55
China's National Defense in 2008 Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China January 2009, Beijing (Reproduced as single PDF document by Federation of American Scientists. Original version: http://english.gov.cn/official/2009‐01/20/content_1210227.htm)

China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

China'sNationalDefensein2008

InformationOfficeoftheStateCouncilofthePeople'sRepublicofChina

January2009,Beijing

(ReproducedassinglePDFdocumentbyFederationofAmericanScientists.Originalversion:http://english.gov.cn/official/2009‐01/20/content_1210227.htm)

Page 2: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

2

Contents

Preface

I.TheSecuritySituation

II.NationalDefensePolicy

III.ReformandDevelopmentofthePLA

IV.TheArmy

V.TheNavy

VI.TheAirForce

VII.TheSecondArtilleryForce

VIII.ThePeople'sArmedPoliceForce

IX.NationalDefenseReserveBuildup

X.TheArmedForcesandthePeople

XI.Science,TechnologyandIndustryforNationalDe‐fense

XII.DefenseExpenditure

XIII.InternationalSecurityCooperation

XIV.ArmsControlandDisarmament

AppendixIMajorInternationalExchangesoftheChineseMilitary(2007‐2008)

AppendixIIJointExercisesandTrainingwithForeignArmedForces(2007‐2008)

AppendixIIIChina'sParticipationinUNPeacekeepingOperations

AppendixIVImportsandExportsofSevenMajorTypesofConventionalArmsofthePRC(2007)

AppendixVDefenseExpenditureofthePRC(1978‐2007)

AppendixVIMajorMilitaryRegulationsIssuedin2007and2008

Page 3: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

3

Preface

Theyear2008wasanextraordinaryoneinthehistoryofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC).InthatyearChinaovercameadevastatingearthquake,withtheepicenterinWenchuanCounty,SichuanProvince;successfullyhostedthe29thOlympicGamesandParalympicsinBeijing;andgreetedthe30thanniversaryoftheadoptionofreformandopening‐uppolicies.

HistoricchangeshavetakenplaceintherelationsbetweencontemporaryChinaandtherestoftheworld.TheChineseeconomyhasbecomeanimportantpartoftheworldeconomy,Chinahasbecomeanimportantmemberoftheinternationalsystem,andthefutureanddestinyofChinahavebeenincreasinglycloselyconnectedwiththeinternationalcommunity.Chinacannotdevelopinisolationfromtherestoftheworld,norcantheworldenjoyprosperityandstabilitywithoutChina.

Startingfromthisnewhistoricalturningpoint,Chinaisunswervinglytakingtheroadofpeacefuldevelopment,unswervinglycarryingoutitspoliciesofreformandopening‐upandsocialistmodernization,unswervinglypursuinganindependentforeignpolicyofpeaceandanationaldefensepolicysolelyaimedatprotectingitsterritoryandpeople,andendeavoringtobuild,togetherwithothercountries,aharmoniousworldofenduringpeaceandcommonprosperity.

ChinaadherestotakingtheScientificOutlookonDevelopmentasanimportantguidingprinciplefornationaldefenseandarmedforcesbuilding;isactivelyadaptingitselftonewtrendsinworldmilitarydevelopment,takingitasitsfundamentalpurposetosafeguardnationalsovereignty,securityanddevelopment,takingreformandinnovationasitsfundamentaldrivingforce,andadvancingthemodernizationofitsnationaldefenseandarmedforcesfromahigherstartingpoint.

Page 4: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

4

I.TheSecuritySituation

Withtheadventofthenewcentury,theworldisundergoingtremendouschangesandadjustments.Peaceanddevelopmentremaintheprincipalthemesofthetimes,andthepursuitofpeace,developmentandcooperationhasbecomeanirresistibletrendofthetimes.However,globalchallengesareontheincrease,andnewsecuritythreatskeepemerging.

Economicglobalizationandworldmulti‐polarizationaregainingmomentum.Theprogresstowardindustrializationandinformationizationthroughouttheglobeisacceleratingandeconomiccooperationisinfullswing,leadingtoincreasingeconomicinterdependence,inter‐connectivityandinteractivityamongcountries.Theriseanddeclineofinternationalstrategicforcesisquickening,majorpowersaresteppinguptheireffortstocooperatewitheachotheranddrawoneachother'sstrengths.Theycontinuetocompetewithandholdeachotherincheck,andgroupsofnewemergingdevelopingpowersarearising.Therefore,aprofoundreadjustmentisbrewingintheinternationalsystem.Inaddition,factorsconducivetomaintainingpeaceandcontainingwarareontherise,andthecommoninterestsofcountriesinthesecurityfieldhaveincreased,andtheirwillingnesstocooperateisenhanced,therebykeepinglowtheriskofworldwide,all‐outandlarge‐scalewarsforarelativelylongperiodoftime.

Worldpeaceanddevelopmentarefacedwithmultipledifficultiesandchallenges.Strugglesforstrategicresources,strategiclocationsandstrategicdominancehaveintensified.Meanwhile,hegemonismandpowerpoliticsstillexist,regionalturmoilkeepsspillingover,hot‐spotissuesareincreasing,andlocalconflictsandwarskeepemerging.TheimpactofthefinancialcrisistriggeredbytheU.S.subprimemortgagecrisisissnowballing.Intheaspectofworldeconomicdevelopment,issuessuchasenergyandfoodarebecomingmoreserious,highlightingdeep‐seatedcontradictions.Economicrisksaremanifestingamoreinterconnected,systematicandglobalnature.Issuessuchasterrorism,environmentaldisasters,climatechange,seriousepidemics,transnationalcrimeandpiratesarebecomingincreasinglyprominent.

Theinfluenceofmilitarysecurityfactorsoninternationalrelationsismounting.Drivenbycompetitioninoverallnationalstrengthandthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,internationalmilitarycompetitionisbecomingincreasinglyintense,andtheworldwiderevolutioninmilitaryaffairs(RMA)isreachinganewstageofdevelopment.Somemajorpowersarerealigningtheirsecurityandmilitarystrategies,increasingtheirdefenseinvestment,speedingupthetransformationofarmedforces,anddevelopingadvancedmilitarytechnology,weaponsandequipment.Strategicnuclearforces,militaryastronautics,missiledefensesystems,andglobalandbattlefieldreconnaissanceandsurveillancehavebecometopprioritiesintheireffortstostrengthenarmedforces.Somedevelopingcountriesarealsoactivelyseekingtoacquireadvancedweaponsandequipmenttoincreasetheirmilitarypower.Allcountriesareattachingmoreimportancetosupportingdiplomaticstruggleswithmilitarymeans.Asaresult,armsracesinsomeregions

Page 5: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

5

areheatingup,posinggravechallengestotheinternationalarmscontrolandnonproliferationregime.

TheAsia‐Pacificsecuritysituationisstableonthewhole.Theregionaleconomyisbrimmingwithvigor,mechanismsforregionalandsub‐regionaleconomicandsecuritycooperationmaintaintheirdevelopmentmomentum,andithasbecomethepolicyorientationofallcountriestosettledifferencesandhotspotissuespeacefullythroughdialogue.ThememberstatesoftheShanghaiCooperationOrganization(SCO)havesignedtheTreatyonLong‐TermGood‐NeighborlyRelations,FriendshipandCooperation,andpracticalcooperationhasmadeprogressinsuchfieldsassecurityandeconomy.TheconclusionoftheASEANCharterhasenabledanewsteptobetakentowardASEANintegration.RemarkableachievementshavebeenmadeincooperationbetweenChinaandASEAN,aswellasbetweenASEANandChina,JapanandtheRepublicofKorea.CooperationwithintheframeworkoftheEastAsiaSummit(EAS)andtheSouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCooperation(SAARC)continuestomakeprogress.TheSix‐PartyTalksontheKoreannuclearissuehavescoredsuccessiveachievements,andthetensioninNortheastAsiaismuchreleased.

However,therestillexistmanyfactorsofuncertaintyinAsia‐Pacificsecurity.Thedrasticfluctuationsintheworldeconomyimpactheavilyonregionaleconomicdevelopment,andpoliticalturbulencepersistsinsomecountriesundergoingeconomicandsocialtransition.Ethnicandreligiousdiscords,andconflictingclaimsoverterritorialandmaritimerightsandinterestsremainserious,regionalhotspotsarecomplex.Atthesametime,theU.S.hasincreaseditsstrategicattentiontoandinputintheAsia‐Pacificregion,furtherconsolidatingitsmilitaryalliances,adjustingitsmilitarydeploymentandenhancingitsmilitarycapabilities.Inaddition,terrorist,separatistandextremistforcesarerunningrampant,andnon‐traditionalsecurityissuessuchasseriousnaturaldisasterscropupfrequently.Themechanismsforsecuritycooperationbetweencountriesandregionsareyettobeenhanced,andthecapabilityforcopingwithregionalsecuritythreatsinacoordinatedwayhastobeimproved.

China'ssecuritysituationhasimprovedsteadily.TheachievementsmadeinChina'smodernizationdrivehavedrawnworldwideattention.China'soverallnationalstrengthhasincreasedsubstantially,itspeople'slivingstandardshavekeptimproving,thesocietyremainsstableandunified,andthecapabilityforupholdingnationalsecurityhasbeenfurtherenhanced.Theattemptsoftheseparatistforcesfor"Taiwanindependence"toseek"dejureTaiwanindependence"havebeenthwarted,andthesituationacrosstheTaiwanStraitshastakenasignificantlypositiveturn.Thetwosideshaveresumedandmadeprogressinconsultationsonthecommonpoliticalbasisofthe"1992Consensus,"andconsequentlycross‐Straitsrelationshaveimproved.Meanwhile,Chinahasmadesteadyprogressinitsrelationswiththedevelopedcountries,strengthenedinallrespectsthegood‐neighborlyfriendshipwithitsneighboringcountries,andkeptdeepeningitstraditionalfriendshipwiththedevelopingcountries.Chinaisplayinganactiveand

Page 6: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

6

constructiveroleinmultilateralaffairs,thusnotablyelevatingitsinternationalpositionandinfluence.

Chinaisstillconfrontedwithlong‐term,complicated,anddiversesecuritythreatsandchallenges.Issuesofexistencesecurityanddevelopmentsecurity,traditionalsecuritythreatsandnon‐traditionalsecuritythreats,anddomesticsecurityandinternationalsecurityareinterwovenandinteractive.Chinaisfacedwiththesuperiorityofthedevelopedcountriesineconomy,scienceandtechnology,aswellasmilitaryaffairs.Italsofacesstrategicmaneuversandcontainmentfromtheoutsidewhilehavingtofacedisruptionandsabotagebyseparatistandhostileforcesfromtheinside.Beinginastageofeconomicandsocialtransition,Chinaisencounteringmanynewcircumstancesandnewissuesinmaintainingsocialstability.Separatistforcesworkingfor"Taiwanindependence,""EastTurkistanindependence"and"Tibetindependence"posethreatstoChina'sunityandsecurity.Damagescausedbynon‐traditionalsecuritythreatsliketerrorism,naturaldisasters,economicinsecurity,andinformationinsecurityareontherise.ImpactofuncertaintiesanddestabilizingfactorsinChina'soutsidesecurityenvironmentonnationalsecurityanddevelopmentisgrowing.Inparticular,theUnitedStatescontinuestosellarmstoTaiwaninviolationoftheprinciplesestablishedinthethreeSino‐USjointcommuniques,causingseriousharmtoSino‐USrelationsaswellaspeaceandstabilityacrosstheTaiwanStraits.

