Chapter Twelve: Ideological Terrorism. The Status of Ideological Terrorism

Chapter Twelve:Chapter Twelve:

Ideological TerrorismIdeological Terrorism

The Status of Ideological The Status of Ideological TerrorismTerrorism

The Status of Ideological TerrorismThe Status of Ideological Terrorism

Ideological terrorism vs. single-issue Ideological terrorism vs. single-issue terrorismterrorism Ideological terrorism refers to small Ideological terrorism refers to small

groups who terrorize for the purpose of groups who terrorize for the purpose of imposing their political ideals on othersimposing their political ideals on others

Single-issue terrorists embrace a single Single-issue terrorists embrace a single cause such as antiglobalism, animal cause such as antiglobalism, animal rights, ecology, abortion, or anarchismrights, ecology, abortion, or anarchism

Ideological terrorism developed from Ideological terrorism developed from theories of revolution and was closely theories of revolution and was closely tied to models of guerilla warfaretied to models of guerilla warfare

The effect of religious violence on ideological The effect of religious violence on ideological terrorismterrorism Most of the groups lost sponsors when the Soviet Most of the groups lost sponsors when the Soviet

Union collapsedUnion collapsed Right-wing groups modified their politics with Right-wing groups modified their politics with

tailored-made religions, especially in the United tailored-made religions, especially in the United StatesStates

As death and violence increased with the advent As death and violence increased with the advent of religious terrorism, many ideologues of religious terrorism, many ideologues renounced violencerenounced violence

The nations that continued to support terrorism The nations that continued to support terrorism did so under the new rules of the gamedid so under the new rules of the game They either endorsed religion or let the issue They either endorsed religion or let the issue

driving violence become a surrogate religion driving violence become a surrogate religion expressed in absolutist termsexpressed in absolutist terms


Surrogate religionSurrogate religion The group replaces religious The group replaces religious

behavior with an ideology that has behavior with an ideology that has the power of religionthe power of religion

When violence is internalized, that When violence is internalized, that is, focused on its own members, the is, focused on its own members, the group can become a religious cultgroup can become a religious cult

If the group targets victims in the If the group targets victims in the outside world, it frequently behaves outside world, it frequently behaves like a religious terrorist organization like a religious terrorist organization


State-sponsored terrorismState-sponsored terrorism State-sponsored terrorism is terrorism State-sponsored terrorism is terrorism

supported by a nation-statesupported by a nation-state Ideology is related to state-sponsored Ideology is related to state-sponsored

terrorism, but ideological terrorism has been terrorism, but ideological terrorism has been transformed since the fall of the Soviet Uniontransformed since the fall of the Soviet Union

The ideology that supports terrorism tends to The ideology that supports terrorism tends to come from the passion surrounding an issue, come from the passion surrounding an issue, not state sponsorshipnot state sponsorship

State sponsorship may occur on the fringes, State sponsorship may occur on the fringes, but a single ideology drives the violencebut a single ideology drives the violence


Ideology and Marighella’s Ideology and Marighella’s Urban ModelUrban Model

Ideology and Marighella’s Urban Ideology and Marighella’s Urban ModelModel

Urban guerilla and urban terrorismUrban guerilla and urban terrorism Ideologically driven terrorism Ideologically driven terrorism

emerged from anticolonialismemerged from anticolonialism The model for such terrorism was The model for such terrorism was

based on the idea of the urban based on the idea of the urban guerilla and urban terrorism. guerilla and urban terrorism. These ideas were initially These ideas were initially championed by Frantz Fannonchampioned by Frantz Fannon


Frantz Fannon Frantz Fannon In the In the Wretched of the EarthWretched of the Earth, Fannon writes that , Fannon writes that

Western powers have dehumanized non-Western Western powers have dehumanized non-Western people by destroying their cultures and replacing people by destroying their cultures and replacing them with Western valuesthem with Western values

The masses end up suffering a perpetual identity The masses end up suffering a perpetual identity crisis: To succeed, they are forced to deny their crisis: To succeed, they are forced to deny their heritage. Fanon argues that the natives can heritage. Fanon argues that the natives can follow only one course of action: revolutionfollow only one course of action: revolution

He claimed decolonization was destined to be a He claimed decolonization was destined to be a violent process because it involved replacing violent process because it involved replacing one group of powerful people with another one group of powerful people with another group; achieving freedom was inherently violentgroup; achieving freedom was inherently violent


