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    SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

    defined as development that meet the needs of the

    present generation without compromising the abilityof future generations to meet their own needs.

    It is an approach to environmental and development issues that seeks

    to reconcile human needs with the capacity of the planet to cope with

    the consequences of human activities.

    Example : Pulp & paper industries.

    - We need paper (variety types of paper) everyday.

    - In order to get what we need today, we will chopmore trees.

    - If we do not take any action to plant it back,

    in the future they will be no trees and will cause

    the environmental problem.

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    Sustainable development MUST CONSIDURING three elements -

    economic, environmentaland social(Venn diagram)

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    An "unsustainable situation" occurs when natural capital (thesum total of nature's resources) is used up faster than it can be replenished.

    ENVIRONMENT

    Consumption of

    renewable

    resources

    State of

    environment

    Sustainability

    More than

    nature's ability to

    replenish

    Environmental

    degradation

    Not sustainable

    Equal to nature'sability to

    replenish

    Environmental

    equilibrium

    Steady State

    economy

    Less than nature's

    ability to

    replenish

    Environmental

    renewal

    Sustainable

    development

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    The current practice of society and the world is obviously

    unsustainable, reflected by those major issues on population growth,energy consumption, global climate change and resource depletion.

    The Chemical Industry faces a huge sustainability challenge from both

    a financialand a societalperspective

    SOLUTION :::

    - companies must take a systematic value-centered approach focused

    on simultaneously addressing both their financial and their societal

    challenges.

    what is Systematic value-centered approach- also called as sustainable value

    - Sustainable Value is value that is positive for shareholders and

    stakeholders.

    Sustainability Challenges

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    Stakeholdersare a key to broadening the vision and driving innovation. A

    number of key stakeholder groups are shown. They are divided into the

    traditional economic stakeholders and societal stakeholders.

    Systematic value-centered approach

    Stakeholders are individuals and groups that are

    impacted by (or impact) the firms value chain,

    participating voluntarily or involuntarily in the

    creation or transfer of value.

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    Sustainable MatrixShareholder value

    Stakeholder

    value

    Stakeholdersprovide insight into hidden risks and opportunities

    When a companys product or business is operating in the upper left quadrant there

    are hidden (and sometimes not so hidden) risks. These could include loss of sales, etc

    When operating in the sustainable quadrant (the upper right) there are a number of

    benefits and opportunities such as enhanced reputation, etc

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    The pressure to create solutions should be directed at both the strategic and

    operational levels.

    This solutions lays out the range of operational and strategic risks andopportunities that the chemical industry faces today.

    Solutions on Sustainability challenge

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    The left side shows the operational risks and opportunities,

    the right side shows the strategic risks and opportunities and

    the green at the bottom shows the benefits in terms of brand

    value and reputation, license to operate, attracting and

    retaining talent, cost savings and revenue enhancements.

    The operational opportunities include incremental

    improvements in environmental, health and safety, and social

    performance.

    Solutions on Sustainability challenge

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    The two major strategic risks are :

    1) persistent toxins such as dioxin and mercury thataccumulate in the food chain and are now found inmammals and fish in even the most remote parts of theworld.

    2) global climate change.

    Green chemistry and biotechnology provide thepotential for overcoming the two major strategic risksthrough radical innovation for new products and markets.

    Solutions on Sustainability challenge

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    Increase productivity and selectivity through intensification of intelligentoperations and a multiscale approach to processes control (e.g., nano- ormicrotailoring of catalyst materials).

    Design novel equipment based on scientific principles and new productionmethods: process intensification in using multifunctional reactors,microengineering & microtechnology.

    Extend chemical engineering methodology to product design andengineering using the triplet molecular Processes-Product-Process

    Engineering (3PE) approach to manufacture end-use properties.

    Implement multiscale application of computational chemical engineeringmodelling and simulation to real-life situations from the molecular scale tothe production scale.

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    Examples : Gas and petroleum industry

    At the upstream level, productions of petroleum and gas are from

    continental shelf and deepwater, the environmental concern is more on the

    marine pollution.

    At the downstream level, the environmental issues are such as the emission

    of gas, transportation, storage and utilisation of petroleum and gas.

    The Environmental Quality Act 1974 (EQA 1974)3 is the primary legislationon all aspects of environmental management in Malaysia. in preserving the

    quality of environment in the country.

    To ensure sustainable supply of oil and gas, appraisal wells will continue to

    be drilled in small oil fields offshore and deepwater areas (more than200m) and ultra deepwater of more than one kilometre especially in Sabah

    and Sarawak.