Inthefaceofunprecedentedopportunitiesandchallenges,Chinawillholdhighthebannerofpeace,developmentandcooperation,persistintakingtheroadofpeacefuldevelopment,pursuetheopening‐upstrategyofmutualbenefit,andpromotethebuildingofaharmoniousworldwithenduringpeaceandcommonprosperity;anditwillpersistinimplementingtheScientificOutlookonDevelopmentinabidtoachieveintegrationofdevelopmentwithsecurity,persistingivingdueconsiderationtobothtraditionalandnon‐traditionalsecurityissues,enhancingnationalstrategiccapabilities,andperfectingthenationalemergencymanagementsystem.Atthesametime,itwillpersistinpursuingthenewsecurityconceptfeaturingmutualtrust,mutualbenefit,equalityandcoordination,andadvocatingthesettlementofinternationaldisputesandhotspotissuesbypeacefulmeans.Itwillencouragetheadvancementofsecuritydialoguesandcooperationwithothercountries,opposetheenlargementofmilitaryalliances,andactsofaggressionandexpansion.Chinawillneverseekhegemonyorengageinmilitaryexpansionnoworinthefuture,nomatterhowdevelopeditbecomes.

Page 7: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

7

II.NationalDefensePolicy

Chinapursuesanationaldefensepolicywhichispurelydefensiveinnature.Chinaplacestheprotectionofnationalsovereignty,security,territorialintegrity,safeguardingoftheinterestsofnationaldevelopment,andtheinterestsoftheChinesepeopleaboveallelse.Chinaendeavorstobuildafortifiednationaldefenseandstrongmilitaryforcescompatiblewithnationalsecurityanddevelopmentinterests,andenrichthecountryandstrengthenthemilitarywhilebuildingamoderatelyprosperoussocietyinallaspects.

China'snationaldefensepolicyforthenewstageinthenewcenturybasicallyincludes:upholdingnationalsecurityandunity,andensuringtheinterestsofnationaldevelopment;achievingtheall‐round,coordinatedandsustainabledevelopmentofChina'snationaldefenseandarmedforces;enhancingtheperformanceofthearmedforceswithinformationizationasthemajormeasuringcriterion;implementingthemilitarystrategyofactivedefense;pursuingaself‐defensivenuclearstrategy;andfosteringasecurityenvironmentconducivetoChina'speacefuldevelopment.

Accordingtotherequirementsofnationalsecurityandthelevelofeconomicandsocialdevelopment,Chinapursuesathree‐stepdevelopmentstrategytomodernizeitsnationaldefenseandarmedforcesstepbystepinawell‐plannedway.Thisstrategicframeworkisdefinedasfollows:

PromotingtheinformationizationofChina'snationaldefenseandarmedforces.Takinginformationizationasthegoalofmodernizationofitsnationaldefenseandarmedforcesandinlightofitsnationalandmilitaryconditions,ChinaactivelypushesforwardtheRMAwithChinesecharacteristics.Ithasformulatedinascientificwaystrategicplansfornationaldefenseandarmedforcesbuildingandstrategiesforthedevelopmentoftheservicesandarms,accordingtowhichitwilllayasolidfoundationby2010,basicallyaccomplishmechanizationandmakemajorprogressininformationizationby2020,andbyandlargereachthegoalofmodernizationofnationaldefenseandarmedforcesbythemid‐21stcentury.

Overallplanningofeconomicdevelopmentandnationaldefensebuilding.Stickingtotheprincipleofcoordinateddevelopmentofeconomyandnationaldefense,Chinamakesoverallplansfortheuseofitsnationalresourcesandstrikesabalancebetweenenrichingthecountryandstrengtheningthemilitary,soastoensurethatitsstrategyfornationaldefenseandarmedforcesbuildingiscompatiblewithitsstrategyfornationaldevelopment.Itmakesnationaldefensebuildinganorganicpartofitssocialandeconomicdevelopment,endeavorstoestablishscientificmechanismsforthecoordinateddevelopmentofeconomyandnationaldefense,andthusprovidesrichresourcesandsustainabledrivingforceforthemodernizationofitsnationaldefenseandarmedforces.Innationaldefensebuilding,Chinamakesitapointtotakeintoconsiderationtheneedsofeconomicandsocialdevelopmentandinsistsonhavingmilitaryandcivilianpurposes

Page 8: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

8

compatiblewithandbeneficialtoeachother,soastoachievemoresocialbenefitsintheuseofnationaldefenseresourcesinpeacetime.

Deepeningthereformofnationaldefenseandarmedforces.Chinaisworkingtoadjustandreformtheorganization,structureandpoliciesofthearmedforces,andwilladvancestepbystepthemodernizationoftheorganizationalformandpatternofthearmedforcesinordertodevelopby2020acompletesetofscientificmodesoforganization,institutionsandwaysofoperationbothwithChinesecharacteristicsandinconformitywiththelawsgoverningthebuildingofmodernarmedforces.Chinastrivestoadjustandreformthesystemsofdefense‐relatedindustryofscienceandtechnologyandtheprocurementofweaponsandequipment,andenhanceitscapacityforindependentinnovationinR&Dofweaponsandequipmentwithbetterqualityandcost‐effectiveness.Chinaendeavorstoestablishandimprovethesystemsofweaponryandequipmentresearchandmanufacturing,militarypersonneltrainingandlogisticalsupportthatintegratemilitarywithcivilianpurposesandcombinemilitaryeffortswithciviliansupport.Inaddition,Chinamakesanefforttoestablishandimproveanationaldefensemobilizationsystemthatiscentralizedandunified,wellstructured,rapidinreaction,andauthoritativeandefficient.

Takingtheroadofleapfrogdevelopment.Persistingintakingmechanizationasthefoundationandinformationizationasfocus,Chinaissteppingupthecompositedevelopmentofmechanizationandinformationization.Persistinginstrengtheningthemilitarybymeansofscienceandtechnology,Chinaisworkingtodevelopnewandhigh‐techweaponryandequipment,carryoutthestrategicprojectoftrainingtalentedpeople,conductmilitarytraininginconditionsofinformationization,andbuildamodernlogisticssysteminanall‐roundway,soastochangethemodeofformationofwar‐fightingcapabilities.Persistinginlayingstressonpriorities,Chinadistinguishesbetweentheprimaryandthesecondary,andrefrainsfromdoingcertainthings,strivingtoachieveleapfrogdevelopmentinkeyareas.Chinapersistsinbuildingthearmedforcesthroughdiligenceandthrift,attachingimportancetoscientificmanagement,inordertomakethefullestuseofitslimiteddefenseresources.

Chinaimplementsamilitarystrategyofactivedefense.Strategically,itadherestotheprincipleoffeaturingdefensiveoperations,self‐defenseandstrikingandgettingthebetteroftheenemyonlyaftertheenemyhasstartedanattack.Inresponsetothenewtrendsinworldmilitarydevelopmentsandtherequirementsofthenationalsecurityanddevelopmentstrategy,Chinahasformulatedamilitarystrategicguidelineofactivedefenseforthenewperiod.

Thisguidelineaimsatwinninglocalwarsinconditionsofinformationization.IttakesintooverallconsiderationtheevolutionofmodernwarfareandthemajorsecuritythreatsfacingChina,andpreparesfordefensiveoperationsunderthemostdifficultandcomplexcircum‐stances.Meetingtherequirementsofconfrontationbetweenwarsystemsinmodernwarfareandtakingintegratedjointoperationsasthebasicapproach,itisdesignedtobringtheoperationalstrengthsofdifferent

Page 9: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

9

servicesandarmsintofullplay,combineoffensiveoperationswithdefensiveoperations,giveprioritytotheflexibleapplicationofstrategiesandtactics,seekadvantagesandavoiddisadvantages,andmakethebestuseofourstrongpointstoattacktheenemy'sweakpoints.Itendeavorstorefinethecommandsystemforjointoperations,thejointtrainingsystemandthejointsupportsystem,optimizethestructureandcompositionofforces,andspeedupthebuildingofacombatforcestructuresuitableforwinninglocalwarsinconditionsofinformationization.

Thisguidelinelaysstressondeterringcrisesandwars.Itworksforclosecoordinationbetweenmilitarystruggleandpolitical,diplomatic,economic,culturalandlegalendeavors,strivestofosterafavorablesecurityenvironment,andtakestheinitiativetopreventanddefusecrises,anddeterconflictsandwars.Itstrictlyadherestoapositionofself‐defense,exercisesprudenceintheuseofforce,seekstoeffectivelycontrolwarsituations,andstrivestoreducetherisksandcostsofwar.Itcallsforthebuildingofaleanandeffectivedeterrentforceandtheflexibleuseofdifferentmeansofdeterrence.Chinaremainscommittedtothepolicyofnofirstuseofnuclearweapons,pursuesaself‐defensivenuclearstrategy,andwillneverenterintoanucleararmsracewithanyothercountry.

Thisguidelinefocusesonenhancingthecapabilitiesofthearmedforcesincounteringvarioussecuritythreatsandaccomplishingdiversifiedmilitarytasks.Withthefocusofattentiononperformingthehistoricalmissionsofthearmedforcesforthenewstageinthenewcenturyandwithraisingthecapabilitytowinlocalwarsinconditionsofinformationizationatthecore,itworkstoincreasethecountry'scapabilitiestomaintainmaritime,spaceandelectromagneticspacesecurityandtocarryoutthetasksofcounter‐terrorism,stabilitymaintenance,emergencyrescueandinternationalpeacekeeping.Ittakesmilitaryoperationsotherthanwar(MOOTW)asanimportantformofapplyingnationalmilitaryforces,andscientificallymakesandexecutesplansforthedevelopmentofMOOTWcapabilities.Chinaparticipatesininternationalsecuritycooperation,conductsvariousformsofmilitaryexchangesandpromotestheestablishmentofmilitaryconfidence‐buildingmechanismsinaccordancewiththisguideline.

Thisguidelineadherestoandcarriesforwardthestrategicconceptofpeople'swar.Inaccordancewiththisguideline,Chinaalwaysreliesonthepeopletobuildnationaldefenseandthearmedforces,combinesaleanstandingforcewithapowerfulreserveforce,andendeavorstoreinforceitsnationalwarpotentialanddefensestrength.Chinaisworkingtosetupamechanismforunifiedandefficientnationaldefensemobilization,steppingupthemobilizationofeconomy,scienceandtechnology,informationandtransportation,andmakingimprovementsinthebuildingofthereserveforce.Chinaisstrivingtomakeinnovationsinthecontentandformsofpeople'swar,exploringnewapproachesofthepeopleinparticipatinginwarfareandsupportforthefront,anddevelopingnewstrategiesandtacticsforpeople'swarinconditionsofinformationization.Moreover,thePeople'sLiberationArmy(PLA)subordinatesitsdevelopmenttotheoverallnationalconstruction,

Page 10: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

10

supportslocaleconomicandsocialdevelopment,andconsolidatestheunitybetweenthePLAandthegovernment,andbetweenthePLAandthepeople.

Page 11: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

11

III.ReformandDevelopmentofthePLA

InthegreathistoricalcourseofChina'sreformandopening‐upoverthepastthreedecades,thePLAhasinvariablytakenmodernizationasitscentraltask,continuouslyengagedinreformandinnovation,comprehensivelyadvancedrevolutionization,modernizationandregularization,andmadeimportantcontributionstosafeguardingnationalsovereigntyandsecurity,andmaintainingworldpeace.Inrecentyears,thePLAhasacceleratedRMAwithChinesecharacteristics,andpushedforwarditsmilitary,political,logisticalandequipmentworkinacoordinatedway,inanefforttoachievesoundandrapiddevelopment.