Frantz Fannon Frantz Fannon Fanon advocated rural guerrilla warfare as the Fanon advocated rural guerrilla warfare as the

primary method of revolutionprimary method of revolution Terrorism had a specific purpose: to terrorize Terrorism had a specific purpose: to terrorize

Westerners and their followers into submissionWesterners and their followers into submission Urban terror was to create mayhem, and all Urban terror was to create mayhem, and all

terrorism was to be excessively brutal to terrorism was to be excessively brutal to communicate fear. Fanon’s guerrilla model thus communicate fear. Fanon’s guerrilla model thus uses terrorism as a strategy and deviates from uses terrorism as a strategy and deviates from typical guerrillas who try to build a military forcetypical guerrillas who try to build a military force

Ideology and Marighella’s Urban ModelIdeology and Marighella’s Urban Model Carlos Marighella and the Marighella modelCarlos Marighella and the Marighella model

For the Liberation of Brazil For the Liberation of Brazil and and The Minimanual The Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla, of the Urban Guerrilla, Marighella designed and Marighella designed and presented practical guides for terrorismpresented practical guides for terrorism

Marighella wanted to move violence from the Marighella wanted to move violence from the countryside to the city and designed a method countryside to the city and designed a method for organizing a campaign of terror that has been for organizing a campaign of terror that has been used by groups ranging across the political used by groups ranging across the political spectrumspectrum The Japanese Red ArmyThe Japanese Red Army The Freemen of MontanaThe Freemen of Montana

The basis of revolution was violenceThe basis of revolution was violence All violence could be urban-based and controlled All violence could be urban-based and controlled

by a small group of urban guerillasby a small group of urban guerillas

Ideology and Marighella’s Urban ModelIdeology and Marighella’s Urban Model Robert Moss’ synopsis of Marighella’s writingsRobert Moss’ synopsis of Marighella’s writings

Urban terrorism was to begin with two distinct phases, one Urban terrorism was to begin with two distinct phases, one designed to bring about actual violence, and the other designed to bring about actual violence, and the other designed to give that violence meaningdesigned to give that violence meaning

The terror campaign was to be accompanied by a The terror campaign was to be accompanied by a psychological offensive, that is, a mass movement of psychological offensive, that is, a mass movement of revolutionary sympathizers, to provide peripheral support revolutionary sympathizers, to provide peripheral support for terroristsfor terrorists

A campaign of revolutionary terrorism in an urban setting A campaign of revolutionary terrorism in an urban setting could be used to destabilize government power; could be used to destabilize government power; Governmental repression was the goal of terrorism at this Governmental repression was the goal of terrorism at this stagestage

Marighella believed that the public supported government Marighella believed that the public supported government policies because they did not recognize the repressive policies because they did not recognize the repressive nature of the state. A terrorist campaign would force the nature of the state. A terrorist campaign would force the government to reveal that repressive nature, thereby government to reveal that repressive nature, thereby alienating the publicalienating the public

Ideology and Marighella’s Urban ModelIdeology and Marighella’s Urban Model The firing teamThe firing team

The purpose of the urban guerrilla is to The purpose of the urban guerrilla is to shoot. The job of the firing teamshoot. The job of the firing team,, Marighella’s basic unit, is to killMarighella’s basic unit, is to kill

The firing team is composed of four to The firing team is composed of four to five terrorists. Several firing teams are five terrorists. Several firing teams are needed to construct a terrorist needed to construct a terrorist organization, but the team can exist on organization, but the team can exist on its ownits own

The firing team is the basic weapon of The firing team is the basic weapon of the urban guerillathe urban guerilla

Ideology and Marighella’s Urban ModelIdeology and Marighella’s Urban Model

The Marighella model and terrorismThe Marighella model and terrorism This model of urban terrorism and This model of urban terrorism and

revolution would be an excellent theory revolution would be an excellent theory for revolutionaries if it were functionalfor revolutionaries if it were functional

It does not work; it does not topple It does not work; it does not topple governmentsgovernments

Most ideological terrorist groups have Most ideological terrorist groups have followed the path of Marighella. They followed the path of Marighella. They cannot become strong enough to create cannot become strong enough to create a new order, but they can terrorize a a new order, but they can terrorize a community or countrycommunity or country

The Demise of Left-Wing The Demise of Left-Wing Ideology in EuropeIdeology in Europe

The Demise of Left-Wing Ideology The Demise of Left-Wing Ideology in Europein Europe