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    - improving the productivity and efficiency of energy suppliers and

    promoting market-based approach in determining energy prices

    - reducing high dependence on petroleum products by increasing the use of

    alternative fuels

    - promotinggreater use of renewable energy for power generation and

    by industries

    - intensifying energy efficiency initiatives in the industrial, transport and

    commercial sectors as well as in government buildings . incentives will be

    reviewed to encourage transport operators to convert their vehicles to

    NGV.

    - expanding rural electricity coverage's, particularly in Sabah and

    Sarawak and

    - developing new sources of growth in the energy sector including

    participation of local companies in energy related industries and services

    abroad.

    The energy sector will continue to focus on

    sustainable development :

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    The process towards sustainability rely

    - on how to reduce wastes at the source of the contamination,- need to increase productivity and quality of rubber

    - and fix market structures to provide needed equity for

    smallholders.

    - A higher income above the subsistence level will allow

    smallholders to 'buy' time: to consider better environmental options

    : benefit to help break the poverty cycle.

    Establishment of smallholders co-operatives may be also be useful

    : to acquire enough funds for new training and capital.

    However, considerable resources need to be invested in training and

    educating smallholders and plantation employees in the use of

    practices and technology needed for change towards

    sustainability.

    Examples : Rubber industry

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    Improving the chemical processes that convert raw

    materials into finished products,

    Reducing fuel consumption through better energy

    efficiency and product yield,

    Maximizing the reuse of valuable by-products, Decreasing the use of scarce natural resources and fossil

    fuels, and

    Eliminating the release of harmful pollutants into the

    environment

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    These goals may be achieved through the aggressive use of such

    relatively simple techniques as recycling and reuse of materials

    and through more complex efforts, such as highly engineered

    closed-loop or zero-discharge industrial operations. Here processwaste-stream operations are reused as raw materials or energy

    sources for other processes.

    http://www.chemicalengineering.org/enviro/sustaina

    http://www.chemicalengineering.org/enviro/sustainability.htmlhttp://www.chemicalengineering.org/enviro/sustainability.htmlhttp://www.chemicalengineering.org/enviro/sustainability.html
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    Innovative catalysts are used to produce finished

    products in greater quantity with less by-product, and

    Biological processes are being used to produce desired

    products.

    To minimize the consumption of increasingly scarce raw

    water, wastewater streams are now being treated to allow

    for maximum reuse within a facility. Chemical engineers are

    also working to develop imaginative technologies that willmaximize the reuse of gaseous, liquid, and solid waste

    streams. All these innovations help minimize the amount of

    virgin raw materials, fuel, and power required in product

    manufacturing.

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    Modern sewage treatment plants use a

    bioprocess based on chemical engineering

    principles that purifies wastewater andproduces a biosolid reusable in soil. Photo by

    Steve Jurvetson/Flickr.

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    The workable items wrapped under the sustainability

    umbrella, as seen by chemical engineers, are:

    alternate energy sources (like solar, wind)

    alternate feedstock (biobased) for energy (bioenergy)

    and chemicals (biorefineryand biomass to liquids)

    alternate raw materials

    Green Processes with minimal footprint and minimal

    environmental impact

    Process intensification that minimizes energy/exergylosses

    Recycling

    Providing quality water, food and medicines

    http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/

    http://www.ted.com/talks/juan_enriquez_wants_to_grow_energy.htmlhttp://www.nrel.gov/biomass/biorefinery.htmlhttp://jamesadumesic.che.wisc.edu/index2.htmhttp://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://chenected.aiche.org/environment/sustainability-and-the-chemical-engineering-profession-one-ches-opinion/http://jamesadumesic.che.wisc.edu/index2.htmhttp://www.nrel.gov/biomass/biorefinery.htmlhttp://www.ted.com/talks/juan_enriquez_wants_to_grow_energy.html
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    Chemical engineers are well-suited to meet the challenges

    associated with all types of energy production. They have

    long contributed to the development of such traditional,

    nonrenewable fossil-fuel sources as coal, petroleum, and

    natural gas and propane.

    More recently their efforts have been concentrated on

    renewable fuels derived from

    Biomass feedstocks,

    Solar power, and Wind.

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    Refer to the journal by Clift R. (2006), Hasna A. M. (2009)

    and article taken by The Royal Academy of Engineering.