ThirtyYearsofReformandDevelopment

Fromthelate1970sandintothe1980s,thePLAsetoutontheroadofbuildingastreamlinedmilitarywithChinesecharacteristics.Accordingtothescientificjudgmentthatpeaceanddevelopmenthadbecometheprincipalthemesofthetimes,itmadeastrategicshiftinitsguidingprincipleformilitarybuildingfrompreparationsfor"anearly,large‐scaleandnuclearwar"topeacetimeconstruction,andadvanceditsmodernizationstepbystepinawell‐plannedwayunderthepreconditionthatsucheffortsshouldbebothsubordinatedtoandintheserviceofthecountry'soveralldevelopment.Itsetthegeneralgoalofbuildingapowerfulmilitary,revolutionaryinnature,modernizedandregularized,andblazedatrailforbuildingaleanmilitarywithChinesecharacteristics.Itunderwentsignificantadjustmentandreform,andstreamlinedthesizeofitsarmedforcesbyamilliontroops,therebytakinganimportantstepforwardinmakingitselfstreamlined,combinedandefficient.

Enteringthe1990s,thePLAbegantovigorouslypromoteRMAwithChinesecharacteristics.Itestablishedthemilitarystrategicguidelineofactivedefenseforthenewera,basedonwinninglocalwarsinconditionsofmoderntechnology,particularlyhightechnology.Itbegantoadoptastrategyofstrengtheningthemilitarybymeansofscienceandtechnology,andathree‐stepdevelopmentstrategyinmodernizingnationaldefenseandthearmedforces,andpromotedthecoordinateddevelopmentofnationaldefenseandeconomy.RegardingRMAwithChinesecharacteristicsastheonlywaytomodernizethemilitary,itputforwardthestrategicgoalofbuildinganinformationizedmilitaryandwinninginformationizedwars.Drivenbypreparationsformilitarystruggle,itacceleratedthedevelopmentofweaponryandequipment,steppedupthedevelopmentofthearmsandservicesofthearmedforces,aswellasforcesforemergencymobileoperations,optimizeditssystemandstructure,andreducedthenumberofpersonnelby700,000.Asaresult,itscapabilityofdefensiveoperationsincreasedremarkably.

Atthenewstageinthenewcentury,thePLAhasbeenstrivingtocreateanewsituationinitsmodernizationdriveatanewhistoricalstartingpoint.WiththeScientificOutlookonDevelopmentasanimportantguidingprinciplefornationaldefenseandarmedforcesbuilding,ithasactedinaccordancewiththestrategicthoughtofbalancingeconomicandnationaldefensedevelopmentandintegrating

Page 12: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

12

effortstoenrichthecountryandstrengthenthemilitary.Ithasbeendedicatedtoperformingitsnewhistoricalmissionsandimprovingitscapabilitiestocountervarioussecuritythreatsandaccomplishdiversifiedmilitarytasks.Ithasacceleratedthecompositedevelopmentofmechanizationandinformationization,vigorouslyconductsmilitarytraininginconditionsofinformationization,andboostsinnovationinmilitarytheory,technology,organizationandmanagement,tocontinuouslyincreasethecoremilitarycapabilityofwinninglocalwarsinconditionsofinformationizationandthecapabilityofconductingMOOTW.

PromotingtheImprovementofMilitaryTraining

Regardingmilitarytrainingasthebasicapproachtofurtheringthecomprehensivedevelopmentofthemilitaryandraisingcombateffectiveness,thePLAisworkingtoreformtrainingprograms,methods,managementandsupport,andcreateascientificsystemformilitarytraininginconditionsofinformationization.

Increasingtrainingtasks.ThePLAisintensifyingstrategic‐andoperational‐levelcommandposttrainingandtrooptraininginconditionsofinformationization,holdingtrans‐regionalevaluationexerciseswithopposingplayers,conductingwhole‐unitnighttrainingandcarryingoutintegratedexercisesforlogisticalandequipmentsupport.Moreover,itisattachingmoreimportancetoMOOTWtrainingincounter‐terrorism,stabilitymaintenance,emergencyresponse,peacekeeping,emergencyrescueanddisasterrelief.

Deepeningtrainingreform.ThePLAiscreatingatasklistformilitarytraininginconditionsofinformationization,developinganeweditionoftheOutlineforMilitaryTrainingandEvaluation,andpromotingtheapplicationofinnovationsmadeintrainingreform.Itisalsoreinforcingthejointtrainingoftheservicesandarms,strengtheningfunctionaltraining,givingprominencetocommandandcoordinatetrainingandthestudiesofwaysoffighting,andimprovingtraininginregionalcooperation.Itisimprovingon‐basetrainingandsimulatedtraining,promotingweb‐basedtraining,andconductingtrainingwithopposingplayers.Itisalsoreformingtrainingevaluationmechanisms,makingtrainingstandardsstricter,andenforcingmeticulousmanagementofthewholeprocessandallaspectsofmilitarytraining.

Conductingtrainingincomplexelectromagneticenvironments.ThePLAisspreadingbasicknowledgeofelectromagnetic‐spectrumandbattlefield‐electromagneticenvironments,learningandmasteringbasictheoriesofinformationwarfare,particularlyelectronicwarfare.Itisenhancingtrainingonhowtooperateanduseinformationizedweaponryandequipment,andcommandinformationsystems.Itisworkingontheinformationizingofcombinedtacticaltrainingbases,andholdingexercisesincomplexelectromagneticenvironments.

StrengtheningIdeologicalandPoliticalWork

Page 13: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

13

ThePLAinsistsonputtingideologicalandpoliticalworkfirst,andpushingforwardtheinnovativedevelopmentofideologicalandpoliticalwork,toensuretheParty'sabsoluteleadershipoverthearmedforces,thescientificdevelopmentofthemilitary,theall‐rounddevelopmentoftheofficersandmen,theincreaseofcombatcapabilitiesandtheeffectivefulfillmentofhistoricalmissions.

InJanuary2007theGeneralPoliticalDepartmentofthePLAissuedtheGuidelinefortheIdeologicalandPoliticalEducationoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmy(Trial).ThisguidelinespellsoutclearlythatsucheducationreferstotheworkbytheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC)toarmthemilitarywithpoliticaltheoriesandprovideitwithideologicalguidance;scientificallyregulatessucheducationforallkindsofPLAforcesandpersonnel;andfurtherstrengthensthedevelopmentofrulesandregulationsforsucheducation.Pursuanttotheguideline,unitswhoseratiosofpoliticaleducationtomilitarytrainingare3to7and2to8shoulddevote54and42workdays,respectively,topoliticaleducationeachyear.ThePLApersistsinarmingitsofficersandmenwiththetheoryofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,educatestheminitshistoricalmissions,ideals,beliefs,fightingspiritandthesocialistconceptofhonoranddisgrace,andcarriesforwardthefinetraditionsofobeyingtheParty'sorders,servingthepeople,andfightingbravelyandskillfully.ThePLA'sideologicalandpoliticaleducationadherestosixprinciples:tobeguidedbyscientifictheories,toputthepeoplefirst,tofocusonthecentraltaskandservetheoverallinterests,toaimatconcreteresults,toeducatethroughpracticalactivities,andtoencourageinnovationanddevelopment.Followingtheseprinciples,thePLAhasflexiblyappliedandinnovativelydevelopededucationalformsandmeans,improvedradio,televisionandnetworkeducationalfacilities,andbuiltmilitaryhistorymuseums,culturalcenters,"homesofpoliticalinstructors,"studyrooms,andcompanyclubsandhonorsexhibitions.

InApril2008theCentralMilitaryCommission(CMC)approvedtheRegulationsoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyontheWorkofServicemen'sCommittees,whichwasjointlyissuedbytheHeadquartersoftheGeneralStaff,theGeneralPoliticalDepartment,theGeneralLogisticsDepartmentandtheGeneralArmamentDepartment.Thedocumenthasinstitutionalizedpoliticaldemocracy,economicdemocracyandmilitarydemocracyforgrass‐rootsunitsinthenewsituation.Theservicemen'scommitteeisanorganizationthroughwhichthegrass‐rootsmilitaryunitspracticedemocracyinpolitical,economicandmilitaryaffairsandthroughwhichtheservicemenexercisetheirdemocraticrightsandcarryoutmassactivities.Itexercisesthefollowingfunctionstoo:toadviseoncombatreadinesstraining,educationandmanagement,logisticalsupport,andweaponryandequipmentmanagementofitsownunit;tomakerecommendationsonissuesconcerningtheimmediateinterestsofofficersandmen,suchastheselectionandpromotionofnon‐commissionedofficers(NCOs),selectionofqualifiedenlistedmentoentermilitaryeducationalinstitutionseitherthroughexaminationsordirectly,selectionofenlistedmenfortechnicaltraining,andselectionofservicemenforcommendationsandrewards;tosuperviseofficersandmenontheperformanceoftheirdutiesandobservationoflawanddiscipline;andtoprotectthecollectiveinterestsoftheunit,

Page 14: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

14

andthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofofficersandmen.Consistingoffivetosevenmemberschosenbytheservicemen'sassemblythroughelectionbysecretballot,theservicemen'scommitteeworksundertheleadershipoftheunitPartybranch(orgrass‐rootsPartycommittee)andtheguidanceoftheunitcommanders.

EnhancingtheCost­EffectivenessofLogisticalSupport

ThePLAvigorouslypromotesintegrationinlogisticalsupportsystem,outsourcinginlogisticalsupportmethod,informationizationinlogisticalsupportmeans,andscientificapproachinlogisticalsupportmanagement,tobuildamodernlogisticssystem.InDecember2007theCMCpromulgatedtheOutlineforBuildingaModernLogisticsSystem,specifyingtheguidelines,principles,objectivesandtasksforthedevelopmentofmodernlogistics.

Deepeninglogisticsreform.ThePLApersistsinpromotingre‐formsinjointlogistics.InApril2007theJinanTheaterformallyadoptedthejointlogisticssystembasedontheintegrationoftri‐servicelogisticalsupport.Tospeeduptheoutsourcingprocess,thePLAout‐sourcesthecommercialandhousingservicesofcombatunitsstationedinlarge‐andmedium‐sizedcities,general‐purposematerialsstorage,capitalconstruction,logisticalequipmentproductionandlogisticaltechnicalservices.Toenhancebudgetingreforms,itpromotesthecreationofdatabasesforbudgetitems,strengthenstheinvestmentassessmentandevaluationofmajorprojects,summarizesandpopularizessuchpracticesastheintegrationofassetsmanagementwithbudgetmanagementandthecontrolofexpensesconcerningadministrativeconsumables,andgraduallyadoptsthepracticeofusingwork‐relatedexpenditurecardsforpaymentandaccountsettlement.Itenlargesthescopeofcentralizedprocurement,increasestheproportionofprocurementthroughbidding,andextendscentralizedprocurementtonon‐combatunits.

Upgradinglogisticalsupport.ThePLAhassubstantiallyincreasedfundingforeducationandtraining,politicalwork,healthcare,waterandelectricitysupplies,heating,barracksmaintenance,etc.Ithasincreasedallowancesforaviators,sailorsandastronauts.Ithasincreasedpostallowancesforofficersingrass‐rootsunitsanddutyallowancesforenlistedmen.Ithasraisedservicemen'sinjuryanddeathinsuranceandboardexpenses.Ithassetstandardsforthesubsidiesandfeesforsmall,scattered,distantunitsandunitsdirectlyundertheheadquarters.InAugust2007allPLAtroopsbegantoreplacetheirolduniformswiththe07series.

