress could

not collect taxes to pay debts.– States issued their own currency which lost value and

weakened the economy.

• Shays’s Rebellion– Poor farmers protest new taxes.– Led by Daniel Shays.– Convinces people of the need for a stronger central

government.

Constitutional Convention

• May 1787 – Philadelphia– 55 delegates (from all states except Rhode Island)

meet.– Articles are abandoned.– George Washington chosen as presiding officer.

• Agreements– Stronger national government.– Power to levy taxes and make laws.– Government divided into three branches.

Constitutional Convention

• Debate – Representation– Large states want representation based on population.– Small states feared they would be outvoted.– Each state should have an equal vote.

• Great Compromise– Congress divided into two houses.– House – representation determined by population.– Senate – each state would have equal representation.– House elected by the people; Senate elected by state

legislatures.

Constitutional Convention

• Who is counted towards population? Slaves?• Three-Fifths Compromise– Every five slaves would count as three persons.

Framework of Government

• Popular Sovereignty– Rule by the people.– Representative system of government.

• Federalism– Power is divided between national and state.

• Separation of Powers– Legislative – Congress (House and Senate) would make

laws.– Executive – President would enforce laws.– Judicial – Courts would interpret laws and render

judgments.

Constitutional Convention

• Checks and Balances– Prevents any one branch from becoming too

powerful.

• What if the Constitution needed to be revised?– A process is created to add amendments to the

Constitution.

Ratification

• Constitution sent to the states for ratification– 9 of 13 states needed.

• Debates begin– Supporters were called Federalists.– Opponents were called Anti-Federalists.

Ratification

• Opposition in Massachusetts– Constitution failed to safeguard individual rights.– Federalists promised a Bill of Rights (first ten

amendments) .

• June of 1788– Nine states have ratified.– Virginia and New York (30% of population) had

not.– Could new government succeed without their

support.

Ratification

• Compromise is reached in Virginia and New York.

• May 1790– All states had ratified the new Constitution.– George Washington is chosen as the new president.

Chapter 2

Section 1: The New Republic

Building A Cabinet

• The first cabinet consisted of:– Department of State – Thomas Jefferson.– Department of the Treasury – Alexander Hamilton.– Attorney General.

• Supreme Court– John Jay – First Chief Justice.

Financial Troubles

• Government inherited a huge debt.• Alexander Hamilton– Proposes plan to pay off all debts including state

debts.– Calls for the creation of a national bank.– Establishing a bank not an enumerated power –

specifically mentioned in the constitution.– It was needed – “necessary and proper” – so the

government could collect taxes and provide for the common defense.

D.C.

• District of Columbia– Hamilton gets approval after agreeing to put the

nation’s capital in the South.– First bank established for twenty years.

Whiskey Rebellion

• 1791– Congress enacts an unpopular tax on whiskey.

• Whiskey Rebellion– 13,000 troops used to crush the Whiskey Rebellion

in the west.– (Video 4:10)

Rise of Political Parties

• Federalists– Hamilton supporters.– Strong national government led by the rich.–Manufacturing and trade were key.

• Democratic-Republicans (Republicans)– Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.– Favored strict limits on federal government and

protection of states’ rights.– Agriculture was the key.

Washington’s Farewell Address

• George Washington–Warned of the dangers of party politics and

sectionalism (North against South and East against West).

– Steer clear of alliances with any part of the foreign world.

Alien and Sedition Acts

• The Federalist majority in Congress resented Republican criticism.– Pass the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798– One law made it a crime to say or print anything

false or scandalous against the federal government or official.

– Also made it harder for aliens (foreigners) to gain citizenship – they usually voted Republican.

Election of 1800

• Federalists John Adams vs. Republican Thomas Jefferson– Republican Aaron Burr ran for vice president.– Jefferson wins the election.

• Flaw:– Constitution does not allow citizens to directly

vote for president.– Instead, each state chooses electors.

Election of 1800

• Continued…– Each elector would cast one vote for president and one for

vice president.– The intent was for one elector not to vote for vice president

to avoid a tie.– When votes were counted Jefferson and Burr each had 73

votes.– Federalist controlled house then had to choose a president.– Jefferson is chosen.

• 12th Amendment: separate ballots for president and vice-president.

Westward Expansion

• Napoleon Bonaparte of France– Offers to sell the Louisiana Territory to finance his

plans for European conquest.