    In your own words,

    Define sustainable developmentExplain the challenges to apply sustainable concept in

    engineering (social, environmental and economic)

    Discuss the implications of sustainable development for

    chemical engineering

    Comment on the article on Laundry cleaning products

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    1. Look beyond your own locality and the immediate future

    2. Innovate and be creative

    3. Seek a balanced solution

    4. Seek engagement from all stakeholders

    5. Make sure you know the needs and wants

    6. Plan and manage effectively

    7. Give sustainability the benefit of any doubt

    8. If polluters must pollute then they must pay as well

    9. Adopt a holistic,cradle-to-grave approach

    10. Do things right, having decided on the right thing to do

    11. Beware cost reductions that masquerade as value engineering

    12. Practice what you preach.

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    identify the potential positive and negative

    impacts of our proposed actions, not only

    locally and soon but also outside our

    immediate local environment,organisation

    and context, and into the future

    seek to minimise the negative, while

    maximising the positive, both locally and

    more widely, and into the future

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    A sustainable development approach is creative, innovative and

    broad, and thus does not mean following a specific set of rules. It

    requires an approach to decision-making that strikes a balance

    between nvironmental, social and economic factors.This means

    that:

    not seeking a holy grail of a single correct solution alternative solutions can be identified that fit with the sustainable

    development approach

    it is very difficult to predict with certainty how these alternatives will work

    into the future, so we need to provide options and flexibility for change

    and other action in the future

    there are no guarantees that our solutions will be truly sustainable wetherefore must do our best with the skills, knowledge and resources wehave at our disposal now

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    seek to deliver economic, social and environmental success all at

    the same time, and so seek to avoid any product, process or

    project that yields an unbalanced solution. This could be one

    that generates significant environmental harm, that generates

    social disquiet or that generates economic loss or spends public

    funds inefficiently, because each of these should becharacterised as un-sustainable.

    not just seek to balance the adverse and positive impacts on economic,

    social and environmental factors in the challenge we are addressing but

    seek gains in all three

    ensure, as far as practicable, that renewable or recyclable resources are

    used preferentially before non-renewable, non-recyclable ones

    ensure non-renewable resources are used, wherever possible, only for the

    creation of permanent new assets

    focus on the future at least as much as the present

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    aim for durability, flexibility and low impact products and infrastructure

    live off the interest rather than depleting natures capital assets recognise that the environment is an ecological system, and assess the

    carrying capacity of the environment and naturescapacity for regeneration

    avoid irrecoverable changes to already-refined materials

    recognise that, even though enhancement of social capital may be difficult

    to quantify, it is a very important aspect of sustainable development

    recognise that sustainable solutions that are competitive will be promotedand propagated by the market

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    Society will ultimately say what is needed or

    wanted for any development, sustainable or

    otherwise. So reaching decisions in this area

    requires:

    engagement of stakeholders to bring their

    different views, perceptions, knowledge and

    skills to bear on the challenge being addressed

    professional engineers to participate actively in

    the decision-making as citizens as well as in theirprofessional roles

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    Effective decision-making in engineering for sustainable

    development is only possible when we know what is needed or

    wanted the framework of the problem, issue or challenge to be

    tackled. This should be identified as clearly as possible, including

    identifying any legal requirements and constraints.We should use

    teamwork and assistance of immediate colleagues to improveproblem definition.

    It is important to recognise that many engineering challenges are

    driven by what people want to have such as even better motor

    cars rather than just what they need a means of transport. In

    addition,wants are often characterised as needs when they

    are in fact just perceived needs, and a more modest solution mayultimately be acceptable. As a result,we need to:

    engage with stakeholders in identifying the problem, issue or

    challenge to be tackled ahead of the engineering problems to be

    solved

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    ensure clarity of the considerations, criteria and values that different

    stakeholders wish to have reflected in the framing of whatever is

    being tackled

    identify the legal requirements and constraints upon the problem,

    issue or challenge to be tackled and ensure they are reflected in the

    framing

    recognise the distinctions between a need and a want, and between

    an actual and a perceived need

    then identify the wants as well as the needs, so that the full

    spectrum of problems, issues and challenges is known

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    In planning our engineering projects,we need to: express our aims in sufficiently open-ended terms so as not to

    preclude the potential for innovative solutions as the project develops

    assemble and critically review historical evidence and forward

    projections, and weigh the evidence for relevance and importance to

    the plan

    encourage creative out-of-the-box thinking define the desired outcome in terms of an appropriate balance

    between the economic, environmental and social factors identified

    earlier

    recognise that ideas that may not be immediately practicable can

    stimulate research for the next project, but also that they need to be

    properly recorded if they are to be acted upon seek to improve on, or at least maintain, the sustainability of existing

    practices;

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    ensure that the effort and resources devoted to avoiding un-

    sustainable development remains in proportion to the anticipated

    effect dont use a sledgehammer to crack a nut

    keep the plan straightforward, so others can understand it

    pick the low-hanging fruit (the easiest, readily-available gains), but

    not in a way that constrains further improvements and/or hinders the

    next generation in meeting their needs.

