Chess Sets (Gnv64)

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LLETR' BLUE BK

Chess SetsF LANIER GRAHAM



he Set

N n ch hitory che; more h been witten o it thnny othe gme Curiouy, howeve, ttleh been witen bot chepece hipouely trted volme expore theevolto evelopmet o the "tool o he gret gme rom the h thgh thewenteth centy F Lne Ghm, A-itnt Curto, Deprent o rchite

te nd Deign o he Mueum o MoernAt, povde hoy o che through hcion o he egn d meg o thepece n hu peet ctng u-ject om new vntge poit O pt-r ieret the ection on the more impont mdern et, whch peent Mr.Grhm' vew ht coempoy degnoe ew eiy o the ncien nd re

vered gme

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T hi sty w an imeaurable ot th wrk fH.J. R I1uay h numtal Histo fChej·� of 193 ean a

hriaie study. F a t hugh xamnat I pc� h, pubih 960) am Hans and Sgd \·Vicm. F dcung

paia hitril quis "-ih , I am gate hl t Viia Cpl,

Duchap Ho\vz A. E Jun L ad

hl \Vilkn th xn tat I hav d t pa h dpm

C set hin bd p f: \ a spca t P

o C Va K nd y Shpi

hp nating aeia this bk w k t tn Afrd H.

Har J., By J Ky L 1cShc Dhy :lle, Ldwg

(a 'iia S. Rui, and Jams Thrall b nd h \ dt ma b tudd nd rdd �b Dnn T

ctrpia !uun A) oral us d ur Ria

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T Th �m d d J Ui

vy v pricarlyelu] ud hak Ge C, J -a ad p

cilly Stan Rs for eir phtg patnce, andp B D

g h k und d rte.

a, I od lik xp y gtd to ldrd Cati d he bk Vs .vh irle etl sssanc a made bk ssibe Jh K p h :ertary, ad Finb m se cetayr tr u d gd piit, Rbr fur his na ncuag

am, ad Rsy drtand \f

l T N isais h ng dmnn hight

h l i i t pcu all Kin. The dna pi

he ndd rv Ki (K) uen (Q) Bh B

Kng (Kt) Ca stl Rk ) Paw P . he a i ud rathr

han Rk ba;e h eng Rk s uceai t as

unn t a and ag s nn t t as

, mld edal Epa F. L. Jun '968





9 lKTRODUCON

I HAPER

India:

P

Orgn of the Game

Pers Ab

� I AR

Nurlim and Abstaction

r rpe:

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Romnque turaim

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kIedieval.1trato

Lt rpe:

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ensne eolution

Rooo Dolutio

}eo-Caic etoration

ee Cnuy

Dd ad Hedy Ojc

Surelm ad rration mge

Bauhu ad Funtionl orm HAR

Co

eee Bblogphy





S S A A T I a o p For re than a thusand as is

unqu quliti hae b r

u lly atati t mnd ht enjy h

plau ofabstrc ougt.No ot s o long and ic T fh" l bid

th m nie Asia Th pie-' Arban

the tadu frm h bo he Surrls-cld l

lby llminaed arp ri and ainti tht h u

hs as a m u ld ll a mseu In on rm or anoth i layd

i eve couy n erth

: a n 'tn abou all ohe as Ho"'-

ever r ltl en h s< T h n d o

as tls o m pa s boo dvtd nece

nsumen eve h oldd es f marl tha ac he m

cone xp f te am

A epie ool To undrsd i a lly a a , U nred s tl \th paiu la ur n a l uual sne; i h ld and ve n d o do ork. Bu e \ork t do

i m abtac ( h l o tural riren l

sd r r r r mny ce

h wld h he, dn, a chspi i paly aar ld g ieted p i b e te mann n \hch h abac pO

h en aricultd ino a l d hap nt ohen mal

ssem f uefl bc s \ll be om h rlt �iin xam l

hogh nh cur Bs rtive tdin wihn th

� ee e k i n elida e kw rad cnvninal an a d

; of



K K Q� C, 8 B n g Gae

N Nr



Or(g f

A ldr han d hi �'r h huand

year ag, )eJithc cultres plyed gms n a surac dlned y qre A h urd amin oads nd ece ptian mbs

a l s dyi prod ( H,C.) Th f ms t ancen

pling piece a rikng rcsmul Lo actul cspiccc tha dc

veed many nr lat. One fo te Eighnh Dnty tomb

Que Ha psu 5'75 udes ot oly sipl astatece i ern Pawn, pi< cd i t hae an ama

had) orshadwn h o of t dern Kniht Th m n ic

slh pees \r d hor am o ane in te ves

dtrmnd y a dr f stcks rl f dc h a cnsidrbl

dHrn e pple� f he lmenry br ms d he

ohiicted cplexiies f cs

�heitelfbcgn o"vdia. See rps p Budt

a chane rea a g n whc eh e

for hielf ·:hh ms to m. In ha b strical mmnt f hum-isic rlon th inip l as lacd by th "pncipl f

human nd the o che w brn.

Ces v coneied s am . h ipl layn pces n th

radiinal ahp d am d ve pled y miitu ymbol

rprnting L a p h Ia a \'i dit nam and

movn pw i ue lind u n e

s mer che on anher acros br iyf qal

qar hrt ho lh n, nslr, ephant ore

cariot, ach d b rk of soldrse c dt te dvelopmnt h h o deeined It

y e a<;sumd at h id nt i n 326 t wh m Alexandr

h L a t Inan Ind hr is n v tt te gam

wa e nt thee s mn h n

nsr lat b aht 00 ut it i knn tha rsan lad



12

f h th h h cuy Awg ugh h ha p, y s h o h ug h p h h

p h h cuy

Persian (Nhapu): To , K ; Mddl C B m Q Q

. Ealy 9 cu Iv tad g gh h 1etpa

e f A Nw Yk xavat he u 937-8 Rge Fu



/ N dg th n f King Kusau 1537). By t ly snth cntuy, \h h Prin rmanc a s

writt) he gm hd becme s pp l nd hl gded tat te authcld list ss s on of t ccomplsment of rdsh, th rd-enury

fo nd Sasnin !onarcy. csspics sure from e rs tW or t hr f t gme.

et, p-�fsli l ler r y desctins ad ptuslm formal caracts dic ht t h ey Indn d n st r ptrial t

t ge p e ntn n th pic. O kIo\vn pie,n dbly v y Kg (Fg 1 2) ur sugg w

a m k T cha I B

o Aab ISpJ h csed sr cnv as t nt oJd dae. s mder n utoitie l it ben t gth nd hs cncn ld, in my e he lde

piece in stenc.

h Ab did nt play ss n te m fM ammd e Propet (5706:�2. Hut aftr t uslm cnqest f eri 86 J ches p d quckly.Vitn a undd ears Aa ere ply p tcl

:�Jo" f clh r lt thoght thir odnary mpi

xn fr om he es: COer Sp n t t souts conr o te

Inus lley. thncl d pe er e, \ m Eope "s

) vlope dr ng" the hight of slm uure-te led Goden Abc c s 0 m m c jo (786-8°9), rtayed as a e pye i n T Rardss

t h amn of peti distoon tt dvlpd tn t nnt entury ade tnth, we he bk' pesn d it s know hat

p lye In R02� Empr Ncpu seded mp s Ir n t

Bzntn rone and o to Harun; � . th Empr s o wh I ha



SIA AND B

dd ma yo of e rank of the Ro, d tid slf

of t rnk f h a\ . "T sls d p he d Eat dned cosly h te gm.