• Louisiana Purchase– The United States pays $15 million for the

territory.– Land area = 828,000 mi2.– Doubles the size of the country.

• Lewis and Clark Expedition (Video)

War of 1812

• Causes– British seizing American ships at sea.– Impressment – kidnap sailors to serve in the

British navy.

• British – Burn the White House and the Capitol building in

D.C.– Bombard Baltimore Harbor.

War of 1812

• Francis Scott Key (Video) –Wrote the “Star Spangled Banner” after seeing the

flag still flying at dawn.

• Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814)– Ends the war with the U.S. victorious.

• January 8, 1815– General Andrew Jackson defeats the British in the

Battle of New Orleans. (Video)

Chapter 2

Section 2: The Growth of a Nation

Era of Good Feelings

• American Nationalism– Americans begin to consider themselves to be part

of a whole.

• Known as the “Era of Good Feelings.”

Federalists

• End of the Federalists Party– Federalists lose influence after War of 1812– Republicans begin to believe that a stronger

federal government was necessary.–More and more join the Republican Party.– By 1820 the Federalists Party is gone.

• 1820 election – all candidates are Republican.

Republicans

• Republican Programs– Republicans have always opposed a national bank.– Blocked the renewal of the first bank.– Private banks issue own money.– No national bank to regulate currency.

• Republicans change their minds– Create the Second Bank of the United States.– Bank given the power to issue notes that would

serve as a national currency.

Tariff

• Protective Tariff– Protect manufacturers from foreign competition.– An influx of cheaper British goods after the War of

1812.– A protective Tariff was a tax used to drive up the

prices of imports.

Monroe Doctrine

• Nationalist Diplomacy– Spanish ceded Florida to the United States.– Spanish colonies in the Americas begin declaring

their independence.– Russia takes claim to Alaska and encroaches on the

Oregon Country.

• President James Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine.– Declares that the American continents would no

longer be subject to future colonization by European powers.

Transportation

• Transportation Revolution– National Road (1806) – connected Cumberland,

Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois.– Toll roads become popular.– Rivers offer more efficient and cheaper way to

move goods.– Steamboat – allowed boats to travel upriver.– Robert Fulton – first successful steamboat.–Most important transportation innovation of time

period – the train.

Industrial Revolution

• Industrialization begins in the Northeast– Utilized waterpower.– Use of interchangeable parts – popularized by Eli

Whitney.– Leads to mass production of goods.

• Innovations– Sewing machine – inexpensive clothes could be

mass produced.– Canning – food storage with no spoilage.– 1832 – Samuel Morse perfects the telegraph and

develops Morse Code.

Immigration

• 1815 – 1860– 5 million foreigners come to America.– Many settle in cities providing a steady source of cheap

labor.– Not always welcomed.

• Nativism – A preference for native-born people and a desire to limit

immigration.– Movements to keep foreign-born and Catholics from

holding office.– Members of these movements become the Know-

Nothings.

Factories

• 1860– 1.3 million factory workers.– Included women and children; worked for less.– Factory workers got low pay and worked 12 hour

days.– Some begin to form labor unions but have little

power.

Agriculture

• Agriculture is still king.• South– Few cities and less industry.– Focus in south on crops like tobacco, rice, and

sugarcane.– Cotton is by far the biggest crop.

Agriculture

• King Cotton– Tedious work – it took a worker an entire day to

remove cotton seeds from one pound of cotton by hand.

– Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin – quickly removes the seeds from the pod.

– Cotton production soars and so does slavery.– Saying: “Cotton is King.”

Slavery

• As cotton spreads so does demand for slaves.– 1808 – Congress outlawed foreign slave trade.– High birthrate – encouraged by slave owners –

kept the population growing.– Slave numbers increase from 1.5 million to 3.2

million.– Slaves account for 37% of the south’s population.– (Video 1st 4 mins)

Slavery

• Role–Most slaves worked in the fields on small farms.– Some were house servants or worked in trades.–Music and religion helped slaves endure the

horrors of slavery.

• Resistance–Work slow-downs, breaking tools, running away or

violence.

Chapter 2

Section 3: Growing Division and Reform

Westward

• People increasingly move west.–Many states grow large enough to apply for

statehood.– Problems arise in Missouri.

Missouri Compromise

• 1819 –Missouri applies for statehood.– Issue: Should slavery expand westward.– 11 free states and 11 slave states.– A new state would upset the balance in the Senate.