Regulatinglogisticsmanagement.Tostepupstandardization,thePLAisredoublingitseffortsinthestandardizedprovisionofmaintenancefundsandcentrallyallocatedsupplies,regulatingthemanagementofconstruction‐relatedsupplies,andcreatingstepbystepasystemoflogisticalsupportstandardsandregulationscoveringsupply,consumptionandmanagement.Itstrengthensfinancialmanagement,spendsaccordingtostandardsandwithinitsbudget,andcarriesoutconstructionaccordingtoitsfinancialstrength.Itpayscloseattentiontothesafemanagementofdrinkingwater,food,medicalcare,medicine,petroleum,oilsandlubricants,transportationanddangerousarticles.Itisimprovingthemechanismto

Page 15: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

15

preventandcontrolpublichealthhazards;standardizingthemanagementofmilitaryvehicles;conductingaspecialreviewofhousingforactiveofficersatandabovethecorpslevel;imposingstrictmanagementonmilitaryhousingandtheleaseofunoccupiedrealestate;andimprovingthesystemfortheemploymentofcivilians.InJanuary2007theCMCpromulgatedthenewlyrevisedAuditRegulationsoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmy.ThePLAhaslaunchedanin‐depthmovementtoconserveenergyandresourcesbyencouragingconservation‐mindedsupplyandconsumption.Itprotectstheecologicalenvironmentofmilitaryareasbyinitiatingagrasslandconservationproject,apilotprojectforpreventingandalleviatingsandstormsaffectingcoastalmilitaryfacilities,andeffortstoharnesspollutionbymilitaryunitsstationedintheareaknownastheBohaiSearim.

BoostingIntegratedEquipmentSupport

Meetingtherequirementsoftri‐serviceintegration,jointoperations,systemsbuildingandsystemsintegration,thePLAiscontinuallyimprovingitsweaponryandequipmentsystemandelevatingintegratedequipmentsupport.

AcceleratingthebuildingofamodernweaponryandequipmentsystemwithChinesecharacteristics.Persistinginself‐relianceandindependentinnovation,thePLAgivesprioritytodevelopinginformationizedweaponsandequipmentwhichcanmeettherequirementsofintegratedjointoperations,andcarriesoutprioritizedandselectiveretrofittingandupgradingofexistingequipment.Ithasbasicallyestablishedanarmyequipmentsystemfeaturinghighmobilityandthree‐dimensionalassault,anavalequipmentsystemwithintegratedsea‐aircapabilitiesforoffshoredefensiveoperations,anairforceequipmentsystemwithintegratedair‐landcapabilitiesforbothoffensiveanddefensiveoperations,asurface‐to‐surfacemissileequipmentsystemfortheSecondArtilleryForcecomprisingbothnuclearandconventionalmissileswithdifferentranges,andanelectronicinformationequipmentsystemfeaturingsystemsintegrationandjointdevelopment.

Raisingthelevelofequipmentmanagementandthecapabilityofnewequipmentmaintenanceandsupport.ThePLAisintensifyingthescientific,institutionalizedandregularmanagementofequipment,andhasadoptedasystemofaccountabilitytoimproveweaponandequipmentreadiness.Emphasisislaidoncultivatingthecapabilityofequipmentmaintenanceandsupport,thetechniquesandmeansofwhicharebeinggraduallyshiftedfrombeingapplicabletoequipmentofthefirstandsecondgenerationstobeingapplicabletothesecondandthirdgenerations.Overhaulandemergencysupportcapabilitieshavebeenbasicallydevelopedforthemainequipment.ThePLAhasaugmentedequipmentsupportforcesandformedapreliminarysystemofsuchforces,withregularforcesasthebackbone,reserveforcesasthereinforcement,andbackupforcesasthesupplement.Equipmentmanufacturingunitshavebeenorderedtorehearsethemobilizationoftechnicalsupportforces,andapproachestocivil‐militaryintegratedsupporthavebeenexplored.

Page 16: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

16

Adjustingandreformingtheequipmentprocurementsystem.Inthepasttwoyears,thePLAhasfurtherexpandedthescopeofcompetitive,centralizedandintegratedprocurement.Inlinewiththedemandtoseparateandbalanceplanning,contractfulfillment,contractsupervisionandcontractauditing,thePLAhasadjustedandimprovedtheorganizationalsystemforequipmentprocurement,andreformedthesystemofresidentmilitaryrepresentativesinfactories.

SpeedingupInformationization

ActivelycopingwiththechallengespresentedbytheworldwideRMA,thePLAextensivelyappliesinformationtechnology,developsandutilizesinformationresourcesinvariousfieldsofmilitarybuilding,andstrivestotakearoadofmilitaryinformationizationwithChinesecharacteristicswhichhighlightstheleadingroleofinformation,pursuescompositedevelopment,promotesindependentinnovationandfacilitatestransformation.

Startingwithcommandautomationinthe1970s,thePLAhasshiftedthefocusofinformationizationfromspecificareastotrans‐areasystemsintegration,andisonthewholeattheinitialstageofcomprehensivedevelopment.Currently,aimingatintegration,thePLAispersistingincombiningbreakthroughsinkeysectorswithcomprehensivedevelopment,technologicalinnovationwithstructuralreform,andthedevelopmentandbuildingofnewsystemswiththemodificationofexistingonestotaptheirpotentials;enhancingsystemsintegration;steppingupeffortstodevelopandutilizeinformationresources;andgraduallydevelopingandimprovingthecapabilityoffightingbasedoninformationsystems.

Achievementshavebeenmadeinthebuildingofmilitaryinformationsystems,withtheprioritybeinggiventocommandinformationsystems.Theintegratedmilitaryinformationnetworkcameintooperationin2006,resultinginthefurtherimprovementoftheinformationinfrastructure,basicinformationsupportandinformationsecurityassurance.Progresshasbeenmadeinthebuildingofcommandandcontrolsystemsforintegratedjointoperations,significantlyenhancingthecapabilityofbattlefieldinformationsupport.IT‐basedtrainingmethodshaveundergoneconsiderabledevelopment;surveyingandmapping,navigation,weatherforecasting,hydrologicalobservationandspaceenvironmentsupportsystemshavebeenfurtheroptimized;anumberofinformationsystemsforlogisticalandequipmentsupporthavebeensuccessfullydevelopedanddeployed;andfull‐scaleeffortsinbuilding"digitalcampuses"havebeguninPLAeducationalinstitutions.

Mainbattleweaponsystemsarebeinggraduallyinformationized.Thefocusistoincreasethecapabilityofthemainbattleweaponsystemsintheareasofrapiddetection,targetlocation,friend‐or‐foeidentificationandprecisionstrikes.Sometanks,artillerypieces,shipsandaircraftinactiveservicehavebeeninformationized,newtypesofhighlyinformationizedcombatplatformshavebeensuccessfullydeveloped,andtheproportionandnumberofprecision‐guidedmunitionsareontherise.

Page 17: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

17

Theconditionsforinformationizationhavebeenimproved.Aleadership,managementandconsultationsystemforinformationizationhasbeenbasicallysetup,andthecentralizedandunifiedleadershipforinformationizationhasbeenstrengthened.Theoreticalexplorationsandstudiesofkeypracticalissuesrelatedtoinformationizationhavebeencontinuouslyintensified,medium‐andlong‐termplansandguidanceforinformationizationofthemilitaryformulatedandpromulgated,technicalstandardsrevisedandrefined,andinstitutionaleducationandpersonneltrainingcateringtotherequirementsofinformationizationstrengthened.

SteppingupPersonnelTraining

ThePLAisfurtherimplementingthestrategicprojectfortalentedpeople,improvingitstrainingsystemandlayingstressonthetrainingofcommandingofficersforjointoperationsandhigh‐leveltechnicalexpertsinanefforttocultivatealargecontingentofnew‐typeandhigh‐calibermilitarypersonnel.

InApril2008,theCMCissuedOpinionsonStrengtheningandImprovingtheOfficersTrainingWorkoftheArmedForces,explicitlyrequiringtheestablishmentandimprovementoftheservice‐longandall‐personneltrainingsystem,whichtakeslevel‐by‐leveltrainingasthebackboneandon‐the‐jobtrainingasthesupplement,andmatchestrainingwithassignment.Asituationistobecreatedinwhichinstitutionaleducationislinkedwithtraininginunits,educationinmilitaryeducationalinstitutionsiscarriedoninparallelwitheducationthroughregularinstitutionsofhigherlearning,anddomestictrainingiscombinedwithoverseastraining.

Strengtheningthetrainingofcommandingofficersforjointoperations.Variousmeasuresarebeingtakentostepupeffortstotraincommandingofficersforjointoperations,suchasinstitutionaleducation,on‐the‐jobstudyandrotationofposts.Incorporatingjointoperationsintothewholetrainingprocess,thePLAcarefullydistinguishesbetweenthetrainingtasksofeducationalinstitutionsofdifferentlevelsandtypes,andcouplesinstitutionaleducationwithtraininginunits,soastoestablishasystemfortrainingjointoperationscommandingofficerswhichemphasizesbothinstitutionaleducationandpracticeinunits.ThePLAhaslaunchedtheKeyProjectsofMilitaryEducationalInstitutionsandmadestep‐by‐stepprogressintheseprojects.

Selectingandtrainingofficercandidates.InOctober2007theCMCapprovedandthefourgeneralheadquarters/departmentsjointlypromulgatedtheRegulationsoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyontheAdmissionWorkofEducationalInstitutions,regulatingtheadmissionofhigh‐schoolgraduatesandenlistedmenintomilitaryeducationalinstitutions.Attheendof2007theMinistryofEducationandtheGeneralPoliticalDepartmentofthePLAco‐sponsoredaconferenceontheissueoftrainingPLAofficersviaregularinstitutionsofhigherlearning.Atpresent,thereare117collegesanduniversitieswithdefensestudents.

Page 18: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

18

ThePLAhasselectednearly1,000keymiddleschoolsinthevariousprovincesandmunicipalitiesasthemainsourcesofdefensestudents.

Creatingafavorableenvironmentforcultivatingtalentedpeople.ThePLAhasestablishedandimprovedamechanismforrewardingandinspiringtalentedpeople,issuinghighrewardstooutstandingcommandingofficers,staffofficersandtechnicalexperts,aswellasteamswhichhavemadegreatcontributionsinscientificandtechnologicalinnovation.Since2007additionalfundsamountingtoRMB700millionhavebeendevotedtotalentcultivation.InJuly2007theCMCpromulgatedtheProvisionsoftheArmedForcesonAttractingandRetainingHigh‐levelSpecializedTechnicalPersonnel,specifyingeffectivemeasurestoattractandretainparticularlyleadingscientists,first‐ratepersonnelinspecificdisciplinesandtechnicalexperts.InMarch2008theGuidelineoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyfortheEvaluationofCommandingOfficers,theImplementationMeasuresoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyontheEvaluationofCommandingOfficersandtheStandardsoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyfortheEvaluationofCommandingOfficers(Trial)werepublished,whichmarkedtheinitialestablishmentofasystemfortheevaluationofcommandingofficersinaccordancewiththerequirementsofscientificdevelopment.

PersistinginGoverningtheForcesinAccordancewiththeLaw

ThePLApersistsintakingitasthebasicrequirementoftheregularizationdrivetogovernthearmedforcesinaccordancewiththelaw,andemphasizesscientificlegislationandstrictlawenforcementtoenhanceitslevelofregularization.

Inthepast30yearsofreformandopening‐upthemilitarylegislativesystemhasbeenimprovedstepbystep,andremarkableachievementshavebeenmadeinmilitarylegislation.In1988theCMCsetupalegalorgan,andthegeneralheadquarters/departments,Navy,AirForce,SecondArtilleryForceandmilitaryareacommandsdesignatedspecificdepartmentstobeinchargeoflegalaffairs.In1997theLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonNationalDefensewaspromulgated,specifyingthattheCMCenactsmilitaryregulationsinaccordancewiththeConstitutionandrelevantlaws.TheLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonLegislationpromulgatedin2000furtherdefinedthelegislativeauthorityoftheCMC,generalheadquarters/departments,Navy,AirForce,SecondArtilleryForce,andmilitaryareacommands.ByOctober2008,theNationalPeople'sCongress(NPC)anditsStandingCommitteehadmade15lawsandlaw‐relateddecisionsconcerningnationaldefenseandarmedforcesbuilding;theStateCouncilandtheCMChadjointlyformulated94militaryadministrativeregulations;theCMChadformulated215militaryregulations;andthegeneralheadquarters/departments,Navy,AirForce,SecondArtilleryForce,militaryareacommandsandPeople'sArmedPoliceForce(PAPF)hadenactedmorethan3,000militaryrulesandregulations.InJune2007andDecember2008,theNPCStandingCommitteeratifiedrespectivelytheTreatyontheTemporaryStayoftheArmyofOnePartyintheTerritoryoftheOtherPartyduringthePeriodofJointMilitaryExercisesbetween

Page 19: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

19

thePeople'sRepublicofChinaandtheRussianFederationandtheAgreementamongtheMemberStatesoftheShanghaiCooperationOrganizationonConductingJointMilitaryExercises.