Kely h imilait b d l, hi s

gu mn fm gne ym T thro gh OSl mo pa i iu ces-Fzd' ri uaa [ro e

Khyam (d. 123):

' a Chquad oKghts Dys

v De y ih f' Pie ply Hthr d thhr mvs ad mat ad slys,

A b oe bck n C ay.\"hl e As r vlping e f he g h asw

dvlo ping he dg f . T dg te ihid f Pes dInd in e th nur 'cr turalitc. T Ml relig,hwvr prhid makg t g. Th 1an, ig

xe fn e, dvld a alraiv. Thy sgd thir

hpce bt

ga n a h ve u f li o p that eain n ugio i. O o th

e eals hi quasa l a i Grm Naialmm Nuremberg (i T Chari (o Cate) h a rctangulruli splad pnnal A aalzd y a Vma h

rm dvd f a pro vc nui ar h pacl

ta h pmi pt a pr vc-h had d ad e

o. Te H nw K n j ne outl uls pe Elhat ow Bip a

ded petin-s rd i t ht hy aml hup

Bu h Epn uarthd y Cha K \V a N5ap Fg

),ad hr oo ary pic po o a \ukd pro tp.

h m o mplx m ohe Shah n Kig ad th Vzir (now Qun)

ar p h tp o pie lad i F us ad O op

of th d h mC pt d th mcce rmr ho d h i a bnk di o h rnal dr

h h t Arai he dsn i dv f nurlm. Co mtl

rd o lah e o c h Occdn hav dic



falyn; C, Kt B Q ! C 19th hg. FHrbeso, -Phidlp.

dstinguhgo oaoth The priipls wch atn

ignaly Na ba al·e nknow. Dnl . Lddll ued at t

heigh o h pic my ha n te l ng f k f

animal r 'snd. Hwvr, his th!'y � n bn stan Th

rvng xamp of th yp n n he usl im i

· r ie fo i h m e o h ry evh -

y (F 6) ee ie a ag nd ha y e no b dd.e n t t\:o ALc yl xt ly vip ad So

r th dvd, bt sty amnal d Eean d

h hgh e e ed g I tt

Ih uic \ kn y Ee. Kh-u

lp l cd b rnd n l l a apa a n g 7)

Pm (g 8 an lay F �







8

Page L 9 Ni rjan

ru rovc):

\P, Kt C, B. Eary

20th ury. \Viled mba wood, on sid� gd, 7 hgh pl1um [ A Nw York G f t Pfeir, I94�1 Th bor otd

t ht be ted down.A'c: 'fla (Sl J{um of Ah<lgy EhOgYC Lt uis K; R abac ppo Akan (Ykutat): thr Kg Bw t Knighs

d Hh I 'Vtt wd 3 hg Th M} vVaton� DC rom Sc\var C " Wht D.C, 97 73



B

T ibsr s s rk r s aditi

its s istg ii b s i riit siis i sk. Th jis t t-y g

s g Qu g 9 xsis i is i r is gs 4). Csirg i-p ris sgs P ariual Kig r ls rigi

t t si r s xrir srtis r t r

b Kgs r Yk sks r Lik � rs \ rrr si g si

turs Fig s sks ig xr ri li f t quaiasat ih i. Ti sis f

is r xssiss s q b

sisi bsr sgrs.

.I





E E

M RM QR In rt quarter o t heigt cenury, tey pesumabl y boh s it te Smetim latr,�trn Euopens tk u h gme, ing Aab omtuTc, ul pblem bok What s not knon \v "Vt Cem adpths hahn

e pts f th l Mde e w qite cet tha Caege(742-814 playd s Ti ,

pic s ac ll ViUI i A mr cis l n as taCalmag fe Kng Pepi e 75�68J don a

yal et .e abe fIus yea 6 Su lnd e timpbabl paticulay vn n cidr tha Cm' nterpat

in h E Eper N .pu { } "a famli ith t gae;

wel ve slted s t ot Perasho. m te la san

nniins b Crmane d Han aRahid.

Vy lte liatu ofay k .res om h ihth in and tenhntuie te 'Dk As" of Epe J. R Mua, tig o e exes evee md ful o this pd coluded

hat:

h ed r m oecae chc f te gam n i tehicalitebn ninl a alie ta and oay eie ha as

The vig. of t pillgial re n t csd riusly habis hee ma hv bn fo te matc tae f h lt medieal pe

h were su ht hes was payd in th me o Cgn.

r s e p ed the ben a s pyer f rc·g d pay t eems iey [htEinhad {. 840) s etary nd igah d e sted such a

e mpmet t d o fc .



22

hoeve, does not pelude the possbiy o f chess bing nown i played

by ohes at the tme Moeover, the is he pssility o"ae and wondoshess sets smply avng as gifs ura, or one, beeved ha the extraor

ivory King (Figs 12) eached uope n he eghth cetry

hhe r n chss began tees Euopeans n th eighh cey

ding the casonally esely ea of he sbseqen viva

of nvasons and vi srifc ft lit time f playng a a n a he tabe

Th alest svng mansrps hat peccally meto chess and

hess ses ae s fom the faly o h Con of Bacloa, whse lands he

lded pa osuhe ane The s wll datd 8 by h Cn of

Ugel wh ved ea mde Adorra eaes these my chessmen o he

onve of S Gles.. " he 1058 l of he daughte of the Cou of Ca cas-sne gves t Gles of Nmes he cysa hessen" s ue possibe

ta he ealy chess set, no he Bhagu ollecton s the one doad by

te Coun oc (ig

The bria peninsla was only o o th e ,· pts om hch che

dssmnaed o he es o uope aly as he other Bcause f he ontnu-

ng ade h he East Ven s he Ot kely pot hough hess ay

ae bee med he game as payed n may pat of Ialy by he

eeveh etu

he eaes Ialan documet s a ete 6 o 162) fom eus Dama-n (7°72 Ppelect Aexaer I and Arhdeaon ildebad

Cadial Damiani ss chess as n o h vces hh he clg ere glty

adms hat both hc and he Bshop of Foene ad dged n h

shamefu spot uch siful admisions er eqet n he ea

Mdde Ages

m he eny pons o San and taly he game spread rapdly n ealy

eeeh-et ef eence sablshes tha chess was payed in Germany by

tw dpmats possbly n the oason o the meetng between mpeor

Heny I and Kng Robe o Fance n 10. hee s a dsict possbityhat Ki Cnu (d. 03 eared hess n 12 whie n plgrge o Ro

s Engand and cadava may have leaned of hes ealer than s

geeally bieved May asembled abundn vidn ha ches playng

spead .ith exraodinay speed:

After he nmber of eeences nceases ast I have olleced moe thaf y rom he weh eu ma fom Face ad nand but a ew





b G. 14 Css p n 2h

M. AT 60 ch

w G O I th w rg f Hrandnbg I26�30B. h B j C 10 paL gm 848 Unt Lb r r Hb.

,

!

/� • •



Wt u a o ht i eg, ly opn d stie wi h eees o br Ari pie. hey ok

ho of t frizd er i ipl sybl, ned he

p t ii ti tng For ex e bt hse g 16 qred to eye b a "e h g 17

h c uk f h let (py bce rops i no

knw t elept s deopd o reptol heme ih i ntls g 8, e i d t-ntlsm (F 19 ). y ih de ri g 0 .

Durig h lee d \t nr edey g btt hpe ie mag d t t odtisc ye. reig m twmninl rcn f riig, Roe sup ed opt go potio "ki· nft absra pie, it ing oee t t grt e rigia tlne Fig 21) Su l ee eren r le

ly s o noon d solven gnl e fo of i Abi pie o exer

g i o erl bu n a a s Te n die the Ci ey od g dietl rl i tiipa b emre ioy Qe g. 2 in

e d t s be a cmeey maphedi a td.