• Northerners oppose expanding slavery – morally wrong.

• Southerners feared that with enough non-slave states the North could outlaw slavery.

Missouri Compromise

• Missouri Compromise– Missouri sought admission as a slave state.– The following year Maine sought statehood.– Senate decides to admit Maine as a free state and Missouri

as a slave state.

• Amendment added to prohibit slavery north of Missouri’s south boundary.– Southerners agreed – northern areas unsuitable for farming.

• Problem: – Missouri constitutional convention added a clause

prohibiting free African Americans from entering the state.– They later agreed not to enforce it.

Election of 1824

• Four Republicans ran for president.– Andrew Jackson led in popular and electoral votes.– Did not have the majority of electoral votes needed.– Decision went to the House who would pick the

president from the three with the most votes.– Henry Clay eliminated – also Speaker of the House.– Clay supports John Quincy Adams.– Adams wins easily and makes Clay his secretary of

state.

Election of 1824

• Jackson immediately protests.– Jackson and his followers form the Democratic

Republican Party or Democrats.– This Democratic Party still exists today.

• Adams and his followers become known as National Republicans.– Not modern Republicans.

Election of 1828

• John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson– Jackson won easily.

• Spoils System– Appointing people to government jobs based on

party loyalty and support.– Opened up government to ordinary citizens.

Nullification Crisis

• South Carolina depends on manufactured goods from England.– Tariffs make those goods expensive.– A new tariff – the Tariff of Abominations – leads to South

Carolinians threatening to secede.– Nullification – states had the right to declare federal law not

valid.

• 1832– Another tariff law was passed and South Carolina nullifies it.– Jackson declares it treason and sent a warship to Charleston.

• Crisis averted: Congress passes a bill that would lower tariffs gradually.

Native Americans

• Jackson wants to ensure the survival of natives but also wants to keep them out of the way of white settlers.

• Indian Removal Act– Helped states relocate Native Americans to places west of the

Mississippi.

• Cherokee Tribe appeals to Supreme Court.– Chief Justice agrees with them.– Jackson does it anyway.

• President Martin Van Buren– Sent in the army to forcibly remove the Cherokee.– Trail of Tears – thousands of Cherokees died on the march

westward.

New Party

• Jackson forces the Second Bank to end.– In response, the Whig Party forms.–Whigs wanted to expand the federal government.

Election of 1840

• Whig candidate William Henry Harrison won easily. (Video 30:23)– Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe and territorial

governor of Indiana.– He spoke at his inauguration for two hours in bitter

cold with no coat or hat.– He died one month later of pneumonia.– Vice President John Tyler took over.

Second Great Awakening

• Religious leaders organize to revive Americans’ commitment to religion.

• Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – (Mormons)– Endure harassment in the East and Midwest.– Joseph Smith leads them west to settle in the Utah

Territory – Salt Lake City.

Social Reform

• Reformers – many women.– Saw the excessive use of alcohol as causing more crime,

poverty, and family damage than any other vice.

• Temperance – moderation of the use of alcohol.– Temperance groups form across the country.– American Temperance Union forms.– Many states pass prohibition laws.

•  Other reforms:– Penitentiaries – prisoners were to be rehabilitated.– Public education – government funded schools open to

all. (slaves?)

Women

• Women’s Movement–Women still do not have the right to vote.– Home was the proper place, the outside world was

dangerous.–Many seek better educational opportunities for girls.

• Seneca Falls Convention in New York (1848)– Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady

Stanton.– Declaration of Sentiments – proposed a focus on

women’s suffrage or right to vote. (Video)

Abolition

• Abolitionist Movement– How could country remain true to its ideals of liberty

and equality if it continued to enslave humans.– Slavery seen as a sin.– Early societies advocate gradual end to slavery to give

the south time to adjust.

• American Colonization Society (1816)– Encouraged African Americans to resettle Africa.– Between 12,000 and 20,000 African Americans

resettled the west coast of Africa.– Became the nation of Liberia.

Abolition

• Later antislavery movements called for immediate emancipation.

• Frederick Douglas– Former slave who published an anti-slavery

newspaper called the North Star.

• Northern Opposition– Northern whites feared abolition would bring a

destructive war between the north and south.

• Southerners dependent on slaves and defend the institution.

Abolition

• 1831 – 50 whites were killed in Virginia in a slave rebellion – Nat Turner’s Rebellion.– Southerners threatened to leave the union if the

abolition movement was not suppressed.– Abolitionists are not deterred.