ThePLApersistsingoverningtheforcesstrictlyandinaccordancewiththelaw,andimprovesthemechanismformakingdecisionsandprovidingguidanceinaccordancewiththelawinanefforttoinstitutionalizeandregularizemilitary,political,logisticalandequipmentwork.Itpracticesscientificmanagement,strictlyenforcesrulesandregulations,andincorporatesthecultivationofproperstyleandstrictdisciplineintotheroutineeducationandadministrationoftheforces.Throughstricttraininganddailycultivation,thePLAaimstobuildaforcewitharefinedmilitaryposture,strictdisciplineandfineworkstyle.

Takingdisseminatingknowledgeofthelawasanimportantpartofstrengtheningall‐roundbuilding,thePLAplacesemphasisondisseminatinglegalknowledge,andissteppingupeffortstopopularizeknowledgeofthelawwithaclearaimandinanactiveandeffectiveway.Unitswithsecuritytasksinthe2008BeijingOlympicsandParalympicsorganizedofficersandmentostudyrelevantlawsandregulationstoenhancetheirlegalawarenessandtheircapabilityofdealingwithemergenciesinaccordancewiththelaw.OfficersandmenofunitstaskedwithinternationalpeacekeepingmissionsandofnavalshipsmakingportcallshavebeenorganizedtostudytheUnitedNationsCharter,theUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea,etc.InNovember2007theChinesegovernmentestablishedtheNationalCommitteeforInternationalHumanitarianLaw,underthearrangementandcoordinationofwhichrelevantmilitaryagenciesdisseminateknowledgeofandimplementinternationalhumanitarianlawwithinthePLA.

Page 20: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

20

IV.TheArmy

AsthebasisofthePLA,theArmyisaservicemainlyconductinglandoperations.Itconsistsofsucharmsasinfantry,armor,artillery,airdefense,aviation,engineering,signals,chemicaldefenseandelectroniccountermeasures(ECM),aswellasvariousspecializedserviceunits.

HistoryofDevelopment

ThePLAwasfoundedonAugust1,1927,andcomprisedonlytheArmyinitsearlydays.ForalongtimetheArmywasmainlycomposedofinfantry.DuringtheAgrarianRevolutionaryWar(1927‐1937)asmallnumberofcavalry,artillery,engineeringandsignalstroopswereadded.TheLiberationWar(1946‐1949)witnessedtheadventoftankandchemicaldefenseforces.Inthe1950stheArmysetupleadingorgansforsucharmsasartillery,armor,engineeringandchemicaldefense.Sincethe1980sthestructureoftheArmyhaschangeddramatically,withthecreationoftheaviationandECMarmsandtheestablishmentin1985ofArmycombinedcorps.After81yearsofdevelopment,theArmyhasgrownfromasinglearmintoamodernarmywithvariousarms.IthasbecomeapowerfulservicecapableofconductingbothindependentandjointoperationswiththeNavy,AirForceandSecondArtilleryForce.

StructureandOrganization

TheArmyhasnoindependentleadingbody,anditsleadershipisexercisedbythefourgeneralheadquarters/departments.ThesevenmilitaryareacommandsexercisedirectleadershipovertheArmyunitsunderthem.TheArmyincludesunitsofmobileoperational,garrison,borderandcoastaldefense,andreservetroops.Theorganizationalorderoftheseunitsiscombinedcorps,division(brigade),regiment,battalion,company,platoonandsquad.Directlyunderamilitaryareacommand,acombinedcorpsconsistsofdivisionsorbrigades,andactsasabasicformationattheoperationallevel.Directlyunderacombinedcorps,adivisionconsistsofregimentsandactsasabasicformationatthetacticallevel.Directlyunderacombinedcorps,abrigadeconsistsofbattalions,andactsasaformationatthetacticallevel.Normallyunderadivision,aregimentconsistsofbattalions,andactsasabasictacticalunit.Normallyunderaregimentorbrigade,abattalionconsistsofcompanies,andactsasatacticalelementatahigherlevel.Acompanyconsistsofplatoons,andactsasabasictacticalelement.TheArmymobileoperationalunitsinclude18combinedcorpsandsomeindependentcombinedoperationaldivisions(brigades).

ForceBuilding

Inrecentyears,inlinewiththestrategicrequirementsofmobileoperationsandthree‐dimensionaloffenseanddefense,theArmyhasbeenmovingfromregionaldefensetotrans‐regionalmobility.Itisgraduallymakingitsunitssmall,modularandmulti‐functionalinorganizationthroughappropriatedownsizingandstructuralreform.Itisacceleratingthedevelopmentofaviation,lightmechanized

Page 21: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

21

andinformationcountermeasureforces,andgivesprioritytothedevelopmentofoperationalandtacticalmissile,ground‐to‐airmissileandspecialoperationsforces,soastoincreaseitscapabilitiesforair‐groundintegratedoperations,long‐distancemaneuvers,rapidassaultsandspecialoperations.

TheArmyhasmadegreatprogressinbuildingitsarms.Thearmoredcomponenthasbeenworkingtoenhancetheintegrationofinformationsystemswithweaponplatforms,deploynewmajorbattletanks,anddevelopheavy,amphibiousandlightmechanizedforces.Theproportionofarmoredmechanizeddivisions/brigadesincombinedoperationaldivisions/brigadeshasfurtherincreased.Theartillerycomponenthasbeenworkingtodevelopathree‐leveloperationalcommandsystemanddeployaseriesofadvancedweaponsandequipment,andnewtypesofammunition,suchasoperationalandtacticalmissilesandlarge‐caliberself‐propelledgun‐howitzers.Ithasestablishedapreliminarysystemforall‐rangeprecisionstrikes.Theairdefensecomponenthasbeenworkingtodeployaseriesofadvancedfieldground‐to‐airmissiles,andnewtypesofradarandintelligencecommandsystems,andtoestablishandimproveanairdefenseoperationssystemcombiningreconnaissance,earlywarning,commandandcontrol,andinformationcountermeasuresandinterception.Theengineeringcomponenthasbeenworkingtoacceleratetheestablishmentofasystemofbothspecializedandmultifunctionalengineeringsupportforceswhichcanbeusedbothinpeacetimeandwartime.Ithasdevelopedrelativelystrongcapabilitiesinthefieldsofaccompanyingsupport,rapidbarrierbreaching,comprehensiveprotection,counter‐terroristexplosiveordnancedisposal,emergencyrescueanddisasterrelief.Thechemicaldefensecomponenthasbeenworkingtodevelopnewtypesofprotectionforces.Ithasestablishedapreliminaryintegratedsystemofnuclear,biologicalandchemicalearlywarning,reconnaissanceandmonitoring,protectioncommandandprotectionforces.

TheArmyaviationwingisoneofthecombatarmsoftheArmy,andhasathree‐level(generalheadquarters/departments,theatersandcombinedcorps)administrationsystem.Inrecentyearsithasbeenworkingtoshiftfrombeingasupportforcefocusingontransportationmissionstobeinganintegratedcombatforcefocusingonairassaultmissions;ithassteppeduptraininginfireassault,aircraft‐borneoperations,airmobilityandairservicesupport;andactivelyparticipatedincounter‐terrorism,stabilitymaintenance,borderclosureandcontrol,emergencyrescue,disasterreliefandjointexercises.Thepurposeistobuildawell‐equippedandmultifunctionalArmyaviationforcewhichisappropriateinsizeandoptimalinstructure.

TheborderandcoastaldefenseforceoftheArmy,undertheleadershipofgeneralheadquarters/departments,militaryareaandprovincialmilitarycommands,isthemainstayforsafeguardingnationalsovereigntyandterritorialintegrity,andmaintainingsecurityandstabilityinborderandcoastalareas.Inrecentyears,adheringtotheprinciplesofplacingequalemphasisonlandandsea,strengtheningborderdefensebymeansofscienceandtechnology,givingpriorityto

Page 22: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

22

keyprojectsandpromotingcoordinateddevelopment,theborderandcoastaldefenseforcehasfocusedoncombatreadiness,andcomprehensivelyenhanceditsreconnaissanceandsurveillance,commandandcontrol,quickresponseanddefensiveoperationscapabilities.Ithasconsistentlystrengthenedthedefenseandprotectionofmajordirectionsandsensitiveregions,watercoursesandseawatersinborderandcoastalareas.Ithasintensifiedbordercontrolandmanagement,andparticipatedinemergency‐handlinganddisaster‐reliefmissions.Ithascarriedoutextensiveexchangesandcooperationonborderdefensewithneighboringcountries,anddealtwithborderandcoastalaffairsproactivelyandappropriately.Asaresult,ithasmadeimportantcontributionstopeaceandstability,reform,opening‐up,andsocialandeconomicprogressinborderandcoastalareas.

Page 23: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

23

V.TheNavy

TheNavyisastrategicserviceofthePLA,andthemainforceformaritimeoperations.ItisresponsibleforsuchtasksassafeguardingChina'smaritimesecurityandmaintainingthesovereigntyofitsterritorialwaters,alongwithitsmaritimerightsandinterests.TheNavyismainlycomposedofsubmarine,surfaceship,aviation,MarineCorpsandcoastaldefensewings.

HistoryofDevelopment

TheNavywasfoundedonApril23,1949.From1949to1955itsetupthesurfaceshipforce,coastaldefenseforce,aviation,submarineforceandMarineCorps,andestablishedtheobjectiveofbuildingalightmaritimecombatforce.From1955to1960itestablishedtheDonghaiFleet,NanhaiFleetandBeihaiFleet,successively.Fromthe1950stotheendofthe1970sthemaintaskoftheNavywastoconductinshoredefensiveoperations.Sincethe1980s,theNavyhasrealizedastrategictransformationtooffshoredefensiveoperations.Sincethebeginningofthenewcentury,inviewofthecharacteristicsandlawsoflocalmaritimewarsinconditionsofinformationization,theNavyhasbeenstrivingtoimproveinanall‐roundwayitscapabilitiesofintegratedoffshoreoperations,strategicdeterrenceandstrategiccounterattacks,andtograduallydevelopitscapabilitiesofconductingcooperationindistantwatersandcounteringnon‐traditionalsecuritythreats,soastopushforwardtheoveralltransformationoftheservice.Throughnearlysixdecadesofdevelopment,amodernforceformaritimeoperationshastakenshape,consistingofcombinedarmswithbothnuclearandconventionalmeansofoperations.

StructureandOrganization

Intimeofpeace,theNavyadoptsaleadershipsystemwhichcom‐binesoperationalcommandwithbuildingandadministration,andwhichmainlyconsistsoftheNavyHeadquarters,fleets,testbases,educationalinstitutions,andanarmamentsacademy.TherearethreefleetsundertheNavy,namely,theBeihaiFleet,DonghaiFleetandNanhaiFleet,whichareheadquarteredrespectivelyinQingdaoofShandongProvince,NingboofZhejiangProvince,andZhanjiangofGuangdongProvince.Eachfleethasunderitscommandfleetaviation,supportbases,flotillas,maritimegarrisoncommands,aviationdivisionsandmarinebrigades.Atpresent,theNavyhaseighteducationalinstitutions,namely,theNavalCommandCollege,NavalEngineeringUniversity,NavalAeronauticalEngineeringCollege,DalianNavalAcademy,NavalSubmarineCollege,NavalArmsCommandCollege,NavalFlyingCollegeandBengbuNavalSchoolforNon‐commissionedOfficers.

