Chapter11 Locomotion Support

8/14/2019 Chapter11 Locomotion Support

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e ability of af organ sn lo mole lromanorher is ca led o.omorion.

TOCOMOTION AND SUPPORTand Locomotion

Axial skeleton Appendicrlar

a hropDds l,nseds aud

stu.rures nom damace rhe bodyshape,suppotuL2

sepaEred f rom each other. supports humanbodyinr enc oses and protects the

attactrment for the ribs,

Pectoral Eirdle

i+6@. ::ff::"J:,"","'

phatanses-{;

Scapula lshouldr blade)r situated nlhe posler or

Skull, prc1ed!r,e !n i i.i a bonesi

0r rhe G!0 Gro,y and d ged re

wrst/ Narpus cons srs 013

. rrones o,lhe lrMeG rFrdk:140,3 ohar esiorotherrin@s ----l @chhandof ihe anbior rhom.i. rccion t22


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aGut verrebrarteria,cana, C'@

Problems Faced in Support' Fcsstdnc whei nr.vfg ith. walertrh ch s visc.rs

l otof.fforr s requ red rocvercom. gralit:t on. force"hen mov ngarolnrl n a r

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I Anormarvertebr. rras a ceitrunr an oDen rg.a ed.cura cana ard pfo.csses.

moffiGi{frfir'l

Coccyx(4 fused).' , U'ill , rliltu;r I,ii:::"' -4

lumbosacral articular surrace

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sl.ongest vedebrae ntheveilebralcolumn.\ . The processesare,\'-:ffii:"ffi;x:n.rves!nr brood vessc s

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Bones are 1oo tough and nnot bend wiihoul beingloints areformed bylexible connective tissue to hold thebones together and a low any movement-loini isrhe place where two or more bones meetand arehe d together by lgaments. Ansvel

holds the bones togethertouCh sheets of elastic fib.esconnects boneto bone- allowsthemovemenbandprevents the dislocation oi theointd!rinamovementA typical synovial joint

- an enclosure reinJorced by igamenG. ls strengthened with licaments

obknof'hehurua brjoid

Knee joints (Hinge ioints)lO ciY. n exrmPh orr Fn or'bois'rr hs 6s 'rPc dfioitr'"---' Ball'and_socket jolnG' :llow tlie bones to otate . a ]

- allow the sw nging or arms and legs inacircular motion

loints. There are manytypes ofjoints.. Mostjoints connect boneswnh. 0ifierentkindsoijointsareimportant in dilierent molemenis.

1.-_.'./found ln the e bows, and pha anges oiallow the lower eeb swine back and

between thetumur afd thepelvic gid e, ihe shoulderjoint berween the humerus

allowthe movement of bones

Skeletal musclesmade up or bundles or muscle fbresproduce vo untary moveff ents oi

' inteEct with at east tlvo bonesacross lhe joints-though the tendonsoperate as evers afd coFlractwhenreceivl.gnerve mpulsesfrom bra nproduce movements by exening theforce to pu lon thetendons that aremusc es mlst work in pansa.tagonistmusclesare muscleswhich workin opposition, i.e, whe. one muscle conlracts, ihe other muscle relaxesthe example ol an aniagon st c pairof muscles ls biceps and lriceps wlilch ls used in strajghtenidg and bend nethe arm

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The Muscles lnvolved ln walkingJ.r'r\./ JJ re/,J-2--/ JJ J,...r'3 The weight ofihe body is nowsuppoded lJy the eft egs nce the r glrtioot oses contactwith the ground.

Triceps (extensor) contracted

Aic-aps.nd tr ceps are aniagon st cs pair otm!s. es { sed nbefdineandsiraghtcnnetir.arrWhen the blceps conlracts, the tendons re aythe pul ng forces which are produced byihecontracl0n to the iorearm. At the sametlrne, the triceps relaxes.conseqlenty, the e bowjointlexes or bends. thelorearm wil move upwards.Conlcrsc y, the foreann is stra ghtened whe. ihetriceps contracts and the biceps re aiesWhen the mlscles contracts, tlreygetshorter andWhen the musc es are not contracting, tlrey returnto their noma slzes.Then, they are re ax ng.

Alter the extension ofthe legs,the ioot with the hee iolchingthegro!nd firsl will regain contadr wrh

1 The calfmuscc contractsand raisesthe he|. I pushes lhe ba olfoolacainsrrlre ground by exerrl.ga

2 The lramsvngmuscre contGctsto purthefem!r backand bends the knee.'Ihen,thethigh s Erracted and the leg

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rriceps (exiensor) re axed

4 -lhe eft leg is si lin contactwith rheground.The quadrlceps musc e w lcontEc! pur sthelemurlorward andextendsthe eg.Then,lhe th glr is6 Theweiglrtolihe bodyissupported by

the right eg. Nowthe whole seqlences repeated with the efi lea.