Chapter 2

Section 4: Manifest Destiny and Crisis

Pushing West

• Manifest Destiny – The idea that the nation was meant to spread to the Pacific.– Many set their sights on Oregon and California.– Popular routes to the West: Oregon Trail, California Trail,

and Santa Fe Trail.

• Effects on Natives– Plains Indians came to resent the settlers.– Posed a threat to their way of life.– They feared the loss of the buffalo herds.– Treaty of Fort Laramie – the United States promised that

defined territories would belong to Native Americans forever.

Texas

• Mexico initially encouraged people to settle the Mexican region of Texas.– Tension – Americans refused to follow Mexico’s conditions

for settlement.– Sam Houston and Stephen Austin lead Texans in separating

from Mexico and creating their own government.

• The Alamo.• 1936– Texans defeat Mexico and soon voted in favor of joining the

United States.– They wanted to enter as a slave state.– Texas finally gets statehood in 1945.

Oregon Territory

• U.S. and Britain decide to divide Oregon along the 49th parallel.

• This land later becomes Oregon, Washington, and Idaho.

War With Mexico

• Mexican government upset about Texas joining the Union.– Debate over southern border of Texas.– The U.S. tries to buy California but Mexico

refuses.– Lacking a diplomatic solution the two countries go

to war.

• Northern California– Settlers revolt declaring the Bear Flag Republic.

War With Mexico

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo–Mexico gave the United States more than 500,000

square miles of territory.– Rio Grande set as southern border of Texas.– The United States paid Mexico over $18,000,000

in return.

• Manifest Destiny had been realized.• Slave debate in the west will soon create more

problems.

Impact of War

• Wilmot Proviso– Slavery nor involuntary servitude would never exist

in any territory the U.S. had gained from Mexico.– House passes it, but the Senate refuses to debate it.

• Proposal– Each new territory should be allowed to decide for

themselves if they wanted slavery or not.– Idea becomes known as popular sovereignty.– Congress supports it because it removed the slavery

issue from national politics.

Compromise

• 1848 – gold discovered in Sacramento, California.– News spread to the East Coast creating the California

Gold Rush.– 1849 – 80,000 “Forty-Niners” head to California.– California decided to apply for statehood as a free state.

• There are 15 free and 15 slave states.– Fearing slave states would become a minority many

southern politicians begin to talk of secession.

• Compromise of 1850– California would become a free state and rest of

Mexican cessions would have no restrictions on slavery.

Slavery

• Fugitive Slave Act– A slaveholder or slave catcher had only to point out

alleged runaways to have them taken into custody.– Since they had no right to testify on their own behalf,

even free African Americans had no way to prove their case.

– Testimony from white witnesses was all that was needed for the person to be sent south.

– Federal commissioners earned $10 to judge in favor of slaveholders; judgments for the accused paid only $5.

– Citizens could be deputized by federal marshals to help capture runaways.

Slavery

• Underground Railroad– A well-organized network of abolitionist that

helped slaves flee north.

• “Conductors”– People who transported slaves in secret and gave

them food and shelter.– Harriet Tubman – most famous conductor. (Video)

• Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Territorial Problems

• Problems– Transcontinental railroad is needed for the

territories.– Senator Stephen A. Douglas wants the railroad to

start in Chicago.– Organizes Nebraska Territory.– Some senators block the bill wanting slavery to be

allowed.– Douglas agrees to divide the territory in two.– Nebraska would be free; Kansas would by slave.– Known as the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

“Bleeding Kansas”

• More Problems:– Hundreds of northerners go to Kansas to create a

anti-slavery majority.– Thousands of Missourians cross the border to vote

illegally and create a pro-slave government.– Anti-slavery group drafts their own constitution

anyway.–March 1956 – two governments in Kansas.

“Bleeding Kansas”

• “Bleeding Kansas”–More northerners move to Kansas.– “Border Ruffians” begin to attack.– Territorial civil war starts.– The delicate balance created by the Missouri

Compromise becomes obsolete.– Kansas eventually becomes a free state.

Republicans

• 1854 – Free-Soilers and anti-slavery democrats form the Republican Party.– Goal: Stop southern planters from controlling the

party.– Slavery should not be abolished, but kept out of

the territories.– This is the modern day Republican Party.

Dred Scott

• Dred Scott–Missouri slave that had been taken to work in the

north.–When he returned he sued for his freedom – living

in free territory made him free.