The Roe ph o tr ih ges wee saO\y

sele t f dn d see he mre tdisol gv pt f Gh pur a ti perdhe rst sp or ge ih n pnden ps ie are ofo h e d bot 1 2 Qen (Vi (ig 23 rot prio t x wh in f e pee

be roed o ing ri p coi eltieepee Drng sme mn e e nept i lag

pre g o rge om htetur eg ty i somy S piee a� i Ls h et F. 4 ar l e-illy N ipaing viigl hey r e i preed gete

trst n fi e iiol prio ight



A R

Lf bo 1 Arabi : Knigh

8th-9th w Io 2 � n. g.Mse du ove Pri

Blw: FIG. 17 �, sed n Knh. th oth ntry o-r 2 � g M Clny,

ppoite p le FIG. Ango-xo : Bisp 0 nury \V

o 41/8 . ig. The Biish Mem,odop ght FI 1 Nodi iop

t 1 cet. Haor. 3 1/ in.

hgh. Gemnche nmueum om F. 20 ermn (Cogne)

o rn nd ck) 2th tury

g de GeiFnkMn



ER EO



A ROP 28

Iy ater Dnish Cale uras h direne he\'ee wo-dimea

pepeve prtay ig e-dia pa, ad th pIS

cpto of h ge ta epd. The l e ea Pa(Fig 25) i pae e pepeday o te a p h bdy. T

ae ae Gd ig 6 ompletly ocues spa a H

ad ad bod ae n H, gL deaked aea b bgg a�

bg pae ey d i pad b h bdy ; i

aed d h had ds t et tp fth i a mli

gre dg ' a ag e \·d

Got Nturm

e t g ee eie pe aed

i pai e e ha g cpee o a u

ale sculue, dd beme age a depee

idd n t iva 1

pea edd o a ager a Th� Bishp

i g 7 a impre gh a a o a a es

pee i py e-aed ad e-ia e owe



2

Oppoe: Souer l King. Ca. 1 o hj

Lo P Car Kg r a kli our 'ihwr l f o ur ak o F ? : - o 3 } g M lu a rg Adoatio of Mgi wi Josp o ig l Sao Bh o or (f Mr d (bck)



G 23 Souhn IJ : Qu Vzir) d . 11 y y id rd 41%0i h bt ds Mdis ris

30

Opposi 2 Scdvn orAl-� "L Cs ( Q, ; bk tC. C

. 200 W b in

AU No Msm Aqis S Edb c Th Br Msm on



O





EARLY UOP

hs teth o a lag dine powe e Knight igue 28 fo l domiting mpotnc s dpd fo sppo on oe wo epdnto m fo eadip

B th ite ce ope ad nsge Aabc css to an mg of t ow cutue e Oea gme of wa ple witsmbo of a miau am was anfomd to ame of, plad wimbo of a min ate. The Sa bece King. e i hompo a adso becam Que Togete e uled the stae aan was Bse tm stood Bishops, wo ga spitl as wel s potc t oel. Net wee Kgh t bckboe of te ete ocoeconomic c of fealism a th m inl awfoot solsof wa, a si ofte wol co ithe a agictl efs o ba

atisans sho the thic cess et ws a aaisc poait of mvdalsm g. 9

e eopme of natualc o pcoa cs st was encouge xte popla ehicl egois own as Moates One of te alstthe 0 of te le twelft o el thitet et ois apesasiv view ofchss s ifli gae:

he worl rsembl a chesboad which is cque wte ad bac thoo hog t wo ndion of d dat o psc nd ba chessmn a mn of this wol who hav a ommo t occup iettaons d hol ieen ils i tis if wo cond togh ad nlhve commo fawhich lel al ks . . .

h Kg moe pow of cape ae dectos beas eKgs wi s law . .

e Kghts moe s compouded of a stght move an olqe on;h oe etokes hs gal pow f coect ns ec h a hsxtotons and wog-doig

ove lf: G ue n aw. a y Io oil g ae Ma v igt G 2 Dh ? : le (Gur . ey ashon nigh Natoa ue CphanBow lef l 2 7 a Q Ge Bp 3 eu. a 2 / hgh Naioa Muu opna Te orgn wr jwlow 28 n K h oy o t Y nh Gansh aioaeum urrg



hool o the Mae ax oqx llgo oCh th peroed esses Ilmao fomacob Csso talaed romth a y a d V

igay Nothe Fa, a. .

ied e dag o ve T Potoga ay, ew Yok, i of Wlam lazier

Paws ar poor mn ir mov is sraig xcp wn y aanyhng : o also poor an dos wl so long as h kps fro abionAr h Pawn is prood h . . . ovs obiquly wi sows how ard

is for a poor man o dal righy whn is raisd abov his propr saon.In hs gam Dv ays ck ! whn a man falls no s n and nlss cky covrs cck by urnig o rpnanc, h vl says Ma andcarr hm o o hl whn s no scap.

s fdal imag of Pawn as Poor Man wi mos of f abov hissaon, rcd in dsign o chss ss rougho h dva prodUn abou h irnh cnuy only nobmn playd ga So onlyh anng pcs wr onsidrd poran nough rprsnd asindivdals form of awn onnd in Arabic radion of smpl

aac aonymy.hi da o Pawn was appropria in h ary dva ag of nam

ss ss as uropan soc grw ss ac hnkng bgan o chang

Th pandng conomy of mdva owns sabisd or ommrciacass a posiion o ncrasng mporanc bwn srdom and noy Trgng middl clas wand is rigf pac o b rcognizd T m mim ii i wrn y Jacob d ssolis in hscond haf of h irnh cnury gav hm acnowldgn hy



•

Nordic ; Knght ad B!p. Le 2-ay

13 u e: ¥ i S Hsoil em, Skm

wee eeng. eol wa a Lombad et of te Domncn Ordr, wc

-w noed o ttemt to ome cloe to the ommon eoe d o reduce

o do As Muray ne "te t 4a

and emarabl ate oCeso' wok teatmen of te awn. ntead

o teatng them a one o eeentatve of e commoalt n ma a the genera etod n te moalt e deentate betwee te eg

w and mak ec Pawn al of ome ro o aed tade or of

on e folowg bbrevaton o the mant td ecton ndate

wt ea awn eeeted and what h bo we :

Pawn · Peaa ad Wne Gowe ; oe an a rng e.Pawn 2 Smt ene ad Mo a e, xe, d towel.Pawn Wea a Notae a of o an tng memen.

awn rcas and Cager full ue and aePaw 5 hn and pohcaie; a jr o medne nd knfePawn 6 nnee d Hotll a ntng gete ugPaw 7 C gard and Collo e an an on bgPn Rge and ; a w e d ce

Sooloal, wok wa o wde ea t wa p mot a often a

te Bble) tha ae wa fo the oula o gme among te

bogeoe B uall, aw degn were not nueed b o



atie sggetion unti oge mddle-la conde developed durin

the ixeh c.

As th am ean o pead ond the cons o obity, he need

fo ensi h s deeopd To Cae Rmaqu Got p

wa dicul ad m-cog smehn ol th ol od ad o

comsio. B sime abstact p old b d u on a lathe ea

d qk

Of t t t o Arab des hat hae ee dscusd he uastt tle w he domina_t inece Eupean hss ul

h hh ny The demad o epe pu lh ad a h ente rougt hghy a

opean de style whh wa end th Ara lathe-tnig

trado (Fi Amon th lest Euopn 'empes of schei seeomc

te e t odic ics tha dat om o 1 20 g 3) . h smol

r thee p smpe vaiati o the a att Aabctadiion

r-hap oj a rac e Kh ( pp)

ote h tadtiona or h Kgh Th two vtia pojtion o

t ihop l drve o he arat elhant s lsaed gues

4 and I .