Raymond Corrado and Rebecca EvansRaymond Corrado and Rebecca Evans The ideological terrorists of the 1960s, on both the left The ideological terrorists of the 1960s, on both the left

and the right, were expressing their frustration with the and the right, were expressing their frustration with the social structures imposed by a modern industrial social structures imposed by a modern industrial societysociety

The fundamental difference between ideological and The fundamental difference between ideological and nationalist terrorists can be found in their goals. nationalist terrorists can be found in their goals. Ideological terrorists in Europe reject the economic and Ideological terrorists in Europe reject the economic and social structure of industrial capitalism; they want a social structure of industrial capitalism; they want a new ordernew order

Nationalists, on the other hand, frequently embrace Nationalists, on the other hand, frequently embrace capitalism and fight for ethnic self-determination. They capitalism and fight for ethnic self-determination. They desire economic opportunity within the context of a desire economic opportunity within the context of a strong national identity. Nationalism stays, ideology strong national identity. Nationalism stays, ideology does notdoes not


Raymond Corrado and Rebecca EvansRaymond Corrado and Rebecca Evans Corrado and Evans conclude, the popularity of Corrado and Evans conclude, the popularity of

nationalistic and left-wing terrorism was nationalistic and left-wing terrorism was changingchanging As pluralistic governments worked to relieve As pluralistic governments worked to relieve

frustration, the attractiveness of terrorism frustration, the attractiveness of terrorism waned, and terrorists lost their support base. waned, and terrorists lost their support base. Corrado and Evans assumed that terrorist Corrado and Evans assumed that terrorist violence would fade away, only reappearing violence would fade away, only reappearing in a few sporadic incidentsin a few sporadic incidents


Three key events that changed the political Three key events that changed the political destiny and the worlddestiny and the world The Berlin Wall came down, leading to The Berlin Wall came down, leading to

the reunification of Germanythe reunification of Germany To the south, new nations emerging To the south, new nations emerging

from the former Yugoslavia took up arms from the former Yugoslavia took up arms and resumed a centuries-old struggleand resumed a centuries-old struggle

The Soviet Union dissolved, along with The Soviet Union dissolved, along with the authoritarian rule of the Communist the authoritarian rule of the Communist Party in the republics of the former Party in the republics of the former Soviet Union and Eastern EuropeSoviet Union and Eastern Europe


Pluchinsky and supraindigenous terrorismPluchinsky and supraindigenous terrorism By the term supraindigenous terrorism, By the term supraindigenous terrorism,

Pluchinsky meant that local terrorist Pluchinsky meant that local terrorist activities would extend beyond local activities would extend beyond local boundaries; Each time a government brings boundaries; Each time a government brings one variety of terrorism into check, a new one variety of terrorism into check, a new strain appearsstrain appears

As the structure of Europe and the world As the structure of Europe and the world changed from 1989 to 1992, European changed from 1989 to 1992, European terrorism also changedterrorism also changed

Ideological terrorism swung from the left to Ideological terrorism swung from the left to right, changing its structure as it movedright, changing its structure as it moved


Stephen SegallerStephen Segaller Segaller believes that the European leftists were Segaller believes that the European leftists were

seeking unity out of weakness, not strengthseeking unity out of weakness, not strength Modern European terrorism emerged in the 1960s Modern European terrorism emerged in the 1960s

as an extreme reflection of left-wing activismas an extreme reflection of left-wing activism By 1970, most left-wing groups and the resurgent By 1970, most left-wing groups and the resurgent

nationalist groups modeled themselves after the nationalist groups modeled themselves after the Marighella modelMarighella model

In 1985, the left-wing movement faced its In 1985, the left-wing movement faced its weakness and tried to form a confederation to weakness and tried to form a confederation to gain momentumgain momentum

The left-wing coalition was an effort to pool The left-wing coalition was an effort to pool dwindling resources and supportdwindling resources and support


The Red BrigadesThe Red Brigades The organization of the Red Brigades The organization of the Red Brigades

was unique in European terrorismwas unique in European terrorism They came closer to matching the They came closer to matching the

Marighella model than did any other Marighella model than did any other group in Europegroup in Europe

The Red Brigades had a variety of The Red Brigades had a variety of urban centers. Each unit became a urban centers. Each unit became a fairly autonomous organization within fairly autonomous organization within its own areaits own area


