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CHILDREN & SPORT PSYCHOLOGY. Eileen Wolfe University of West Florida. IMPORTANCE OF YOUTH SPORTS. Youth sports act as a microcosm of society Socialization Problem solving Leadership Discipline Cooperation/teamwork Dealing with adversity Overcoming fear Facing challenges - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CHILDREN & SPORT
PSYCHOLOGY
Eileen WolfeUniversity of West Florida
IMPORTANCE OF YOUTH SPORTS
Youth sports act as a microcosm of society
SocializationProblem solvingLeadershipDisciplineCooperation/teamworkDealing with adversityOvercoming fear
Facing challengesStress/arousal
regulationHealthy lifestyleCoordinationSelf-efficacy
PREVALENCE Nearly 45 million youth participate in
sports every year in U.S.Represents 66% of all out-of-school
activities for youth (Ewing & Seefeldt, 2002)
#1 reason for involvement is “To have fun”Other main reasons: improve skills, get in
shape, be with friends (Ewing & Seefeldt, 1996)
DROPOUT For every 10 youth that begin sport, 3 to 4
discontinue by next season (Gould & Petlichkiff, 1988)
50% of youth dropout of sport involvement by age 1270% dropout by age 14 (University of Michigan
Institute for Social Research, 1981-1997) In any given year, 3 to 4 out of 10 will drop out
before the next season.
Reasons? _____________________________
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN AT RISK FOR HEIGHTENED COMPETITIVE STATE ANXIETY
Frequent worries about adult expectations and evaluation by others
Fear of failure Less perceived fun Less satisfaction with their performance,
regardless of winning or losing Perception that participation is important to
parents Outcome goal orientation and low perceived ability Maladaptive Perfectionism
INTERVENTION Proper interventions can decrease
dropout rates and increase positive developmental outcomes
1)Positive reinforcement, 2)technical instruction, and 3) mistake-contingent encouragement from adults most important interventionsFocus on increasing desirable behaviors by
rewarding Coaches and parents can be trained
UNDERSTANDING THE CHILD ATHLETE
Need continuous and immediate reinforcement: positive approach
Not all want to become “Elite”
Stages of Athlete Development (Cote, 1999; Cote, Lidor, & Hackfort, 2009)
Sampling years Specializing years Investment years Recreational years
SAMPLING YEARS Majority of youth in this stage
Characterized by “deliberate play”
Kids voluntarily try variety of sports
Positive outcomes: Form opinions on sports, develop fundamental motor skills, socialize, learn to work with others
Essential building block of sport development
Can go into specializing or recreational
SPECIALIZING YEARS Characterized by a balance between deliberate
play and deliberate practice
Kids begin to focus on one or two sports that they enjoy
Skills such as problem solving, imagery, and goal-setting, along with socialization, self-concept, and self-esteem development (Chase & Drummer, 1992; Harter, 1978)
Should be challenging, yet fun!
Can go into investment or recreational
INVESTMENT YEARS Characterized by deliberate practice
Investment of training time, money, focus Development of elite athletes
Win-at-all cost focus on performance and competition
Can teach leadership, responsibility, commitment, stress regulation
RECREATION YEARS Characterized by enjoyment and focus on
healthy lifestyle, socializationNot place for overly competitive level of play
Reason many join community sports rather than school-sponsored sportsLess pressureEveryone given equal opportunity
More likely to experience less negative effectsHowever, less likely to develop PST’s for stress
regulation
UNDERSTANDING THE YOUTH SPORT COACH
Majority are untrained volunteersMost coach how they were coachedTrained coaches have only 5% dropout rate
compared to untrained at 26% (Barnett, Smoll, & Smith, 1992)
Majority use combination of negative and positive approachShould follow 5:1 RULEPhil Jackson vs. Bobby KnightPositive Coaching Alliance
COACHING YOUTH SPORTS
Understand individual athlete goals
Model Sportsmanship Increases peer-to-peer positive reinforcement ROOTS: Rules, Opponents, Officials, Teammates, Self
Practice PST’s to regulate own stress/arousal Imagery, self-talk, relaxation/breathing
Use positive, sincere feedback Sandwich Approach: Positive statement, Future-oriented
instruction, compliment
Smith, Smoll, Curtis (1979) CBAS Study Barnett, Smoll, & Smith (1992) follow-up
UNDERSTANDING YOUTH SPORT PARENTS
Single most important thing kids need from parents: Support
Emotional Informational Companionship Tangible
Continuum from underinvolved to overinvolved parents The healthiest development of the child athlete
takes place when the parent shows support and respect for the child athlete, teammates, coaches, officials, fans, and opponents alike, through a moderate level of involvement.
PARENTS GONE WILD “The Overinvolved Parent” Examples
EDUCATING PARENTS… Parents strongly influence their child’s
goals (Duda & Hom, 1993) and perceived competence (Brustad, 1993).
May not realize the impact of their influence
May not know how to communicate effectively with coaches and the child
Parent Orientation MeetingsParent Responsibilities and Code of Conduct
(American Sport Education Program, 1994) Can use as opportunity to tackle “Myths”
(pg.530-531)
REVIEW Which of the following is best
characterized by “deliberate practice” in athlete development?a) Sampling stageb) Specializing stagec) Investment staged) Reinforcement stagee) None of the above
REVIEW The stage of athlete development in
which an athlete invests all of their resources into one sport is known as the sampling stage.a. Trueb. False
REVIEW According to the University of
Michigan Institute for Social Research, approximately what percentage of athletes dropout of youth sports by the age of 14?a) 20%b) 30%c) 50%d) 70%e) None of the above
REVIEW Reinforcement for young athletes should
be __________ and __________________?a) Continuous and delayedb) Continuous and immediatec) Intermittent and delayedd) Intermittent and immediatee) None of the above
Feedback should be task oriented (not outcome oriented) and self-comparing (not peer comparing)
REVIEW Which of the following should
coaches use to deal with stresses of coaching and to be a good role model?a) Self-talkb) Relaxation/Breathing techniquesc) Imageryd) All of the abovee) None of the above
REVIEW True or False: Bobby Knight is a
spokesperson for the Positive Coaching Alliance and is displays a considerate coaching style.a) Trueb) False
REVIEW According to Youth sport coaches
should follow the 2:1 Rule by giving 2 positive feedbacks to every 1 negative feedback.a) Trueb) False
FINAL THOUGHTSCanadian Hockey PSA: YOUTUBE VIDEO
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZM4RO1ty3E
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RuWw2j6Tr0g&feature=related