• Supreme Court– Ruled against him.– African Americans were not citizens and could not

sue in the courts.

John Brown

• John Brown– Abolitionist who opposed slavery with violence.

• 1859– Brown decides to seize the federal arsenal at Harper’s

Ferry, Virginia.– He wanted to free and arm the enslaved people of the area

and begin a rebellion.

• October 15– He and 18 men seize the arsenal.– U.S. military commanded by Robert E. Lee force him to

surrender.– He is tried, sentenced to death, and executed.

John Brown

• John Brown seen as a martyr for the anti-slavery cause.

• South begins to see the north as an enemy.

Chapter 3

Section 1: The Civil War Begins

Election of 1860

• April 1860– Democrats gather in South Carolina to choose nominee for

president.

• Southern Democrats– Uphold the Dred Scott decision and defend slaveholders rights in

territories.

• Northern Democrats– Support popular sovereignty and against federal slave code in

territories.

• 50 Southern delegates storm out.– No one could get enough votes to be the nominee.– Later – Northern democrats will nominate Stephen Douglas and

Southern Democrats nominate John C. Breckenridge.

Election of 1860

• Whigs–Worried of Southern secession – create a new party

called the Constitutional Union Party and run John Bell.

– Their purpose was to uphold the Constitution.

Election of 1860

• Republicans stand no chance in the South.– Need candidate who can sweep the North.– Nominate Abraham Lincoln – popularity from his

debates with Stephen Douglas.

• Lincoln– Slavery is morally wrong and should not spread to

territories.

• Republicans– Affirm slavery will remain in Southern states.

• Democrats are divided and Lincoln wins the electoral vote and becomes president.

Secession

• South – Lincoln’s election is seen as a threat to their society and culture.

• First to secede – South Carolina.• Compromise?• John J. Crittenden – Crittenden’s Compromise– Guarantee slavery where it already existed.– Reinstate Missouri Compromise line and extend it to

California.– Slavery prohibited north and permitted south of the line.

• Lincoln requests that Republicans vote against it.

The Confederacy

• February 8, 1861– Confederate States of America is declared.

• Confederate Constitution– Acknowledged the independence of each state.– Guaranteed slavery.– Limited the president to a single six year term.

• Jefferson Davis chosen to be president.

Ft. Sumter

• Lincoln– Announced his plan to resupply Fort Sumter in

Charleston Harbor.

• Davis– Could not tolerate U.S. troops in South’s most vital

harbor.– Demands the surrender of the fort before the supply ship

arrives.– Fort Commander Robert Anderson refused to surrender.– Confederate forces bombard Ft. Sumter for 33 hours.– No one is killed, but the Civil War had begun.

Border States

• Lincoln– Cannot afford to lose slaveholding border states

Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri.

• Virginia’s secession– Put a Confederate state across the river from D.C.– If Maryland seceded, D.C. would be surrounded

by Confederate territory.

• Lincoln imposes martial law – military rule– Prevents Maryland from leaving the Union.

Robert E. Lee

• General Robert E. Lee of Virginia– One of the best senior officers in the U.S. Army.– Offered the command of Union troops. – He had spoken out against secession and thought

slavery was wrong.– He also refused to fight against the South.– He resigned his post to join the Confederacy.– Hundreds of other officers join the Confederacy as

well.– An advantage for the South.

Northern Advantages

• The North had many advantages.– Population: North – 22 million; South – 9 million.– 1860 – Almost 90% of the nation’s factories in the

North.

• Rail– North has twice as many miles of railroad tracks.– South has only one line connecting the western

states to the east.– Very easy for North to disrupt the South’s rail

system.

Northern Advantages

• Financing – North– Union also controls the national treasury.– Northern banks hold large reserves; loan money to

the government.– Congress passes the Legal Tender Act, creating a

national currency.– Also allows the government to issue paper money

called greenbacks.

Northern Advantages

• Financing – South– Most Southern planters are poor.– Banks were small and had few reserves.– Best hope was to tax trade but Union Navy began to

blockade ports.– Resorted to direct taxation of the people.– Many refuse to pay.– South is forced to print paper money to pay its bills.– Causes rapid inflation and it becomes almost

worthless.

Politics

• North disagrees over conscription– Conscription – forcing people into military service

through a draft.– Congress passes a conscription law but many

democrats oppose it.