B v dig s show by a compa�o f he foms of he

two hs n whi e symbol st. h dy t Kgh s conseaie ;

th r o he athe s speal he lh dcoatie cl old

h b painte . the ot n o a t c have made



groov i the iho ; hey he be d insed nt t co of th bodyThe s of his is doped prson of he eique f is rodco. T stk f sgmned dss i th-dim deig no

mrl a to-dimenol lie nrcnR a hee-dmna obje heErpen er bgig o eim wih h ol ssibii of

The hie int h m dlopmet i e esgto\s iev an xtrady forethent che t w e Mu C (Fgs. 3', 0) T tiio Bop (F. 30) i mixedfor is ft b bed he teh ofprodc� symbo onin:ng he uasintat tado. Th desin of te Cluny t i bed aotr o hysl quem ofle-rg Boh sha and symol

e neted t of he m orm- ie o sem s eeslghy in tazd a a ad cwn As ith h chmic rabcd_ h lv f bstton n t ymbol o ed at i is difr mos Occidnl to etf h es O he smbl ofthe Kgh andBo eate o t ai-naralis ditin ut rm the adiol ons tansoio h re horughly need wit thegne tmtc degn. h dn pj o Kgh F2 is deede potro utn out min d

t a extenson , by man o h a v d i liarution, l ed "ih h cylidrlty th ma od. Thetdoa Vo jcion of h sh e bee ovd o two onvindenttins ymmtly sooed of he main dy

Te evlio molm o pies s ll on-aralsH e Qee e smc wt mta cus o e

Oppsi: Scandinv: C,

8 K, Q , K C 4 Bone,21% hg. U C

Ri : FC 3 i, Pw n Kow Fu 3



oxi Th Casle i no cr a I t moe a ky tht abstrac

ymlm piec, if h e e is n erly r ofn10dr

fiol ymhli i wch t mi

orScmc btio f th gra ype bcame a n

thieen d fueer ie feh -

uie h yl ded ( pall ito f tu (Fg 33n qu-braco (Fi 34) t bi h f

stnd dig.

�1 \f •

'

A \�Ave : Brgudia K, Kt L 4h- ay 1 5 c Rok paz wi sive l. !s C Pw FI � g Q C P o s n mk ' 2 i f d (o o)



L

h histoy e ed he dee

medevl edlm d e e f ddle la gee

e hd b td me B til eeatn, e gme loged to the obt e leel ay le ed

t es I e !ddle Ag mddll ndvdl eme

kld t t f chs e l s pg t a l evl For bsy eme d d he been mo pe.

A e ecm o h ae ea o allee h

pt e sty he dpted lg w t

he l g lded The aay expee

chess ets, te eon ofmedel !e g\g edee ad a r-

t m pe e all bd ee te exluiv e gme

d n gluine fX)purity e Vmn ed tat

ed ee ofe eh d eeh "lmost iva-

by clde hs t. Oe y e hw my th e r mpy

dl ad m for atl . B fo en d dung eRee te age m dd k te gm srusly

R RDg d e vovme he elyeed ge

ld e o a ed th f

mdn ebt te Tule h gae d te degn e pee

e b e td "ee dvsed e q he ee

Te Q d Bp h a er lted mg pte he Mddle Age ee ve he bd e te w j. W tee

chge he ped e ge ed t m f medevldal t p of he Age dee d Dy. e

ili o egage n at i mdia h r slw d peg ml bt i it ti

f te ne lg of he Reaet mee ss



Vntia ca ov 321�·8 4018 i Bi-Dh Mu Bi

stuioazd divdalism at igad he psycologcaIy co

soa dvlopmts of rigos postatism coomc caasm pocadmocracy ad aestic sigpot ppv

tis ra of almst upaaed raviy dsrs gad a muid o w saps fo t oad Te w so may dre ype hat is

dicl o rac a coss l o oa dvlopmt Bu th gal

isry o s roio cess dsig is clar Btw h fth ad

h cis h wo ar Eropea syes (atralsc ad

scmatc ormaIIy migld ad aIIy mrgd compy placig

old Araic radio.ay arastc chsspcs ar wa oe wold epct to d a

portayal of Raissac m pimrily rlad o ayg u imselfprod frsdg grs moldd wih meclous atttio to pacu

ar dails of vis raiy (Fig. 36 Bu c mpoce of picoia pi assrious dsgs ega to dimiis

Scatc pcs wr mor popar y d of he cry

g o pttios ad ps hy appald to srios wpays Oc a prrec had pssd dsg pom was tod th pora possi saps o som commo sadards ha ay



' R ROE

two playrs cou s (Fi. 37) Paye, occud by th ame mu bae to identiy hei piece intany Mot of h nw che w too

aa o entiate o mt thi ama qiemn o ch

d Eth chmatc moaio w too bt o th goaymo wee too eoei o h avae paye Moo h Oita

hmai em o hav e ncomoa hiki on a o compt

atatio wthou ay conza enc to at

Th taa den tha nay eut a h en o th Rnaian wa

a omnato o chmaic ha and ataisi ymbo he Ki a

Qn ha bco dtincty a than t ohe pic Bei eaie o

tiy hey ed mo atay may hmai hy ay

oai ome ymoic enc o a auaisti cow o h Bhop

Knih ad Cast wih w o mia n iht a tanda e o aa-iti ymbo ppod y ma ha owy emeed e eh

xee ctie h ompomie ewe h ataic a he

hmati i kow a "covetioa' n

36 Gm Bishop ( ?) . Eay 16t Lmcwood 4 in ig. G-

s :olmum �rembeg



FG, 37 Selected Renisse hess dig formal vey d smb onse f de f mde poe Te u dd rm flw k: A Cx Te Gam nd Ply ofth CJ.8 d edii; Ld. 148 B Pli ! . Vdeir 4 Ds Sc-



A',

�

zablcJ grnt/ik bdu, Fa Iy�6. D) Menl) Shh;e pe . . " Oppeneim,ca J E Dami�o QU&st lr d mo sM Ro 152F) bd. (fh ed, G Su, Da w- Kpl Lipzg 66H d. I Pdr d oCh 80 . ) Muray A H Ldn, .



. . -

developi a acceptabe et o symbo, t tre uropea tradto

o chess de as draw upo, d vesios o qaabac

Arabic pototype (ig. 7 ) ry to po ro e lessos olaeuing,

aerg wih cosiste absat mae ad tedg t·ad some knd o

aurali crasme aemped varatio upo variaio ialy a pair o

mpeely auaiti ymbos meged Te ead o a hoe whc ad

been n ad Qu o e o evea] etie wa rcaled o evce. Jo

i t o the boad wa he towe o a casl rst pbed betwee 2 d

55 3 . e scss o ee two symbos cojutio was i

mediate. y te ed o th ixeeth cety a boad oo o the opa

maaio had bee capured

Wi te adve o e so-cad coveoal" esece ad adad

symbos o the Kt ad he Cast bas rootype or moder Sa

o" desg g wa estabied Excep or io diions Elizaetha ce e sated Fre 8 ould have bee deied i

ieteet ety

Di te evte ad eitee ceies, ee wa a arp decie

i te geea qali y oess set dei. :ores ooca cage 'ere reov

he rm daily lie ad tereoe e deige ro eaig ota

wit eaiy. Payi ad, wich came io geeral s dg outeethey bea o cale chess as te typica idoor reeaio. Card

payig was ess prooed, les oled ad e ieleualy ax.