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The Action ol Antagonistic lJluscles Brings about the Movement of the Forearm.Humerus

) sira ehteiins Movement

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.---.* ilons sts of bund es of nusc e f bres.

Has a nerve endingto contro itsactvniesConta ns a large supplyofnervesand blood vesse sSkeeta mlscecontracls n responseb netueNerve mpulsesl.avel alonglhe Olasma membraneand inrorhe irerorolthe muscre cel.

Muscle {ibreA longand cy indrcalce lhatThousands ofmuscefbsw form a largeMusceconrractof a so requnes energy nATP(adenos ne fiiDhosphate) form.The eiergy ofATP s prodlced in m tochondrion.

Muscle crampsAn Noluntary,iorcblvcontEctedmuscewhlchisunabletoA sudden contraci on of musc es whlch resu G in a sudden,grear pain and an lnabilityto use the atiected musc es.Thespinaicordwittstimuatesthemuscletokeepcontraciing.

\tHMyotibrils (bundles ol smaller units). t\,lake !p musc el bres.

Muscular dystrophycaused byrh progressile deEene6tonand weaken ngofthe

. Ac6mp astsirom afew seconds to twenty. nadequate stretching andmusc e fat qle lsuallyiead to muscle cGmps.i common amongathletesand older people whopedorm vigorous physica

OsteoporosisCommon dlsease amongo derwomen.Bones becomethinner, more porousard more britlle.The bones are easi y subjcted to rractures.Osteoporosis can be prevented by tak nE enough amo!nls oi

Arthritis. Arthriris sa conditionwhereihejointsbecome swollen, stiffand pa niu.r osieoarthrllisiscausedbytliewearandtearoithecart ae

between the bones insidec ainjonts.. Tlie poduction ofsynovlalnu d ln theloints willdecreasebecause of ageing process.. The cartilage cover ngrhe ends of bones becomesihinnerand. ejiEdme 5 bF o F .ho rp and locF lair 6a


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Locomotion in an animalwith a hydrostatic skeleton: An Earthworm. Earthworfr has hydrostat cskeletonto ma nrain its bodyshaoe and assists locomoton']ff*:""",# Esappiiedto circutarmlsctesanud filed contcct,lliecoelom. ,r""""

relax, chaetaeretracted.ffi "",:,. RI

Ilocomotion in

p@duced alongthe body chaetae

A Grasshopper

rtn;;*ran animal with an exoskeleton :

Ihe stages orjumping in a grasshopper

Succe$ive perista lic waves sra attheiro.t and frove towardsrhe efd.flric b..rvwhen thellexor muscles n tlre upperparrofthe grasslroppers egs contract the owerpart ofthe eEs are pu edrowardsthebo

-r+. rhehind es areforded inlhe shaDe ofa Zinlhe positiof ar rest (nexor musc es conrracl).

Locomotlon in a Bild

ntcr or surlace ofthe eiosk..loiFlexo6are mlsclesrlrar bend ajoinlwh e extensorsstra ghten t.. The l.gs olthe grasshopprlerk back$.rdswhen lh..xtenq.r h!c. F..nt:.ic

contracts, the lower lee is;,t ...4 pu edtowardsthe body.

. Wr e wa kinf, a grasshollerusestlrree gslos!pport tsbody offlhe cround wh etrreother three lees w noveo qrrd* h @n u' s. d6 t.gelh.r.na Pu or push th body

0pMrdrcn(M)sdi.Brrd.(5546e0-H) 127


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Locomotion in a Frog'iiilt'll f,

Locomotion in an animal with an endoskeleton : A Fisho@ o@ o GrlB

For sleer na and stopsforw:rd movement.

. Preveilyaw ngand ro ne' Made up ofthe dorsa !nd

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lcl s ny coatings on rsh

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Prevnr rolling ard p lchi.gAct as brakes and rudders.swim b adde6 to slpportlrlovancv in w.fer !:ts!r. so r cni.ontr. th-".nrounloiar i th. slv n b add,.rto clrange

Ar.wtheiislrtopuslr itstaisagd isltheqater.nd moveforwardw slraped ousc. segmnls.Tlreconrr:cton and reaxaton olthe myolome nusces c:n nrove Lhevertebrd colu i ofth. nsh s de by slde and ma nta ns ls f exibi Ly.N'!!.t.:ne rtrs. es a fays.ct r !0905 t. s d.]Whe. thc m!s.es contr:clon one side aioLhersde w reaxArerrat nguaves ol conllacl on and re axation wiL startJrom head tota of ellhersde oIlhe bodyThen, the body offie nsh wil swee! iron sd. to sde.nd puslrestlrelvaler backwards andsdeways. Thefsh w moveforw:rd.

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Chapter11 Locomotion Support