• Problems for Jefferson Davis– Confederate Constitution protects states’ rights and

limited central government’s power.– Interferes with Davis’s ability to conduct the war.

Politics

• Europe– European governments in a difficult situation.– Union does not want European interference.– Confederacy wants recognition and military aid.– European textile factories depend on Southern

cotton.– Southern planters agree to stop selling cotton to

French and British until they recognized the Confederacy.

• French and British will stay out of the war. 

Modern Warfare

• First modern war• Technology– New, more accurate bullets.– Instead of standing in a straight line troops begin

to use trenches and barricades for protection.

• War of Attrition– Attrition – The wearing down of one side by the

other through exhaustion of soldiers and resources.

Southern Strategy

• Strategy– Southern generals would pick their battles

carefully.– A defensive war of attrition would eventually force

the Union to tire of war and negotiate.– Great pressure for South to go on offensive.

Northern Strategy

• Anaconda Plan– Union blockade of Confederate ports.– Send gunboats down the Mississippi to split the

Confederacy in two.– The South would run out of resources and

surrender.

• Critics – The strategy is too slow.

• Only a long war focused on destroying the South’s armies had any chance of success.

Chapter 3

Section 2: Fighting the Civil War

First Major Battle

• Union assault on Confederate troops at Manassas Junction, Virginia– Only 25 miles south of D.C.– Civilians dressed in their Sunday best and came to see the

battle.– Thought the Union would win and the war would be over.

• Battle of Bull Run– Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson helped the Confederates

defeat the North.– The Union Army retreated, right through the people that

came to watch.– Lincoln calls for an army of 500,000 men.

Naval War

• Lincoln proclaims a blockade of all Confederate ports to stop their trade with the world.– Difficult to stop blockade runners – small, fast

vessels used to get past the blockade.– The South was able to ship some cotton to Europe

in return for supplies.

• April 1862 – The Union captured New Orleans, center of the cotton trade.

The West

• Ulysses S. Grant – Union General– Campaign to seize the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers.– Provided the Union with a river route into Confederate

territory.

• Battle of Shiloh– Union goal: seize Corinth, Mississippi to cut the South’s

rail line between Mississippi and Tennessee.– Confederates launched a surprise attack near Shiloh

church.– Union won the battle.

• Twenty thousand troops were killed or wounded.

The East

• Union General George B. McClellan– Plan to capture Confederate capital of Richmond, VA.

• Confederate Robert E. Lee– Begins a series of attacks – Seven Days’ Battle.– Union forced to retreat.

• Confederate forces march towards D.C.– Leads to the Second Battle of Bull Run.– Confederates win again – only 20 miles outside D.C.– Lee invades Maryland.

The East

• Lee invades Maryland– Invasion would convince North to accept Southern

independence.– A victory on Northern soil would win recognition

from the British.

• September 17, 1862– Lee’s forces met Union troops under McClellan at

Antietam Creek.

The East

• Battle of Antietam – Bloodiest one-day battle in American history.– Over 6,000 killed and another 16,000 wounded.– Suffering too many casualties Lee retreats back to

Virginia.

• Crucial victory for the Union.– British were ready to intervene as a mediator had

Lee succeeded.– Were also ready to recognize the Confederacy.– Lincoln now convinced to end slavery in the South.

Emancipation

• Most begin to support ending slavery– To punish the south.– To make soldiers’ sacrifices worth it.

• Emancipation Proclamation– A decree freeing all enslaved persons in states still in

rebellion after January 1, 1863.– Did not address slavery in the border states.– Lincoln did not want to endanger their loyalty to the

Union.

• War transforms from one of preserving the Union to a war of liberation.

Life During War

• South economy suffers–Winter 1862 sees food shortages.– Food shortages led to riots.–Many Confederate soldiers deserted to return

home to help their families.

• North has an economic boom– Banking industry raises money for war.– Growing industries supply Union troops with

clothes and munitions.

Life During War

• Daily Life– Soldiers faced constant threat of disease.– Extreme medical procedures if injured in battle.

• Agricultural innovations– Helped minimize loss of labor as men left to fight.–Women filled labor shortages in industry.

Life During War

• African Americans– Emancipation enabled African Americans to enlist

in the Union army.– Thousands rush to join the military.

• Women–Managed family farm and businesses.– Served as nurses to the wounded.– Clara Barton – Civil War nurse – founder of the

American Red Cross.