Gaduay e ess e beame a osip tme-hoored objet restig

oraly o a table tey repected ad uttey uused n te eitet

cry, cad civey replaced che ao both te iddl class ad

ti ood ied e ew omeria obiiy Ch playi cam to be

rardd as o o th cio occupaio o te w



45 ATE EOE

Laig he src qreent fch i a oml dse cet rhe a f roed rom e eie h gae. Wew ex he ea e f g eod ron hrm-

g fvoes lu porcin hbs dne on cs Biofooo on iy ey bcs. acuses bches b

oerng Pa i a se se nd ozd oud eactr a rg o dig. H a e iig ess gn i

Neo-Clasic Rtoraon

I e e g e neteeh ces, sobiy ued oces esg, i n g 'h t e aceri f C

-'

Opp : FI 18 nl 1 u I) . Jn F H-

b, Pdep Ew pd e m r L pl-

wjt ml c w 54 mm T ML 9 I

A Jn y Du 66. Sp n R

Lb Te u



al Re vva ad d inst in rio he yig <nng wly

u pt-olnry upe mile

T rma f mxing h naralii

rdut f t d pyogy o te t \ eptlly n f(Jmalynin e t esiger ding th "Age of eason er

ditt loal omprome and rid t reae Oc rLial

m m h rlt as f dei L i kn Drccte

(F, /ur delpme t t egy poprioned sle: ierbe

atnt \·a pa o ln lg aaiti ybl wh

atrzt O� ovio olio, npl diniain piece y it

attptd I1a is, hi pprc rdced e ervlly ri cl cnint an fuctHy fy. A ilta

gu h : Bisp d Kt are imil ty r lky

to mtak )r on in e e f any py rd

te o-alld r desnds of h deg) fer avi d th

r p 'or tha o gy pyer n t h iprved dig dt o pot it aid o fa pceif. Th Kn ilure

] i

() : " :> 1 2 \ } i i



I "Dcr chess st. Frch lat 18 cntry Drawig podud from CheH Alad E.�·, London 79 A slar de rpru n Encopdi

'todqu) Par 1 92

n ig 5 i a ia, indiall odd i fom h od a a

n nal id on o id b an oagd n ho nv aga odmitak i t fo a Biho

mo oiad itad n Fig 42 i n l aml

of mal naon obl 'ii h ioi l \hou

o na mboim Th o of i hndom dmaad

igt Fig ) a h mo aning ih had b d to

dtingih t i i t inh u (g 3 7 3 ) B and

ing h iml ida o a lan no a al ood dO'n-oing

oaH hi dgn igad h adiion mo ino h fomaogm of tang d n a mo ngaiag a

h a uf indvidl h dg iod

v duing th Rnaian no niva agmnt ould ahd

a o \h aba YIIbo hod nt hih i. a th Biho

in g 3 mbl l in Figu 370 ig n Fg ha

n ba oln mila o Bo in ig 4 la th qai

naalii mbolim m o f o a Bo a if not lo o t

dagonal dio oh mov gad amo a h am mbolm

d o Knigt.

Th nt i ogia ad fomal onitn a no taind log nogh

o odu gna ad abat mo. Aft t ging of t

nin nt th ng of o dg td toad dg a

iao ndad i h naa onvnto of mid moim

Fig 6 Eo i n i diion ud i n on of h n t

odud th famo Sanon dign (on }ig. 48.



Abov : chs 8 C�lury in

gh J Hbson, Left : FIG 43 Kh sow in u

'2 * h

(;ma

C d bol H Sd 1 780-[80

g d !s P



Righ: 45 KnihFe 13 uy. % i g Jon ) ·dp rm Wd by t f Piaia B's iBja ki) a vr i·

h w a ngd B n bg may "vd othir St



Top: 4 the 8th-aly 19t Cast bze, oid lvr 4V n. Th ?{etrpoli �an Nw Gf A > 48

' 4 chc. Lte ,th-ly '9 cnuy. Mad f Eis from Hnd, W <LO '50 p "4m: G ¥ "So � ec. OSly owig rg w pou C

Bj



LATER ECOP

t s i o have bee deiged n 1839 y a unknwn att, an as

rgiseed a the Britih Paen c in 49 b Howa Saon, he Eng

lh he mar.

n th of most hss payer he ';Stat deig ha eve beensrpassed 0st gams nclding chmpnhp oae l l ar ply

i O son of his dn. Th pes are quite eardig to he toh

ad espsi th ov. hey a dvial wll ppti an

rmal e Inea o asical balstrs rog als an

th n va are iher at the am ig or at qaly eaured iterva The gad hegh o he s ahgh gulaly U

xpsv of latve v nbues to th achtctic mpin

h \hJ The d eret eve o sc YoiI ae diily

atuat. The Knight ad th Cast a obviou The abtra os hacap he ng and Qen a la Th more ata hae of a Bishps

headdess a s aat

m ngleced il o IOden sis o hs onraphy c

ta futia synblrI a be a itegral part of th atralism. h

deep ut ito the Bihop ma sugget no nly a Ii t a agal v

h poits t Qun's ow, d the (el n th Catle aat Iay

s both h als and th umr of dretios in hich these piee a

v Thi ntretatn pe fo lat vaiatio whih the Queen'v h igh po an h Ca aapet has for eels Bu th

ii ig ere are Le pont ad si ns.

ee knn ha he dea ooal form a the md ofat

eat oe eteeh-etr design The JU(wg ys of h sgn

whh othng ese i known wa pulhd b iddell :

Fedeic S le ane dis o hessme i 86 that eenndd b their shap o sh bner he es of he ees The Kig

ad Qee were cirle hng mv ll etio t the Kingvs y hal th thkn h e ecae o his limited poers. Bishops r trags be er bque Ov ; he Knights otaosthe ook are beae f he staightforward ad sideie move hePas hagons h had the famliar symbols he pece as sampd hem a a futhe guid. Th sids were digd nly by olor so tmF werF tted )r pay b h bn . . N p of Copley Geometrialan esa Chessmen are own to th a hs. Seach a h hap ofthee earl iovatio ha icl nohng.





H

M PP a King ad cow a a�s

""'er appriate fudal Eoe, ad t ma Voa val Bt

rlevce f mda symbli n h wit etuy n

seisly qid ay dege, who hav mpt di h

t a ar aoprit f \ m. Th sea t magu

a h ae ga n mon s has dcd ho aula

f fm.

d d vd Th isor f dn s aa mo

ga and t n a Mar Dap n CLa

Dada, whih ishd n N Yk ad u ad

h Pmy: w uch a f a u

ag att aiv Dada at:r fu ft fo t ae

a sy a hy f wa e horrs vold Wa

a ea latd ad fed is dwardauo w te t �i ad b v. -

i o t Edwada aialty Dad we von th

a xariy ntum lJ i a fo

imediat xin dfu

Dada s we th rs t do any f ths o w

y am oooS Asa moit clage th atai

y bge is vaga Hags a hd -

ed a m f y f. u f h ovat a sse exmn n a cuit T Dt had a t

v a n p h a d

wn t e :1a St, te makpla das hi ang,

Mx Ens Kt, Q B� P from 9 in . Via N. Copley w Yok Fgs 66-8



FI :c h q II I j x i Jcqi

s ubitins nd rnitis mol ind Nw Yr

Zric Hn n Barn n Ps i tan sinle

indiidals rd wy inips ntl t Dda ynait ard t sid k sid b sttics nd

b i up publi sr

T CUIsra a · houg f art sntin lzd nd

t t Ddists d nd in t nlt pks f t y

day, dis nss OI itis T tir p y

t tt unrli asti pl o i ily vr O

iuosl bst ik n nss stn cd cackrs Ty a rg

t i iddl i nd rt tl d rit ak int t

oart.

Tkin l ity wt a r- rp ty ndt a vutin

in isry sin Bas in s scssl at

tin dirny tda T us / t dn bn

wt \ usay pt as r ad \ w y rrd s lty

y Ill. snsu ln a oil lic t asi na r

sp t sp l a prk p nw n b liiy" njyd

s as a intin

ain ada sitains, iso wn and raty cn cplty ispr. Bin intrstd in anc

sips and wat ppns in bwn rt an li, ty placd atl or

anuad d s" n py s nt rd r

m bcs nd \td pprns . By jxg s

o an aps t d, t ad t and rity vlapnta nd b pt t s tin

Mn Rys 1 9 7 ( 5 1 is an l da xmpl o



W

frnd rel ;'ReYd" $ �Jan R dded e

n t edmd qjct Ts n s wr

ed r slghtl lted d unf cx

lng bd t dttd su) t pr d t D clld edmd Hg

e r nd lf Bodwlk sugget t re f lf b the ese

scl rft et dnes s gget b ng rderd tee uf

g e d e y y e ora e

an R B Oil on 'od wi fuLr knb ad v'e,

251 28 in. Cloia de HJI:ra, Ps. " t wrk s � Nw Y Dd grup I a a c m

t y ti-atist.c md p." H< Ri, ( Y



ad pant, ye denes ths sggesio by te fact tha the pai as done noti

mo tan tasfo rea checkered sares nto a useess ograto One

bom a\ae of e nteatn reaty of ar ad lf a one eazes ht

pats of mateial (which ook "real bt ae ot) at te pper righ areally balaned by th ong, avy hyhm of he unre pned sae

disoios a h boom ; ha wie he knob do no pl ope rea drawers

her paemt visally pls op he composto tha wile twrc ying

he knob ogher in an onsiby e way i i s iuay hoding t om

posiio ogether

I hor ada ierhang art and vryday expriee by making

objecs ha a uf l a fui fay and symboally ank

o ada aboly anyhg i somehig a aris can use any naera ca

become pat of a paiig or par o a ces se.