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    This encapsulates the precautionary principle and, to be

    implemented, forces us to address the future impacts of todays

    decisions. So we need to:

    demonstrate that improved sustainability will result from the

    actions proposed

    act with caution where we consider that the effects of ourdecisions may be permanent and/or if we do not have a full

    scientific understanding of the issue or challenge being

    considered

    only discount the disadvantages and benefits of future events

    or impacts when they are very uncertain

    recognise that sustainable development depends on investing

    for jam tomorrow and for bread and butter today.

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    The environment belongs to us all and its free use for absorption

    of our wastes or its unfettered exploitation are not sustainable.

    The adverse, polluting effects of any decision should, in some

    way, be paid for or compensated for by the proponent of an

    engineering project, scheme or development; they should not be

    transferred to others without fair compensation. In addition, itmay be necessary to anticipate future pollution prevention

    legislation if a long-term project is to be sustainable.

    avoid incurring the costs in the first place by eliminating or minimising

    adverse environmental effects

    practice a responsible attitude to the environment

    broaden our perspective beyond current legislative requirements scan the horizon for emerging measures and plan accordingly

    fulfil any Corporate Social Responsibility Policies that apply, and promote

    their development if they do not exist

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    bring social and environmental implications into options appraisal so that a

    balanced decision can be made

    remember the potential indirect costs of lax environmental stewardship on,

    for example, reputation and market share

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    To deliver this approach, the effects on sustainability throughout

    the whole life-cycle of a product or infrastructure scheme should

    be systematically evaluated.We need to:

    use whole-life-cycle tools to improve our decision-making:

    whole-life-cycle environmental assessment, whole-life-cycle

    costing, and assessment of the social impacts over the wholelife time of the engineering challenge we are addressing

    sometimes called assessment of inter-generational equity

    where the impacts of our decisions on future generations are

    considered alongside the present

    handle uncertainty by keeping open as many future options as

    practicable

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    ensure that the design is maintainable and that the materials

    are adaptable for re-use or recycling

    think in the fourth dimension and ensure that the design life is

    appropriate to the product or project and its context

    use high embodied energy only when it is justified by a long

    design life explicitly address the end-of-life options, and avoid wherever

    possible leaving to our successors any problems of disposal

    ensure non-renewable resources are used, wherever possible,

    only for the creation of permanent new assets

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    Adhering to the Principles explained so far should ensure that right decisions

    from a sustainability point of view have been made in relation to the

    circumstances that apply. The implementation of these right decisions

    must then pay full regard to doing things right, again from a

    sustainability point of view. To deliver this Principle,we need to:

    retain the sustainability focus on the intended outcome right through

    the implementation of the solution

    recognise that the intermediate processes of construction,

    manufacture, production and transport can be resource-intensive and

    need to be managed with an active sustainability orientation

    ensure (as far as practicable) that the legal requirements and

    constraints on the problem, issue or challenge to be tackled are

    complied with aim to critically appraise current good practice and be inherently

    sceptical of unsupported judgements, in order to decide on

    appropriate actions to be taken

    keep abreast of technical and market developments, to check the

    assumptions and predictions embedded in the design.

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    We are unlikely to arrive at our best decisions first time every time. So

    we need to challenge ourselves and refine those decisions, whilst

    remaining focused on the intended outcome.We therefore need to:

    avoid sacrificing the sustainability desires incorporated in a design

    when seeking cost reductions

    include any adverse effects on sustainability in the value equation

    and value engineering

    be self-critical of our own fundamental assumptions and values

    be prepared to challenge our and others existing assumptions

    re-examine fLirst preferences and submit them to re-appraisal

    use intelligence from the marketplace to monitor assumptions on user

    behaviour included in the design check that the achievement of sustainable development objectives is

    not being subverted by unintended consequences of design changes

    and/or user behaviour

    however regrettable it may be, accept that an even better solution

    may have to await the creation of the next plant or piece of

    infrastructure

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    Ones own everyday practices should not be at variance with

    what is being asked of others you must not expect more of

    others than you do of yourself. Be prepared to be accountable for

    your design and engineering, and uphold by example the beliefs

    it reflects. Change yourself before you seek to change others.

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    Creativities..to new productdevelopment

    Due Date: week 7

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    -Thank you-