The West

• Vicksburg– Control of the Mississippi was vital for the Union.– Vicksburg was the last Confederate stronghold on

the river.– North could cut the South in two.– General Grant puts the city under siege in May.– July 4, 1863 – Confederate Commander at

Vicksburg surrendered.

The East

• Confederate success– Lee defeats Union forces at Fredericksburg and

Chancellorsville.

• June 1863– Lee decides to launch another invasion of the

North.– Confederate army forages in Pennsylvania– Some troops headed into the town of Gettysburg to

seize a supply of shoes.– They encounter two brigades of Union cavalry.

The East

• Battle of Gettysburg– Union General George Meade vs. Confederate General Robert

E. Lee

• Day 1 – July 1, 1863• Day 2 – July 2

– Little Round Top – 20th Maine led by Colonel Joshua Chamberlain

• Day 3 – July 3– Lee ordered 15,000 men under the command of Generals

George Pickett and A.P. Hill to make a massive assault.– Pickett’s Charge – 7,000 casualties in less than a half hour.– Fails to break the Union line.

The East

• Gettysburg casualties– North – 23,000– South – 28,000 (more than a third of Lee’s entire

force)

• Turning point of the war in the East.– Ensures once again that the British would not

support the South.– Confederates on the defensive for the rest of the war.

• Gettysburg Address– Given on November 19, 1863.

The West

• Tennessee– Fighting erupts near a vital railroad junction in

Chattanooga.– Union victory would give them control of a railroad

running to Atlanta.– Union Victory clears the way for an invasion of

Georgia.

• Lincoln appoints Grant to general in chief of the Union forces.– Promotes him to lieutenant general – first since

George Washington.

The East

• Grant’s strategy– Grant determined to attack Lee’s forces relentlessly.– Gives Lee’s troops no time to recover.

• Union attacks:– Wilderness– Spotsylvania Courthouse– Cold Harbor

• Grant’s biggest mistake• Bloodiest eight minutes of the war.• North – 1,844 killed; South – 83 killed.

– Siege of Petersburg

March to the Sea

• William Tecumseh Sherman– Put in charge of Union operations in the West.– Captures Atlanta and sets it on fire.–More than one-third of the city destroyed.

• Sherman’s March to the Sea– Sherman leads his troops east across Georgia.– Purpose: make Southern civilians understand the

horrors of war and pressure them to give up.– Sherman’s troops cut a path of destruction up to

sixty miles wide.

Surrender

• Capture of Atlanta revitalizes Northern support for the war.– Lincoln is elected to a second term.– Lincoln interprets his win as a mandate to end

slavery permanently by amending the Constitution.

• January 31, 1865 – The 13th Amendment banning slavery in the United

States passes the House of Representatives.

Surrender

• April 9, 1865 – Appomattox Courthouse– Lee’s troops are ragged and battered, surrounded

and outnumbered.– Lee surrenders to Grant.

• Terms of surrender– U.S. would not prosecute Confederate troops for

treason.– Confederate troops could keep their horses.

Assassination

• April 14, 1865– Lincoln goes to Ford’s Theatre with his wife.– John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln in the back of

the head.– Lincoln died the next morning.

Impact of War

• North’s victory saved the Union and strengthened the power of the federal government over the states.

• Transformed American society by ending slavery.• The South is left socially and economically

devasted.• Casualties:– North – 140,414 battle deaths; 365,000 total dead.– South – 72,524 battle deaths; 260,000 total dead.– Total deaths – 625,000.

• Time to rebuild.

Chapter 3

Section 3: Reconstruction

Reconstruction

• Reconstruction– Rebuilding the nation after the war.

• Lincoln – Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction.– Reconcile with the South; not punish for treason.– Amnesty – pardon – offered to all Southerners who

took an oath of loyalty to the U.S.– When 10% of state’s voters in 1860 election took the

oath they could organize a new state government.– Confederate government officials and military officers

could not take the oath or be pardoned.

Reconstruction

• Resistance – Radical Republicans– Prevent the leaders of the Confederacy from

returning to power.– All African Americans would count towards

population.–Wanted to help African Americans achieve

political equality by guaranteeing their right to vote.

Reconstruction

• Moderate Republicans– Lincoln too lenient.– Radical Republicans going too far with African

Americans equality and voting rights.

