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CHAPTER TWO FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE 任任任任 任任任 任任 任任任 任任任

CHAPTER Two FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

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CHAPTER Two FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE. 任課老師:任維廉 教授 報告人:王鴻傑. 1. Organization Structure. Structure includes three key components : 1. Formal Reporting Relationships Number of levels Span of Control ( 一位主管可以直接管轄的部屬人數 ) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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CHAPTER TWO

FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

任課老師:任維廉 教授 報告人:王鴻傑

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1. Organization Structure

Structure includes three key components :

1. Formal Reporting Relationships Number of levels Span of Control ( 一位主管可以直接管轄的部屬人數 )

課堂提問與討論:當 Span of control 越高的時候,層級數就相對越小。然而的管轄人數不一定有優缺,要視不同組織而定,還尚需考量產業環境、員工能力、主管需求等條件作調整。

2. Grouping of Individuals 創造不同的部門 ( 個體→部門→組織 )

3. Design of Systems 組織的設計將會影響溝通、協調和整合

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2. Information-Processing Perspective on Structure

Vertical linkages

• Control

Horizontal linkage

• Coordination• Collaboration

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All organizations need a mix

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A Sample Organization Chart

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垂直聯繫

水平聯繫

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3. Vertical Information Sharing

Vertical linkages are used to coordinate activities between the top and bottom of an organization and are designed primarily for control of the organization.

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Vertical Information Sharing

1. Hierarchical referral ( 層級運作 ) 請示及指示→指揮鏈

2. Rules and plans 指組織的任務為例行時,所採取之標準化或合理化

的相關作為 Rules (e.g. S.O.P.) ; Plans(e.g. 預算、排程 )

3. Vertical information systems 記錄日常營運活動、產生報表、 e-mail 等。

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4. Horizontal Information Sharing

Horizontal linkage refers to communication and coordination horizontally across organizational departments.

1. Cross-functional information systems 將各部門擁有的資訊整合成系統,提供各單位使用

2. Direct contact 由一位隸屬某部門的主管與另一部門主管進行協調 i.e. liaison role

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Horizontal Information Sharing

3. Task forces ( 任務小組 ) 針對一個短期、暫時性的特定議題,由各個功能部

門推派人員所形成的跨部門小組 E.g. 專案、委員會

4. Full-Time Integrator ( 專任整合者 ) 獨立於所欲協調的部門之外,而從事功能部門之間

的溝通工作 E.g. product manager, project manager, or brand

manager

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Horizontal Information Sharing

5. Teams 一種最強的水平聯繫。當組織需要永久性的跨部門、

功能性、專業之溝通時所採取的團隊合作運作方式 E.g. Boeing used about 250 cross-functional teams to

design and manufacture the 777 aircraft. 同學提出比較:可將 task forces 和 teams 一起討論,前者

屬於短期的跨部門小組,針對特定議題解決;後者則是永久性的特性不因任務結束而瓦解。 Direct contact 和 full-time integrator 放在一起思考,前者是部門主管之間的溝通協調;後者則是永久性的協調者。

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Ladder of Mechanisms for Horizontal Linkages

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5. Organization Design Alternatives

The overall design of organization structure indicates: Required Work Activities Reporting Relationships Departmental Grouping Options

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Functional Grouping

Divisional Grouping

Multifocused Grouping

Horizontal Grouping

Virtual Network Grouping

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6. Functional, Divisional, and Geographical Designs

Functional Structure Activities grouped by common function Functional Structure with Horizontal Linkages 優: Promotes economies of scale 缺: Slow response to environmental changes

Divisional Structure Product structure or strategic business units 優: Suited for fast change 缺: Loses economies of scale

課堂提出問題:有關於 Divisional Structure 不同於以往產銷人發財的部門劃分,而是針對不同的產品結構作主要分類,老師提出 SBU 的觀念亦為分類基準。Chapter Two - Fundamentals of Organization Structure 2011/10/13

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Functional vs. Divisional Structure

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Geographical Structure

Geographical Structure Focuses managers and employees on specific

geographic regions

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7. Matrix Structure

把職能劃分的部門和按產品劃分的小組結合起來組成一個矩陣,一名管理人員既同原職能部門保持組織與業務上的聯繫,又參加產品小組的工作。 優點:將企業的橫向與縱向關係相結合,有利於協作生產 缺點:容易產生指揮系統的混淆

可用來完成涉及面廣的、複雜的重大工程項目或管理改革任務。 課堂討論與問題:矩陣式組織容易違反指揮統一原則,一位員

工必須聽從兩位主管的命令,通常橫向的產品別主管較難做人,因為員工大部分還是會以上面的功能別主管為主。課堂中提到了有關於管理學院和不同系所之間的例子,必須拿捏好不同命令的指派,才可以讓矩陣式組織有效運作。

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Sample Matrix Organization

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產品別

功能別

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8. Horizontal Structure

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A horizontal structure organizes employees around core processes. Organizations shift to a horizontal structure during reengineering, or business process reengineering.

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9. Virtual Networks and Outsourcing

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是一個由不同的獨立的企業,如供應商、顧客、乃至於競爭者所形成之暫時的網路。 本質為廠商之間的跨組織合作。虛擬 (virtual)- 指某物的力量來自他物。

運作方式: 產業分工著重核心能力 (自己 ) 將某些策略活動予以策略性外包 (他人 )

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Virtual Networks and Outsourcing

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10. Hybrid Structure

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Combination of various structure approaches Often used in rapidly changing environments Greater flexibility

課堂討論:目前大部分的組織都是混合型組織,可能是多種組織結構並存,對於日趨變化的未來可以較快速反應環境所產生之變化。

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11. Design Essentials

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Structure must provide a framework, linking organization into whole

Provide vertical and horizontal linkages Variety of alternatives for grouping Virtual network extends horizontal coordination Matrix structure attempts to achieve balance Managers must find right balance

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討論與心得

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Which organization structure is the best one? 我認為各種組織結構都必須配合環境與產業特性,

不同條件情況下的組織結構各有利弊。但是整體而言目前的環境動態變化大、競爭激烈,組織的發展還是朝向扁平化為趨勢。

心得:課文列舉的組織結構清楚,讓大家可以瞭解目前的組織設計,但是現實中的組織結構仍然和產業環境有很大的關係,必須考量不同的權變因素,才能瞭解組織設計的優劣。

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實務例子─台北六福皇宮飯店

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飯店一般為 Functional Structure ,依照不同的功能作部門劃分。

以前在宴會廳 (banquet)打工,有時候會有不同的 Task forces ( 任務小組 ) ,將不同的人員集合針對特別的婚禮、會議、記者會。

組織扁平化,易反應顧客需求。TTask force