Thesubmarineforceisequippedwithnuclear‐poweredstrategicmissilesubmarines,nuclear‐poweredattacksubmarinesandconventionalsubmarines,allorganizedintosubmarinebasesandsubmarineflotillas.Thesurfaceshipforcemainlyconsistsofdestroyers,frigates,missileboats,minesweepers,landingships

Page 24: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

24

andserviceships,andisorganizedintoflotillasofdestroyers,speedboats,landingshipsandcombatsupportships,aswellasmaritimegarrisoncommands.Theaviationwingmainlyconsistsoffighters,fighter‐bombers,bombers,reconnaissanceaircraft,patrolaircraftandhelicopters,allorganizedintoaviationdivisions.TheMarineCorpsisorganizedintomarinebrigades,andmainlyconsistsofmarines,amphibiousarmoredtroops,artillerytroops,engineersandamphibiousreconnaissancetroops.Thecoastaldefenseforceismainlyorganizedintocoastalmissileregimentsandantiaircraftartilleryregiments,andmainlyconsistsofshore‐to‐shipmissile,antiaircraftartilleryandcoastalartillerytroops.

ForceBuilding

Inlinewiththerequirementsofoffshoredefensestrategy,theNavytakesinformationizationastheorientationandstrategicpriorityofitsmodernizationdrive,andisendeavoringtobuildastrongnavy.Itdeepensreformsandinnovationsintrainingprogramsandmethods,highlightstraininginmaritimeintegratedjointoperations,andenhancesintegratedcombatcapabilityinconductingoffshorecampaignsandthecapabilityofnuclearcounterattacks.Itorganizesinascientificwayoperationaltraining,tacticaltraining,specializedskilltrainingandcommonsubjecttraining,focusesontheintegratedtrainingofjointoperationselementsinconditionsofinformationizationandexploresmethodsoftrainingincomplexelectromagneticenvironments.ItalsoattachesimportancetoMOOTW,trainingandactivelyparticipatesinbilateralandmultilateraljointtrainingexercises.

Upgradingweaponryandequipment,andoptimizingtheweaponryandequipmentsystem.Effortsarebeingmadetobuildnewtypesofsubmarines,destroyers,frigatesandaircraft,formingapreliminaryweaponryandequipmentsystemwithsecond‐generationequipmentasthecoreandthethirdgenerationasthebackbone.Thesubmarineforcepossessesunderwateranti‐ship,anti‐submarineandmine‐layingcapabilities,aswellassomenuclearcounterattackcapabilities.Thesurfaceshipforcehasdevelopedasurfacestrikingforcerepresentedbynewtypesofmissiledestroyersandfrigates,andpossessesmaritimereconnaissance,anti‐ship,anti‐submarine,air‐defense,mine‐layingandotheroperationalcapabilities.Theaviationwinghasdevelopedanairstrikingforcerepresentedbysea‐attackaircraft,andpossessesreconnaissance,anti‐ship,anti‐submarineandair‐defenseoperationalcapabilities.TheMarineCorpshasdevelopedanamphibiousoperationalforcerepresentedbyamphibiousarmoredvehicles,andpossessesamphibiousoperationalcapabilities.Thecoastaldefenseforceisrepresentedbynewtypesofshore‐to‐shipmissilesandpossesseshighcoastaldefenseoperationscapability.

Optimizingthelogisticalsupportsystem,andimprovingmaritimeintegratedsupportcapabilities.Aimingatenhancingitsintegratedlogisticalsupportcapabilities,theNavyhaspreliminarilybuiltalogisticalsupportsystemwithshore‐basedlogisticalsupportasthefoundationandsea‐basedlogisticalsupportasthemainstay,andmeshesthetwointoanintegratedwhole.Ithassteppedupthebuildingofshipbases,berthingareas,supplypoints,docksandairfields.Asaresult,

Page 25: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

25

ashore‐basedsupportsystemisbasicallyinplace,whichiscoordinatedwiththedevelopmentofweaponryandequipment,andsuitedtowar‐timesupporttasks.TheNavyhasgraduallydeployednewtypesoflargeintegratedsupplyships,medicalshipsandambulancehelicopters,andsucceededindevelopingmanytypesofmaritimesupportequipmentandanumberofkeytechnologies,leadingtosignificantprogressinthemodernizationofthemaritimesupportforce.

Enhancingthecapabilitiesandqualityofnavalofficersandmen,andtrainingqualifiedmilitarypersonnel.TheNavyhasadoptedapersonneltrainingmodelinwhichcommandingofficercandidatesreceiveintegratededucationforacademiccredentialsandseparatepre‐assignmenteducation,andismakingeffortstoimprovethepre‐assignmenttrainingsystemforofficers.ThepersonneltrainingoftheNavyhighlightstheuniquenessoftheservice,andstressesthecultivationofpracticalcapabilities.Toraiseofficers'competenceforhandlingtheirassignments,theNavyisstrivingtoimprovethepersonneltrainingprogramsofitseducationalinstitutionsandimplementassignment‐orientedcurricula.ItisalsoendeavoringtoexpandthescaleoftrainingforNCOsandfosterintermediateandseniorNCOsqualifiedfortechnicallycomplexposts.

Page 26: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

26

VI.TheAirForce

TheAirForceisastrategicserviceofthePLA,andthemainforceforcarryingoutairoperations.Itisresponsibleforsuchtasksassafeguardingthecountry'sterritorialairspaceandterritorialsovereignty,andmaintainingastableairdefenseposturenationwide.Itismainlycomposedofaviation,groundairdefense,airborne,signal,radar,ECM,technicalreconnaissanceandchemicaldefensesections.

HistoryofDevelopment

TheAirForcewasfoundedonNovember11,1949.Theyearsfrom1949to1953witnessedtheestablishmentofanAirForceleadingorgansintheCMCandineachofthemilitaryareacommands;thecreationofthefighter,bomber,attacker,reconnaissanceandtransport,airborneforcesandanumberofeducationalinstitutions;andtheorganizationoftheAirForceoftheChinesePeople'sVolunteerstotakepartintheWartoResistU.S.AggressionandAidKorea(1950‐1953).TheAirForcewasmergedwiththeAirDefenseForcein1957,byadoptingasystemcombiningairoperationswithairdefense.Inthe1960sand1970stheAirForceformedtheguidingprincipleofgivingprioritytothedevelopmentofairdefenseforces,andgraduallygrewintoanairforceforterritorialairdefense.Sincethe1990stheAirForcehasbeeninaphaseofrapiddevelopment.Ithasdeployedthird‐generationcombataircraft,third‐generationground‐to‐airmissiles,andaseriesofrelativelyadvancedandcomputerizedweaponsandequipment.Ithassteppedupthedevelopmentofmilitarytheorieswithstrategictheoriesatthecore,andintroducedastrategicconceptthattheAirForceshouldbecapableofbothoffensiveanddefensiveoperations.Asaresult,theAirForcehasbegunitstransitionfromterritorialairdefensetobothoffensiveanddefensiveoperations.Afternearlysixdecadesofdevelopment,theAirForcehasinitiallydevelopedintoastrategicservicecomprisingmorethanonewings.Itnowhasrelativelystrongcapabilitiestoconductairdefensiveandoffensiveoperations,andcertaincapabilitiestoexecutelong‐rangeprecisionstrikesandstrategicprojectionoperations.

StructureandOrganization

Inpeacetime,theAirForcepracticesaleadershipsystemwhichcombinesoperationalcommandwithbuildingandadministration,andwhichconsistsoftheAirForceHeadquarters,aircommandsundermilitaryareacommands,corps‐level(division‐level)commandposts,divisions(brigades)andregiments.TheAirForcehasunderitanaircommandineachofthesevenmilitaryareacommandsofShenyang,Beijing,Lanzhou,Jinan,Nanjing,GuangzhouandChengdu.Ithasalsounderitanairbornecorpsaswellasvariousinstitutionsofeducation,researchandexperimentation.Undereachaircommandatthemilitaryareacommandlevelareaviationdivisions,ground‐to‐airmissiledivisions(brigadesandregiments),antiaircraftartillerybrigades(regiments),radarbrigades(regiments),ECMbrigades(regimentsandbattalions),andotherspecializedserviceunits.Inkeyareastherearealsocorps‐ordivision‐levelcommandposts.TheAirForcehasalsoanumberofeducationalandtraininginstitutions,includingtheAirForceCommand

Page 27: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

27

College,AirForceEngineeringUniversity,AirForceAviationUniversity,AirForceRadarCollege,AirForceCollegeatGuilin,AirForceCollegeatXuzhou,AirForceSchoolforNoncommissionedOfficersatDalianandsevenflyingcolleges.

Anaviationdivisionusuallyconsistsofregiments,groupsandsquadrons,andhassuchtypesofaircraftasfighters,attackers,fighter‐bombers,bombers,transportsandcombatsupportaircraft.Ithasunderitaviationregimentsandrelatedstations.Theaviationregimentisthebasictacticalunit.Withbattalionsasthebasicfightingunits,theground‐to‐airmissileforceisusuallyorganizedintodivisions,regimentsandbattalionsorintobrigades(regiments)andbattalions.Withbatteriesasbasicfightingunits,theantiaircraftartilleryforceisusuallyorganizedintobrigades(regiments),battalionsandcompanies.Theairborneforcesareorganizedintocorps,divisions,regiments,battalionsandcompanies.

ForceBuilding

Tomeettherequirementsofinformationizedwarfare,theAirForceisworkingtoaccelerateitstransitionfromterritorialairdefensetobothoffensiveanddefensiveoperations,andincreaseitscapabilitiesforcarryingoutreconnaissanceandearlywarning,airstrikes,airandmissiledefense,andstrategicprojection,inanefforttobuilditselfintoamodernizedstrategicairforce.

Takingintofullaccountpreparationsforcombatanditsowntransformationanddevelopment,theAirForceisexploringtrainingsystemsandmethodstailoredtothedevelopmentofthelatestgenerationofweaponryandequipment.Itstressestechnicalandtacticaltrainingincomplexenvironments,combinedtrainingofdifferentarmsandaircrafttypes,andjointtraining;conductsmission‐orientedandconfrontationaltraining;andisincreasingon‐base,simulatedandweb‐basedtraining.Itisworkingtooptimizethetripartitepilottrainingsystemcomposedofflyingcolleges,trainingbasesandcombatunits,andintensifyingthetrainingofaviationunitsincounter‐airoperations,air‐to‐groundattacksandjointoperations.Itisdeepeningreformsandinnovationsininstitutionaleducationbyimprovingthesystemofdiscipline,andmakinginnovationsinteachingprograms,meansandmethods.Itisstrengtheningon‐the‐jobtraining,andexploringanewmodelofpersonneldevelopment,namelythetriadofinstitutionaleducation,traininginunitsandprofessionalmilitaryeducation.Forthispurpose,theAirForceMilitaryProfessionalUniversitywasestablishedinJuly2008.

Tosatisfythestrategicrequirementsofconductingbothoffensiveanddefensiveoperations,theAirForceattachesimportancetodevelopingnewtypesoffighters,airandanti‐missiledefenseweapons,andcommandautomationsystems.Ithasdeployedsomerelativelyadvancedcomputerizedequipment,andair‐to‐airandair‐to‐groundprecision‐guidedmunitions,upgradedtheelectronicinformationsystemsoftheequipmentonactiveservice,andimprovedthebasicnetworksforintelligenceandearlywarning,commandandcontrol,andcommunications.Ithasinthemainestablishedamajorbattleweaponryandequipmentsystemwiththird‐

Page 28: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

28

generationaircraftandground‐to‐airmissilesasthemainstay,andmodifiedsecond‐generationaircraftandground‐to‐airmissilesasthesupplement.