Many ada ar payed hess The man reponsbe fo ther inres

was Jacel uchamp o ga up patg fo i th ary 920'5 ad

bcne an internaional respeed payer a a meber of h French

championsip team duing he 193. Dchamp rt attmp o dign ache ws mino o (g reaig moe o hes han o ada

His huaicaly xted drawg ar lghtly bred onvn-

ioal symbols, a rs of enery raher tha a fllow idea rt

eeuted h se ( , exhbed i dclopd qe example f n Asted Rdymade. uap bogt a andard

ommrcial hes wale r ve dolar. No ute oe wh h om of he

yb h degnd had hm pted and pu the pape btween

he elod hmsel Being a serio paye he alo wa anoyd ha h

peces o te stadd se sometms slpped ot of ter lot o pre ti,

he addd he head oa raight pin ah quar Wh i i lerton

a iadrtly fomally ued e te rfa of t boad Te

pinhead are there beae hey ae fl by a hir grdi ratonshp forms a pleaant sprmpo�d pr tha suaeosy dee and

arms e origia pae of he board Lk mh of hamp wok hs

chess se s a mh a fui desn as a wo o art an ieestg

electa exers hat happens o b vsally atraie

oe h bodly baan spi o Dadas us offod objets n ostenbly

icongos stuatons Alexander Calders ce set Fg 4 His u

pecos deg i a happy odgepodge of fy fomd ngs (K h



" I &

1

Above; :f ucp Dsig f ( n k

fU' t card, ah ca Th VlI f� \ \k Kt-

S r Bqu

Bw: F. vfa ham Pkt hod ? Late lluloid an

ia 6 { i :f ap Nw Yk



l\bove : Axandr Ca. Chss et B Vo) n m

ss ,1 nd M! Mac Dp Yrk

5 Ri Kz ]94 Pt s ad

WbL; ow Cy f Te u Al Ne o



Above: 56 ur Ham. Chs n 197 Pi lm d, 6V t(�y f gr

Bow 7 ' U0Tk n p

oz a cd a m '" i C



N 6

slghy frmed thin (Bshp) a imply f n K and Quee.Calers ue he saigh ew a e eye rew o an Qee an excelle exanple f w a Dada ey ca dcver rary vrydaysrrunngs smi as pp f a he se a i ymbl fmale a emae

The pibily maki a seu he e bje a mple a nad b a inried a nmber f eses Oe f he m cesful fhs se wa dned by Rar Kamlz n [ 949 F 55 Kamhldeelp he iea Calde ed a laly e yem drm H elec f ymbl parla1y arave he K ad Qeae py wne he p ad ae ae miakabe emnde f

hr prtype e Kh, wh \sable p, ha a bl-n suesnf w mve th ba

A an ppie xrme frm Kamhl h qumv pece hu ammer' vt che e 6 ceve e ey maki ahraive mve thee mmnal pees ar ymbaly mpe e ratna bihp' mieed pea he iIae aelmeed warr an he parape f a casl h ly duy wi epandn he anbl ea ale ha he pbem f i may

en bae beme pcedMt f he he es ha h aa prnipe f avi eeyaybes eprese me e a hemseve ce e hiy faralc ymlism N maer \ abra, ee pee ae selee eged repreen aal re me f Dada eeda aved he ea f m b wih fal ymbim ma hese i 8, f xample arries e adbl dea a hhe eel fabac by l e eeraled frm e iere naur f eahpc iate he by he, y ma r by a aey ymblic lce

he Daa adi, f cre imed uadbt n"hh a mery ypia. he p f Daa ha evehi he rl isavalable Oe ca mae a wrg ce e ayi Te pees abe a elega as br w sybls as t relae a he mlay beween e mve he h and e me f he Paw Fg 7 r eymb a be a bvs a map fms as unpee a pebble i9 he ly lmia e imana



Above : FI 58 Arman (Fernandz). Cs set 1968 a Cousy ofth �ign.Bow 59 B Ep h 9 ad ah oe, in i Couy

f lpl, I ! Yrk Size li av motac f



6

Sueam and Iaoa Fo

a ge o o Daa \h ber e Dada jnig

Srrs t B ovmets ee asiat b stht po-

sbes hae icovi Bo ocse on he ras imagnia wl ded elies B e etal ie ben te

w me a a. W e Ds

expi wi e pca el f e el w, h Suealiss

exlr h pyga eaty f e wd

he pal a Daa paing hss se th trghtrwa

sei f areg obvio ass ica a

Srist aitig r ss s i t ati aion o lgy

Te aa m h idel

. h pc mge b

pe, se sakb Se m exce o t bcocs. s pvt e ted to be ge omp a

l vag

I ter pag a sult Suelss we a snsie to esimilarts bt\ hss an s e a Arb Ja Ry dded to his

bstac csspic h e f a onfoaio i batl

Game (F 60. Th Kig Pli wth t Quen y M E ( g 6 I

Hr ys b Matt g 2 eed th eke ai to



Oos: F 1n Ry € 6 il on v 2�% 9/ i - ad' D ti, ChapaquaA FI 6 Ens K P w Q '9. z 38 . f Md New Yk. and MJo d xbd "T Imgr T K



2 POJ 4 x 9 t n. scu \VlLim bn �ewYk uu en t 57) heedsol ch whh ms o en nou( 90B, is isss

S Fj he t Nw R b og K h pblis· J hotph l 9

ches byund the lv f t l arrai, e wrd of priiv

s ggs. A r ra we

d i o R M rp n symb w

e � o cnlx exi e

W s akb L rm a e w d - ss se d r r upe

O o eare S d Ra n 926

(F 3) I t s ' a e osse d om.

s a cnl. Some g om

rs : s r xm e r

of Ca ss or d dr B

m e or s r nr k



Cade che ) he fo o an ay d ue rJae o nivea

ybo fo ale ad feale wiot ay pc efeece to ch

Fo hi Bhp and K y de on two oe dere

Seai ilf. e hape of hi Bhop ha a drt co n a fureehcetuy Nordi Pw 32. i Knh ada-relit

aation Patly i pl he colled d o a l o lo pced

fom l ad plopped on h ceboad al i a at edio of

ead

he nul caac of h iht ha bee a l bc ny

who hve ed o den a che e wi eerc fo n t ae of e

Santo adition, a ee dc or o dene to avid e

eee o ue Depe he it dipn o y dei t

uy pd y itity f h i no eniely Alhuhhe ndvidua ut ccefl he oal den o ineraed

orly, he ie of h phrial Paw o popoion ncepuay

p o mix a d y u h aac ua. epite h idividal o h Kht a a hpic it

charace wt the t of he d

A togh cntnt ad iy pe ou a deed

abo 138 by Ye Tny . 64 n Dada pi f ain

thin ut o an evyday al a to bo hadl and caedo o o he pure aat hp tha have eve acd he