The current state of left-wing terrorism in EuropeThe current state of left-wing terrorism in Europe The ideological basis for left-wing terrorism in The ideological basis for left-wing terrorism in

Europe is out of vogueEurope is out of vogue Only three groups remained active in the 1990sOnly three groups remained active in the 1990s

Dev Sol in TurkeyDev Sol in Turkey GRAPO in SpainGRAPO in Spain 17N in Greece17N in Greece

The ideological basis for left-wing terrorism has The ideological basis for left-wing terrorism has been eliminatedbeen eliminated

Single-issue terrorism is in its infancy in EuropeSingle-issue terrorism is in its infancy in Europe The bigger threat comes from international The bigger threat comes from international

Jihadists, cultlike groups, and new strains Jihadists, cultlike groups, and new strains replacing the oldreplacing the old

Iraq Insurgency: Guerillas Iraq Insurgency: Guerillas or Terrorists, Ethnic or or Terrorists, Ethnic or

Ideological?Ideological?

Iraq Insurgency: Guerillas or Terrorists, Iraq Insurgency: Guerillas or Terrorists, Ethnic or Ideological?Ethnic or Ideological?

Objectives for the U.S.-led invasion of IraqObjectives for the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq The United States sought to enforce a mandate The United States sought to enforce a mandate

from the United Nations to end the production and from the United Nations to end the production and possession of weapons of mass destruction in Iraqpossession of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq

The United States wanted to end the reign of The United States wanted to end the reign of Saddam Hussein and implement a democratically Saddam Hussein and implement a democratically elected government elected government

The stated purpose was to end collusion between The stated purpose was to end collusion between Saddam Hussein and al QaedaSaddam Hussein and al Qaeda

After the major offensive, the campaign of After the major offensive, the campaign of violence against the United States and its allies violence against the United States and its allies was horrendouswas horrendous

Democratic elections took place in Iraq in January Democratic elections took place in Iraq in January of 2005, but the Iraq insurgency continuedof 2005, but the Iraq insurgency continued

Iraq Insurgency: Guerillas or Iraq Insurgency: Guerillas or Terrorists, Ethnic or Ideological?Terrorists, Ethnic or Ideological?

Three main insurgent groupsThree main insurgent groups Displaced Ba’athists who were part of Displaced Ba’athists who were part of

Sadddam Hussein’s regimeSadddam Hussein’s regime Many Ba’athists believe they can Many Ba’athists believe they can

reclaim power. The see themselves reclaim power. The see themselves engaged in a guerilla campaignengaged in a guerilla campaign

Iraqis who want the United States to Iraqis who want the United States to leave their countryleave their country Sunni militantsSunni militants Militant Shi’itesMilitant Shi’ites Iraqi CriminalsIraqi Criminals


Jihadists who have come to Iraq to fight the Jihadists who have come to Iraq to fight the United StatesUnited States Some flock from surrounding areas to Some flock from surrounding areas to

fight as guerillasfight as guerillas Some are terrorists within an al Qaeda\-Some are terrorists within an al Qaeda\-

style umbrellastyle umbrella They are behind many of the murderous They are behind many of the murderous

kidnappings and suicide bombingskidnappings and suicide bombings The three insurgent groups do not share a The three insurgent groups do not share a

common vision for the future of Iraq and common vision for the future of Iraq and they are frequently at odds with each otherthey are frequently at odds with each other


The culture factorThe culture factor An old Arab folk saying illustrates the overriding An old Arab folk saying illustrates the overriding

importance of family ties in Arab culture and the importance of family ties in Arab culture and the response to “the stranger”: “I and my brothers against response to “the stranger”: “I and my brothers against my cousins; I and my cousins against the stranger”my cousins; I and my cousins against the stranger”

When such cultural aspects combine with the various When such cultural aspects combine with the various ideologies motivating insurgent groups, it is possible to ideologies motivating insurgent groups, it is possible to see that a major portion of the insurrection does not see that a major portion of the insurrection does not involve terrorisminvolve terrorism

Many of the actions against Americans and their allies Many of the actions against Americans and their allies do not involve terrorismdo not involve terrorism

If the United States is to end major combat operations If the United States is to end major combat operations in Iraq, it will need to implement a strategy that in Iraq, it will need to implement a strategy that addresses the major issues that insurgents and addresses the major issues that insurgents and terrorist groups use to justify violenceterrorist groups use to justify violence

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Chapter Twelve: Ideological Terrorism. The Status of Ideological Terrorism