Centeringontheimprovementofthecapabilitiesandqualityofitspersonnel,theAirForcepursuesaroadofpersonneldevelopmentwhichtakesnew‐andhigh‐techtalentsasthedrivingforce,makesbreakthroughsincriticalareasandaimsatoverallimprovement.Itmakesoverallplansfortrainingcommand,staff,flightandtechnicalsupportpersonnel.Ithasfosteredagroupofcorepersonnelwithagoodcommandofinformationtechnologyandacontingentofnewtypesofhigh‐caliberpersonnelasrepresentedbyinter‐disciplinarycommandingofficers,first‐ratepilots,leadersinscientificandtechnologicalresearch,andtechnicalexperts.

Toraiseitsintegratedsupportcapabilities,theAirForceattachesimportancetothedevelopmentoflogisticalandequipmentsupportsystems.Itendeavorstoimprovethesupportfacilitiesofairfieldsandpositions;strengthenitslogisticalforcesforrapidconstructionofairdefenseprojects,bombeliminationatandrapidrepairofairfieldswhichhavesufferedattack,andaviationmedicalsupport;developanddeploythesecondgenerationofspecializedlogisticalequipment;createastorageandsupplynetworkforspecial‐purposematerials;andbuildstepbystepbasescapableofsupportingmultipletypesofaircraft.TheAirForceisalsosteppingupeffortstodeepenthereformoftheequipmentsupportmode;improvethelayoutofsupportnetworksforthesupply,maintenanceandtechnicalsupportofammunitionandmaterial;andmakesupportequipmentsmallerinsize,moreversatileinfunctionandfitterforfieldoperations.

Page 29: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

29

VII.TheSecondArtilleryForce

TheSecondArtilleryForceisastrategicforceunderthedirectcommandandcontroloftheCMC,andthecoreforceofChinaforstrategicdeterrence.ItismainlyresponsiblefordeterringothercountriesfromusingnuclearweaponsagainstChina,andforconductingnuclearcounterattacksandprecisionstrikeswithconventionalmissiles.

TheSecondArtilleryForcestickstoChina'spolicyofnofirstuseofnuclearweapons,implementsaself‐defensivenuclearstrategy,strictlyfollowstheordersoftheCMC,andtakesitasitsfundamentalmissiontheprotectionofChinafromanynuclearattack.InpeacetimethenuclearmissileweaponsoftheSecondArtilleryForcearenotaimedatanycountry.ButifChinacomesunderanuclearthreat,thenuclearmissileforceoftheSecondArtilleryForcewillgointoastateofalert,andgetreadyforanuclearcounterattacktodetertheenemyfromusingnuclearweaponsagainstChina.IfChinacomesunderanuclearattack,thenuclearmissileforceoftheSecondArtilleryForcewillusenuclearmissilestolauncharesolutecounterattackagainsttheenemyeitherindependentlyortogetherwiththenuclearforcesofotherservices.TheconventionalmissileforceoftheSecondArtilleryForceischargedmainlywiththetaskofconductingmedium‐andlong‐rangeprecisionstrikesagainstkeystrategicandoperationaltargetsoftheenemy.

HistoryofDevelopment

ThefoundingoftheSecondArtilleryForcewasahistoricalchoicethePeople'sRepublicofChinawasforcedtomaketodealwithnuclearthreats,breaknuclearmonopolyandmaintainnationalsecurity.Chinabegantodevelopstrategicmissileweaponsin1956,establishedresearch,trainingandeducationalinstitutionsforstrategicmissilesin1957,createditsfirstground‐to‐groundmissileunitin1959andformallyfoundedtheSecondArtilleryForceonJuly1,1966.Inthelatterhalfofthe1970s,theSecondArtilleryForcesetitselftheobjectiveofbuildingaleanandeffectivestrategicmissileforcewithChinesecharacteristics.Inthe1990sitestablisheditsconventionalmissileforce,enteringanewstagemarkedbythecoordinateddevelopmentofitsnuclearandconventionalmissileforces.Withtheadventofthe21stcenturyitbegantopromoteleapfroggingdevelopmentofinformationization.Throughmorethan40yearsofdevelopment,theSecondArtilleryForcehasgrownintoaleanandeffectivestrategicforcewithbothnuclearandconventionalmissiles,capableofbothland‐basedstrategicnuclearcounterattacksandprecisionstrikeswithconventionalmissiles.

StructureandOrganization

TheoperationalcommandauthorityoftheSecondArtilleryForceishighlycentralized.ThechainofcommandrunsfromtheCMC,theSecondArtilleryForceandmissilebasestomissilebrigades.TheoperationsoftheSecondArtilleryForcemustfollowtheordersoftheCMCinthestrictestandmostprecisemanner.

Page 30: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

30

TheSecondArtilleryForceismainlycomposedofthenuclearmissileforce,theconventionalmissileforce,thesupportforce,educationalinstitutions,researchinstitutesandtheheadquarterorganizations.Themissileforceisorganizedintomissilebases,missilebrigadesandlaunchbattalions.Thesupportforceisorganizedintotechnicalandspecializedsupportunitssuchasreconnaissance,intelligence,signal,ECM,engineering,logisticsandequipmentunits.Theeducationalinstitutionsincludeacommandcollege,anengineeringcollegeandaschoolforNCOs.Theresearchinstitutesincludeequipmentandengineeringinstitutes.

ForceBuilding

Followingtheprincipleofbuildingaleanandeffectiveforceandgoingwiththetideofthedevelopmentofmilitaryscienceandtechnology,theSecondArtilleryForcestrivestoraisetheinformationizationlevelofitsweaponryandequipment,ensuretheirsafetyandreliability,andenhanceitscapabilitiesinprotection,rapidreaction,penetration,damageandprecisionstrike.Afterseveraldecadesofdevelopment,ithascreatedaweaponryandequipmentsystemwithbothnuclearandconventionalmissiles,bothsolid‐fueledandliquid‐fueledmissiles,differentlaunchingrangesanddifferenttypesofwarheads.

TheSecondArtilleryForceisendeavoringtoformacompletesystemforwarpreparations,optimizeitscombatforcestructure,andbuildamissileoperationalsystemsuitedtoinformationizedwarfare.Itsnuclearandconventionalmissileforcesarekeptatanappropriatelevelofreadiness.TheSecondArtilleryForceismakingsteadyhead‐wayintheconstructionofitsbattlefieldsystem,andmakesextensiveuseofmodernmechanicalequipmentandconstructionmethods.Eachcompletedprojectisuptostandard.TheSecondArtilleryForceisalsodedicatedtologisticalreformsandinnovations.Ithascreatedintegrateddatabasesforfieldsupportandinformationizedmanagementplatformsforlogisticmaterials,andimprovedsupportsystemsforthesurvivalofcombatantsinoperationalpositions.Asaresult,itsintegratedlogisticalsupportcapabilitiesincaseofactualcombathavebeenmarkedlyenhanced.Toensuretheabsolutesafetyofnuclearweapons,theSecondArtilleryForcestrictlyimplementsrulesandregulationsfornuclearsafetycontrolandaccreditationofpersonneldealingwithnuclearweapons,hasadoptedreliabletechnicalmeansandmethods,strengthensthesafemanagementofnuclearweaponsintheprocessofstorage,transportationandtraining,improvesmechanismsandmethodsforemergencyresponsetonuclearaccidents,andhasputinplacespecialsafetymeasurestoavoidunauthorizedandaccidentallaunches.

Intermsoftraining,theSecondArtilleryForcetakesspecializedskillsasthefoundation,focusesonofficersandcorepersonnel,centersitsattentiononsystemsintegrationandaimsatimprovingoveralloperationalcapabilities.Itactivelyconductsspecializedtraining,integratedtrainingandoperationaltrainingexercises.Specializedtrainingmainlyinvolvesthestudyofbasicandspecializedmissiletheories,andthetraininginoperatingskillsofweaponsandequipment.Integratedtrainingmainlyconsistsofwhole‐processcoordinatedtrainingofallelementswithinacombatformation.Operationaltrainingexercisesrefertocomprehensive

Page 31: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

31

trainingandexercisesbymissilebrigadesandsupportunitsinconditionssimilartoactualcombat.TheSecondArtilleryForcehasadoptedaratingsystemforunittrainingandanaccreditationsystemforpersonnelatcriticalposts.Itenhanceson‐base,simulated,web‐basedandrealistictraining,exploresthecharacteristicsandlawsoftrainingincomplexelectromagneticenvironmentsandintegratedtrainingofmissilebases,andisconductingR&Dofanewgenerationofweb‐basedsimulatedtrainingsystems.Significantprogresshasbeenmadeinbuildingthe"InformationizedBlueForce"andbattlelaboratories.

TheSecondArtilleryForceplacespersonneltraininginastrategicposition,andgivesithighpriority.ItisworkingtoimplementtheShenjianProjectforPersonnelTraining,andcreateathree‐tieredteamoffirst‐ratetechnicalpersonnel.Asaresult,acontingentoftalentedpeoplehastakenshape,whosemainbodyiscomposedofacademiciansoftheChineseAcademyofEngineering,missilespecialists,commandingofficers,andskilledoperatorsandtechnicians.

Page 32: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

32

VIII.ThePeople'sArmedPoliceForce

AsacomponentofChina'sarmedforcesandsubordinatetotheStateCouncil,thePeople'sArmedPoliceForce(PAPF)isunderthedualleadershipoftheStateCouncilandtheCMC.ThePAPFconsistsoftheinternalsecurityforceandvariouspoliceforces.Theborderpublicsecurity,firefightingandsecurityguardforcesarealsocomponentsofthePAPF.ThePAPFischargedwiththefundamentaltaskofsafeguardingnationalsecurity,maintainingsocialstabilityandensuringthatthepeopleliveandworkinpeaceandcontentment.

RoutineGuardDuties

RoutineguarddutiesrefertodutiesthePAPFperformstomaintaininternalsecurity,whicharemostlycarriedoutbytheinternalsecurityforce.Thebasictasksare:toguardagainstallformsofattemptedattacksandsabotage;protectdesignatedindividualsandfacilities;ensurethesecurityofimportantinternationalandnationalconferencesandlarge‐scaleculturalandsportsevents;protectimportantairports,radiostations,andkeyandconfidentialunits,andvitalplacesinsuchsectorsasstateeconomyandnationaldefense;protectimportantbridgesandtunnels;ensurethesecurityofprisonsanddetentionhouses;andmaintainpublicorderinstate‐designatedlargeandmedium‐sizedcitiesorspecificzones.Routineguarddutiescanbedividedintoregularandtemporarymissions.UsuallytheregularmissionsareassignedbytheMinistryofPublicSecurity,andthetemporaryonesareassignedbylocalPartycommittees,governmentsorpublicsecurityorgans.

Everyday,morethan260,000PAPFservicemenareonguardduty.Inrecentyears,thePAPFhasmadeeffortstoregularizeandstrictlymanagetheperformanceofitsduties,andimproveitthroughscienceandtechnology,includingimprovementofduty‐relatedfacilities,andreducehiddenhazards.Ithasrealizedall‐personnel,whole‐process,full‐timevisualizationindutymanagement.Ithaseffectivelyenhanceddutyperformanceandensuredthesafetyofguardedtargetsbyoptimizingdutyorganizationandarrangement,implementingdutyregulationsandmeticulouslyorganizingimportanttemporaryduties.Onaverage,thePAPFannuallyhandlesdozensofattemptedattacksagainstguardedtargets,preventshundredsofescapeattemptsbydetainedsuspectsandimprisonedconvicts,organizesthousandsofimportanttemporaryduties,andensuresthesecurityofimportantinternationalandnationalconferencesandlarge‐scaleeventsincooperationwiththegovernmentdepartmentsconcerned.ThevariousunitsofthePAPFtakeanactivepartineffortstokeeppublicorder.Since2007,theyhaveassistedthepublicsecurityorgansincatchingandarrestingmorethan2,800criminalsuspects.