Reconstruction

• Compromise – Wade-Davis Bill– Required the majority of adult white males in a

former Confederate state to take an oath of allegiance.– The state could then create a new government.– “Iron-clad” oath – oath saying that they never fought

against the Union or supported the South.– Each state would have to abolish slavery.– Deny all former Confederate officials and military

officers from voting or holding office.

• Passed Congress, but Lincoln vetoed it.

Reconstruction

• March 1865• Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and

Abandoned Lands– Freedmen’s Bureau.– Fed and clothed war refugees in the South.– Helped former slaves find work on plantations.

Reconstruction

• Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes president. (Video)– Democrat from Tennessee.

• Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan– Pardon all former Confederate citizens who took

an oath of loyalty to the Union.– Required Southern states to ratify the 13th

Amendment.

Reconstruction

• Problems: Southern voters elect many Confederate leaders to Congress.– Republicans voted to reject the new Southern

members of Congress.

• Southern legislatures pass black codes.– Required African Americans to enter into annual

labor contracts.– Those who did not could be arrested for vagrancy.– Forced into involuntary servitude.

Reconstruction

• Radical Reconstruction• Civil Rights Act of 1866– Intended to override the black codes.– Granted citizenship to all persons born in the U.S.

except Native Americans.– Guaranteed African Americans rights to own

property and to be treated equally in court.– Johnson vetoed it; Congress overrode it and it

became law.

Reconstruction

• 14th Amendment– Granted citizenship to all persons born or

naturalized in the U.S.– No state could deny any person “equal protection

of the laws.”– Ratified in 1868.

Reconstruction

• Johnson vs. Republicans– Republicans win a 3 to 1 majority in Congress.– They could override any presidential veto.

Reconstruction

• 1867 – Military Reconstruction Act– Divided the former Confederacy into five military

districts.– A Union general was placed in charge of each

district to maintain peace.– Each former Confederate state had to design a

constitution acceptable to Congress.– The new constitutions had to give the right to vote

to all adult male citizens regardless of race.– Each state had to ratify the 14th Amendment.

Impeachment

• Republicans try to restrict Johnson.– Pass the Tenure of Office Act which required the

Senate to approve the removal of any official whose appointment had required the Senate’s consent.

– Johnson challenges the act by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton.

• House votes to impeach Johnson.– Charged with “high crimes and misdemeanors.”

Impeachment

• Senate put the president on trial.– Voted 35 – 19 guilty; one short of two-thirds

needed for conviction.

• Johnson does not run in next election.• Ulysses S. Grant wins the presidency. (

Video 11:39)

Reconstruction

• Fifteenth Amendment– The right to vote shall not be denied on account of

race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Reconstruction

• During Reconstruction a large number of Northerners travelled to the South.–Many were elected to positions in state

government.– Called carpetbaggers – some arrived with

belongings in suitcases made of carpet fabric.– Some Southerners worked with Republicans and

supported Reconstruction – known as scalawags.

African Americans

• African American men enter politics.– Served as delegates to constitutional conventions.– Dozens served in state legislatures; 14 elected to

the House; two to the Senate.

• Freedmen’s Bureau establishes schools for African Americans.– 1876 – 40% of African American children attend

school.

• Begin building churches.

Reforms and Resistance

• Republican governments in the South institute reforms.– Repealed the black codes.– Improved infrastructure – rebuilt roads, railways,

and bridges.

• Resistance– Secret societies organized to undermine

Republican rule.– The largest – Ku Klux Klan.

End of Reconstruction

• Grant’s second term marred by scandals.• Country also falls into a depression.• Republicans begin to lose power.• Enforcing Reconstruction becomes more

difficult.• Democrats begin to retake control of the

South.

End of Reconstruction

• Election of 1876– Republican Rutherford B. Hayes vs. Democrat

Samuel Tilden.– Election day: twenty electoral votes disputed (19

from three southern states).

• Compromise of 1877– Republicans promised to pull federal troops out of

the South if Hayes were elected.

End of Reconstruction

• A New South– South cold never return to the pre-war agricultural

economy.– Had to develop a strong industrial economy.

African Americans

• Collapse of Reconstruction ends their hopes of being granted land.– Many return to plantations owned by whites.– Many became tenant farmers – paying rent for the land

they farmed.– Most tenant farmers became sharecroppers – paid a share

of their crops to cover rent and seed and equipment.– Many struggled to grow enough to cover the increasing

cost of supplies.

• The Civil War had ended slavery; Reconstruction had trapped many in poverty.