The dein i nd by two haeii : pece cyinda ; vey

pce u e pe e way. Th cheve f e di i t

uce e o fucial, alar yo wiin h ever ricto

of pre culpt fo

he a ahfod y Te Ki a yd kepin wih h o eaioip o h o pce in al pay h

ayp au t connly eped by an obliyuncd ylnde e diaol ov o th op i icd t i pehe in poeal the wh an e on al of a hop

o , yzd _uc<y y n wnd ith o o an

all he che t o paiin the DadaSelt adto ae a

eriou h. alder he (Fi 4, fo ple i oethinofa pn

hece p q ce ee e \ cap ha pal kid joy ne feel at h oe f pano d-



V 66



covr One mu b carefl o o appoach suc 8 ork \'h o mc

eion. I ca b frl, wy a lyrc or bbl of ar fral f

oe e:thc r r nd ga o ouhy, op If oeed

ml m b receved wth a smile� or cano me backJ Ly de ( 65) e om f te ponty h ac

compe t coepton rece tt aweng n qry y th

ar ey recalld e ccnc rrdn brh of h

th mm o 9

Max Ent and I [wed] to pay ces on h beach We drw a ceoardi he and nd r u bl ad e Tey we dcl o dha pece boh ome plr nd o ct blck \ roded botom hen are the lock A beakfa I dcded ca e-had

emt hl om m so-bled I ct fo eveal gs ereafnd \·l hd h de o pren he e form n ao fr all hchm Ma Er mgd w o my la nd n uwo ee � no nly kn h o\V ce �e bu wh ddonlr om e oe a \hol lare clr t opd workn hor te o ha umm.

Te or of hat mmr promped y o ornze n bn a h

New Y gery Decee ld gey of Ch" nl the eelatd elemen f aintn sptu eblg mro

de ero den an ldl es mpe,

whc Gr

A : FI 6 Ma ay Ches . 1926. Siler 4 i hi - 'h( um odt New York. Gft o A i Rokee. M R esg l oe'h es

B Yvs [ag. he gn(d bor 19 3 ; is epi exeec 930 Pain , 3 % . Iseum fd Ar =w Yk o: Y Taguy This e i re f o are fro a broom ad a Tnua o te Lo Bui eoe vi ri id i hral ob ok h ! L\'d A 15 p 18-



Juie oe Oyf e Th potora. " bom of ec ie

u h J' oU e, al a For oogra) i(s w ke m ur

Klanwski (bdfe) gas t � E rd Kr, Juln vy D ng Gr

Zilbo it Ml D r. I a poreiii s d ev Pb s r r Duca Fig. 53 C (Fig 54 E (Fi 9 6668) Fpowki i72, Ma y, NgUh u H ilb

Te in w b Mx r S b, o w h y iv p

66 e led i e ppoi c m m o bo ig 6

Py t t t y Pw a t r t

li o i , ml o lwV$1y� Ji g i pi f cu'S i to y i oee bo i n·[ r l p u n sly

d .



69 )

66 �ax Est. Ches e 1 Plrme \Iabou uknw Rpucdf vi, jay '95 p 4·

Th ue ang ort Pw vss lf d i cps fo h c

fip d ctus� i y dd . Th rt

s gn red s bk bk, op th t tznt ne st th t nd bd srtH: t m. ev t snd Kh

st h h hr h

t t B h rd t dl Eopn dig,

suggt bhp' h s w-y mo pntl (S Faco

Girgi's bt '485 h Mlian M A,

Yr)

t K Q xs h h K�h th h C h dg t st tBihop mve. h b Q db t n pst

t Ct d " r

K s [ tat l h h Q Howeve h

Q b t p i th I t Kn

d s b. Int prr lts h

am, Ens Fd s t trd mk hi hud



WH Y 7

A 10 ax n Di 44 exue 5 Boo n ih. "Vil K o York. Seval eions f d a din drn ial

Blw G 68 Mx Dsd 194 x 9 i.h Pdlh f Gi fhn F . Hso



·I

Quee h diat piee o h eboad.

Oe ould e o uc rhy artd mbl i te wok of a

rreais atist. u[ s a ompletely balacd fuson o ess sybol

i ymbl ' makable. Ee rmarkabe s a Es was hsate pho o yb wh uh xraodny sbley

f nd !ph mc y yd h bcnowha is s ad rmo a h .

Buhu n Funn Frm

Peaps the s porant ne o e desig e e

wene t e Bah, "hich orsd Geray be

ee n 'wlh Dd d s as h re p ha a l. Te teaa s bd hi s sh

ied sany b arits ad am in pog t ebraerything vs, evy ra ev'ytig spitu d atu

e e po'�dble iteretoh

Te Bau he hed t omeeiv pgam t eitize

stdet t nessty ma-g prdhe Dly way in

wh e-dd c d b d vey f

T mps was r ng a n a desg

probe} g ot si osbe orm to p ha o.Acs and inrl deiger ah t ot baty t atin

owrkg pt impt la pesie wa possib with otempo

r ri t tau Hr'" bt � malaion o

sse fm. fme tag t he atude fare d

t chq g-s h d b l on te

an f hi ce ot wth a tradona tooJ b te tuue a

ete air phd ou by a ma.

he e et hJose Ha

wg

sned a h Baha i1924 (Fg. 6)

s a miia prait o hese deg rcpes e rejed he radi

d gs ybolzng h m of e pees . I ken wt t si

e ofhe Buas, Hrtwg wa wh t actal weren d. bed h d th pern hwe e [ w hey v on t boad t ey

aoatio th ams old bring mFog w dpe o io ad fu ale he artilad



Abov : IG 69 JsHani1g Chss d. al es I93-24 Nturl adw, hh Musem f M Ar Yk B�

J Exc by h B Cpn vVol'kbp, Gray. R Ha

.Bm(ha 19[ 28 k T�

1cum M ; HIiebn und ng s Blar, Fanfut--i 95 5 S I a N" k, 96 ·

FI 7( J s s Q- P!m so Cs H 6 ed bw: pl blk \·Va n-

Corty fT Ile M L

st i g m gm. H c b

xss m r h gs g g to m ght t"X! r g m t s m

hr mg m m Ho\· h is- b g m m g (s sgg b g · rm t sg0g s sg g m r ms h





EIE E 74

mving ptt t Bsp) T mted o pol Qe

symbizd by a phee, w s t nly ualy imitd by re,

but e ro h mpaht asatns o wigh and ss wih haace- es.

It s dsm dig usuy ou O he mostirstn pis s he Kntl \hh xcl e" m rol n vhih o ts s sid in. Lss ssl h daili th Bs.

e f po es of t �· mr i rt

simlicity hd thy b qd Moer b h

King nd e i f h ae frml d a :sml he ther

p th w de do -o _t h loicl t of b fms : ny

ig r x ( F 70 an 1).

Hitric�l, i t s ntestig ha Hrw i aie a the aabplici is dsi wthout t pas hroh "asil ha, inc e is ps ty t dts (F. 70 I k saempt t h esel om unsar te udali ihy oma f.

Rrd lpowsi' hs t (F. 2 whle a nme of Hwis ia mke disct cbo� o t oba mo: Th lda Qn d rwi1 ie o iclr joth al ss r. T ih in wih h K

7 7 d x x



,

Rchd Filpow:ki (� 3 Ayi , 3 g out o h oe Iho-N_ V { Cgo

7

ca v s smozd y Hrg hll re tp

lpw p Atough thi poc 6 xpssng a ec'

ee no oen \ he ea d of t tc , , v qjte. v in j-�erand s n pd

(Fg 73)T n Fk' d f .We e ter ee col mdw te rm ft Kt rv

he exploat f w l, ayl e m twst n

d e o d u alaly pprot o

lt tent Mr h · o n xr

lrl ang onvlos It vng syo or he -

u t Kg mv mp w sng s y Km-



hotz Fg 55) What makes i Kgt a xel eg s no ony thati a tehicall inteeg vsgato oa ew mta, or that t is a ormtha ceary expee a futon, a it pasing o he eye bt tat iis a

thee imuaosy

Grad fe and Een Mx ave oaboat to oe a handsomeyroporoe se hat caes th ea o cog te pcs to a logicaoion g 74 h decto a mropose v xpee a boly grah way Cu into he ectagua blo ae abstat pan ofmovig ottia ; aowy cu pie ov a limted anc dey ut

ec mov a unlimte dstaceI s poibe o objet o the smily bewen th ymbol o h Knght

an th symbol fo t King and Qe Bu genal this desig i a su·

cessfu attempt to integrae he vsal symbols ed by he and the

phca ock ued y h ad o dg tha ry a te·eatonshi mly daw o pae a wo-dmnsonal ecal on top o he blok

wc is oamenation rahe ta egatonTh HertMar chss an oe by he auto ig 5 aoah e

poblem of eesig movement o tey den o o viw Irand Ma e te wo to-imsoal an om te bo n tend

d hat a lane ino t dmso by skig it to a boc. e resl a o o mas Wt aho atacd m he pa a oy th sgdomiat ange o the moving poten usig ta ange in te eevaion o a

sold bock Xn ti way the viully smboc and he ycaly movabe ano wo searae thing eiig i by pace b wo ieparablasects o a sgl ng The eul i o gai ins ih mae bugaph mase (Fig. 6.

he Castl moving onie aae o he eges oh boad rectnga

y haped. h Kght th a haped oe L·hed he Bhopmovig o a ortyv-e agoa i dagonay aed. Qun havig a te movig potenia o two Biho and a Casle s o as a oen,visualy acve oguraion o two Bhops and a Castl. h Kg having

o a ied pa o h movig otental o the same ee ieces, i formeas t c1oe visualy ativ coverse of e uee Moreoe modulatoni he voume ofmass ae ccuatd o niae raive imotanc. Alhogh

t ree pe have the am heght te eqay tog Kght ad Bop

have oly treua of th ma f the mo owe Cale



7

s c a itd av oo d t pa o w T to o r pd o rt st t

at ro ly w l t o t o ul ub p patt (F 7 1 )

I ti p it a pob t oy b uta g a hv o ou w a t t a t livsna ov pol i t d t l

p xv s Hv dtd o t aaltrto o s d opri fu o d v t ra a p ai p t ot o pppa a din ai a b



Abov : W. 73 Grad lfcrt n EI Marx. Chrls et. 19 6j Nu ws, ) ihgh Cry f he sig.

Helm.: Fl( 4 Dm analyzing y F ·



Above : FIG. 75 Lanir hm C st Designd IG6, xcut 6 Naural

wn d mb w J n h T " Mo A) Yk f

t ig

Bw : 6 Dg nyz � i Fgu

D= '

_

i� � lI ' , , ,

' , I

I : !I ___ . I I :

�



MI;

\,!

."

/' \ l.

. , ;u" ' - r " '6'-

•- / "' ; /" . '", .

_-/ : ( TV

t

FIC. 77 Robr C Ca_ Sy o a 1967 No oo. of he A ofa ' o K



V

Conclusio

ONL ON O o un ray. Wha has akn le is only

on nun on wh ng a Th oh nun contmoay

nby Baus adons a o s-gag, ah gnaton o

u fos wha h happnd dds shold b onnd a all

nd so n wha orm

houghou hoy, h nau o h gam o hs and dsgn o hss

ss a ndgon many ansomaon Th nn Indan d h

a s ge h symah Psans maand h donu wh hs um w onnd w h nonsaoal do

n oam, wa rnomd no hghl absa vaatons

h an oa Vz, mn a smar Aa , h

sm Wh h d o a oweul son sandng bd h nal gur

was onond wh h omn ulu o mdval Euo ha h

am a qn Ab ml d bm nghs on hb and s

on Indan han ba am down and bam ss

n mal o, o oly h nams ndvdual s, u h wholon he gm ws ald Wha had bn x o Onal

amy wa nomed no wha wa xs o n Odn sa.

Th aly and uany o absa hss ss n h wnth

ndas ha anoh undamna hang m b ng la n h genal

on o h am_ h adonal "Saunon dsg, w s as

mag o mdl ms sggs gam bwn omba who njoy

h wnng als h nw dsgns wh h absa mag o l

a o sggs a m wn onsn who noy h os ohng Wh hs on h bod s osb o a a gam o he

who also layng gam o udalsm o a gam o wa.

Ony h uu wll b abl o ll ow uh hangs n hnng abou h

gam my h dsgn o hs s n h mnm, h w adon o

sml asa ha don Som dgr ng h onnng

an oeudal oms, ar ang lgan h s wh omn sg



[

gestons of mdval pagnry (Fg. 77) Soe esners roucn thn-all blan eas on o s s kg o oo fo e md

to lay w Fg 78 e ea o esspee as -o h

md, a pe so a oga oaon ons o eeop e

nex nd o e a e a oad olgs on te ae o a ompte

8 has Pery. Chs st 1967 Nc-p bass! high T us

f M A, N Yok Gft Rhad H a Bt s �m ;h tt s by m p fcnal m v� agf A h h i ii hir tong Kg an

Qu n r w a pu {jV sm

s s s s- n n ' vs an

B' t e hr h .

-.-



• • •

••

• •

- -

- -

• •

• •

• •

I"

v"V"

"

79 Lan Gaam S omptz Abv : br.o-dimcn

a pe, (C, K\ B Q K) ; age 84: eeina ieces B C B C B .1966-68 Ba th e siml i a comr, ts ssms of smos ar itn ps t t potnti':l ac pic, m t nt oi i th tr hmbl (a/ th) a psib Ov�met A h-mnona

"gaphs e iees a lt mas n a u's dislay arl lan ana cwit a slon omputorasssd barl ja umb aan aK T l nslt t mtr n rbable aanta sib m;s pt m an (stat -ray" n a a a am ju

nshd� and thn d ma blm a a f tal am I t, sam sybos a b no f t fom mat ktz t to r ntatin T am n pnpls an b m th-dmsia pis. S tsa b n twnna bards bt w b alarl aoat foSp-Css) ay a ba ood of al tanar ba wt cmin th tna a ( Fg ; A m CQ can age ftmal c a tnnal a ma imnsia ics n a tmnnal ba a a bt



s bibiogaph i limited to books i

English at isss dsin of csss n a pia o pially rva

way 'y ar lsd cronlogialMore copeenve liographs a

b d Mrray ad '·Vmann.

COPLY FREDECK S Improved Gemti-(a and Unvrl Chsme. taplton,

Sa slad I 8{

C, S:ART [n Pyng a!vVashgo, ., Goet rt-

ing O 18g8

me of he J/h mcan Ianasgo C Grni Printg Oc, J907

UA, HJ R H' ohe Lodo Oord Unrsity rss, 13

IDDLL ONAL [ ;jth PGUS and MNORY

/

hme X Yor Haco, Brac

93

Hj LEX. The Book of emeno rtur Barer 5

'VrOHMAN H ad EGRIE h,h f heee rom anq mde m Lodo al a

94

HAEONJ JK F ] nu fC-men he oeo oohn HabenPiadpha: hiladlphia sof rt 964

\ILKINON� L K d EJESSIE M" he: E Wea ree Seenm he -u A e con X" Yk he tropoltan Muum o Ar,

8

lcE-BEso A men d edend & Nclso,

/

r

- - ;;

_ l V

;



Walk an Cany' B

THIS S S to enhusias in

may areas. The boks have be dsgn

atrative ad copat fa, and there pofuely iutratd. Ech paial and

fmatv u a een 'iten by a

rgned hoy, \vil p ia-ale t aateU, cooissurs n cl-

rs. Th sp o t si s xmi yh ti i b' :

nsb Diana pte

Css Ssy F Laier Gaha

Dsb Jhn Nb

Fn Clksy Wth Eey

fany Glassy :Iao Aaya

Wa a Copny

Fith Aeue

N York, New ok 1

PTD T UT T MC



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