HandlingPublicEmergencies

ThehandlingofpublicemergenciesreferstooperationsbythePAPFtodeteranddealwithemergencieswhichendangerpublicsecurity.MainlyundertakenbythePAPFstandbyforces,suchoperationsincludethosetohandlepublicsecurityincidents,naturaldisasters,disastrousaccidents,andpublichealthincidents.The

Page 33: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

33

specifictasksaretocontrolaffectedareas,checktheidentifications,vehiclesandbelongingsofsuspectedpersons,protectimportanttargets,disperseillegalassemblies,rescuehostagesandthosetrappedbytroublemakers,nipillegalactivitiesandcriminaloffensesinthebud,huntdowncriminalsuspects,andparticipateinemergencyrescueanddisasterreliefwork.

ThePAPFisthestate'smainstayandshockforceinhandlingpublicemergencies.ThePAPFisassignedsuchmissionsbytheCPCCentralCommittee,theStateCouncil,theCMCorlocalPartycommittees,governmentsandpublicsecurityorgans,andcarriesoutthesemissionsundertheunifiedleadershipoftheaboveauthorities.

ThePAPFmakesfullpreparationsforhandlingpublicemergenciesbyestablishingalllevelsofcommandcenters,improvinginformationsystems,allocatingresourcesscientifically,andprovidingcommunications,suppliesandtransportationinareliableway.Onreceivingmissionorders,itisabletodeployimmediatelyandarriveatthesceneintime.Itadoptssuchmeansandmethodsasmilitarydeterrence,persuasionandlegitimateuseofforce.Italwaysexercisescautionintheuseofforce,compulsorymeasures,policeinstrumentsandweapons.Itcracksdownonahandfulofcriminalsinaccordancewiththelawanddealswithpublicdisturbances,riots,illegaldemonstrations,groupfightingwithweapons,actsofviolenceandterrorismefficiently,appropriatelyandlegally.Inthepasttwoyearsithastakenpartinoperationstohandlethe"3.14"Lhasariots,huntdownthe"EastTurkistan"terrorists,conductaccidentrescues,dealwithlarge‐scalemassdisturbances,andrespondtovariousemergencies.Inthiswayithaseffectivelyupheldthefundamentalinterestsofthepeople,maintainedthesocialstabilityoftheplaceswhereitsforcesarestationedandsafeguardedtheauthorityofthenation'slaws.

InternationalCounter­TerrorismCooperation

Chinaattachesgreatimportancetointernationalcounter‐terrorismcooperation,andsofarhasparticipatedin11internationalcounter‐terrorismtreaties.ThePAPFisanimportantcounter‐terrorismforceofthestate.

Strengtheninginternationalcounter‐terrorismconsultationsandexchanges.Incompliancewithinternationalcounter‐terrorismtreatiesandagreements,thePAPFhassentdelegationstoover30countriesforbilateralormultilateralcounter‐terrorismexchanges,includingFrance,Germany,Spain,Italy,Australia,Israel,Brazil,Cuba,SouthAfrica,RussiaandPakistan,andhosteddelegationsfrom17countries,suchasRussia,Romania,France,Italy,Hungary,SouthAfrica,Egypt,AustraliaandBelarus.

Sendingpersonnelabroadtoreceivetrainingorprovidetrainingassistance.ThePAPFhassentdelegationsorpersonneltoadozencountries,includingFrance,Israel,Hungary,Singapore,MalaysiaandThailand,toattendtrainingcoursesinspecialduties,participateinorobservecontestsofvariouskinds,andconduct

Page 34: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

34

exchangesincounter‐terrorismtechniquesandskills.IthassentteamsofinstructorstosuchcountriesasRomaniaandAzerbaijantoprovideteachingortrainingassistance.

Holdingjointcounter‐terrorismexercises.InSeptember2007,thePAPFandtheInternalTroopsofRussiastagedtheirfirstjointcounter‐terrorismexercise,"Cooperation‐2007."Theexercisefocusedon"operationsbyspecialforcestorescuehostagesanddestroyterroristorganizationsandgroups."

MaintainingPublicSecurityinBorderandCoastalAreasandOrderlyEntryandExitatPorts

Theborderpublicsecurityforce,listedasacomponentofthePAPF,isanarmedlaw‐enforcementbodydeployedbythestateinborderandcoastalareasandatports.Itsmainresponsibilitiesareasfollows:borderandcoastalpublicsecurityadministration;portsandborderinspectionandsurveillance;patrolsandsurveillanceinareasadjacenttoHongKongandMacao;patrolsandsurveillancealongthedemarcationlineoftheBeibuGulf;andthepreventionofandcrack‐downonillegalandcriminalactsinborderandcoastalareas,suchasillegalbordercrossing,smugglinganddrugtrafficking.

Theborderpublicsecurityforcehas30contingentsinprovinces(autonomousregionsormunicipalitiesdirectlyunderthecentralgovernment,exceptBeijing);110detachmentsinborderandcoastalprefectures(prefecture‐levelcities,autonomousprefecturesorleagues)and20marinepolicedetachmentsincoastalprefectures;207active‐dutyborderinspectionstationsatopenports;310groupsinborderandcoastalcounties(county‐levelcitiesorbanners);1,691borderpolicesubstationsinborderandcoastaltownships(towns);46frontierinspectionstationsonmajorborderroutes;and113mobilegroupsdeployedinimportantsectorsinborderareas.

Inrecentyearstheborderpublicsecurityforcehasmadeeffortstoimplementthestrategyofsafeguardingthepeopleandconsolidatingborderdefense;strengthenpublicsecurityeffortsbythegeneralpublic;improvemechanismsforinvestigating,mediatingandsettlingdisputes,conflictsandmassincidents;tackleprominentpublicsecurityissues;promotethebuildingofmodelvillagesandconsolidateborderdefense;andhelpchildreninneed,thusvigorouslypromotingharmonyandstabilityinborderandcoastalareas.Furthereffortshavebeenmadebyborderinspectionstationstoimprovetheirservices.Asaresult,anenvironmenthasbeencreatedforsafe,rapidandconvenientcustomsclearance.

Theborderpublicsecurityforce,supportedbyotherrelevantdepartments,hascrackeddownhardoncrimes,suchasillegalbordercrossing,drugtraffickingandsmuggling,andcarriedoutcampaignstocombatorganizedcriminalgangsandsuppressevilforcesinborderandcoastalareas.Since2007ithasarrested4,400illegalbordercrossers,seized3,806kgofdrugs,seizedsmuggledgoodsworth

Page 35: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

35

RMB620million,cracked19,205criminalcasesandhandled60,063violationsofpublicsecurity.

PursuanttorelevantprovisionsoftheMinistryofPublicSecurity,themarinepoliceforcehasestablishedandstrengthenedmaritimelaw‐enforcementagencies,augmenteditslaw‐enforcementpersonnel,refineditslaw‐enforcementregulations,andimproveditsshipsandequipment.Ithascracked41maritimecriminalcases,carriedout115maritimerescueandsalvageoperations,andsaved238peopleindistress.

Page 36: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

36

IX.NationalDefenseReserveBuildup

Chinafirmlyreliesonthepeoplefornationaldefense,andseekstostrengthenthebuildupofthenationaldefensereserveincompliancewiththerequirementofbeingabletodealwithbothemergenciesandwars.

ReserveForceBuildup

Withactiveservicemenasitsbackboneandreserveofficersandmenasitsfoundation,thereserveforceisanarmedforceformedinlinewiththeunifiedstructureandorganizationofthePLA.ItisunderthedualleadershipofthePLAandlocalPartycommitteesandgovernments.

Thereserveforcewasfoundedin1983.InAugust1986itformallybecameapartofthePLA.InMay1995theNPCStandingCommitteeadoptedtheLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonReserveOfficers.InApril1996theCMCbegantoconfermilitaryranksonreserveofficers.TheLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonNationalDefensepromulgatedinMarch1997explicitlystipulatesthatChina'sarmedforcesconsistoftheactive‐dutyforceandthereserveforceofthePLA,thePeople'sArmedPoliceForceandthemilitia.

After25yearsofbuildupanddevelopment,thereserveforcehasbecomeanimportantcomponentofthenationaldefensereserve.ItismadeupoftheArmyReserve,NavyReserve,AirForceReserveandtheSecondArtilleryForceReserve.TheArmyReservebreaksdownintoinfantry,artillery,antiaircraftartillery,antitankartillery,tank,engineering,chemicaldefense,signals,coastaldefenseandotherspecializedforces.TheNavyReserveismainlycomposedofreconnaissance,mine‐sweepingandmine‐laying,radarobservationandcommunicationsandotherspecializedforces.TheAirForceReservemainlycomprisesground‐to‐airmissile,radarandotherspecializedforces.TheSecondArtilleryForceReservemainlyconsistsofthespecializedmissilesupportforceandspecialequipmentmaintenanceforce.

InlinewiththeunifiedstructureandorganizationofthePLA,thereserveforcehasreservedivisions,brigadesandregiments,andcorrespondingleadingorgans.Reserveunitsareorganizedmainlyonaregionalbasis.Divisionsaresetupinprovincesandbrigades(regiments)inprefectures(autonomousprefecturesorprefecture‐levelcities).Adivision(brigade)canbesetupinaregioncoveringmorethanoneprefecture(autonomousprefectureorprefecture‐levelcity),andaregimentinaregioncoveringmorethanonecounty(county‐levelcityordistrict).

Inrecentyears,thereserveforcehasmadenewstridesinorganizationbuildingandmilitarytraining.Ithasgraduallyenlargedthepoolofreservists,improveditsorganizationalmethods,andactivelyexploredneworganizationalmodels,suchasindustrial,trans‐regionalandcommunity‐basedorganizations.Itconductsandmanagestrainingaccordingtothetrainingprogramandlaw,soastoregularizetraining.AsstipulatedintheOutlinefortheMilitaryTrainingandEvaluationoftheReserveForce,onethirdoftheauthorizedstrengthofaunitmustundergo30days

Page 37: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

37

oftrainingannually.Trainingtasksarebasedonpossiblewartimeassignmentsandthecaliberofthereservists.Thereserveforceisintheprocessofshiftingitsfocusfromquantityandscaletoqualityandefficiency,andfromacombatroletoasupportrole.Thegoalistoenablethereserveandactiveforcestocooperatecloselywitheachother,tocomplementeachother,andtodevelopinacoordinatedway.

MilitiaForceBuilding

MilitiaworkisundertheunifiedleadershipoftheStateCouncilandtheCMC,andtheleadershipoflocalPartycommittees,localgovernmentsaswellasthelocalmilitarycommands.TheGeneralStaffHeadquarterssupervisesmilitiaworknationwide.Themilitaryareacommandsareresponsibleformilitiaworkintheirrespectivejurisdictions.Provincialmilitarycommands,prefecturalmilitarycommandsandpeople'sarmedforcesdepartmentsofcounties(county‐levelcitiesordistricts)aretheorgansofmilitaryleadershipandcommand,andresponsibleforthemilitiaworkintheirrespectivejurisdictions.Thegrass‐rootspeople'sarmedforcesdepartmentsestablishedintown‐ships(towns),urbansub‐districts,enterprisesandpublicinstitutionsareresponsiblefororganizingandcarryingoutmilitiawork.LocalPartycommitteesandgovernmentsatalllevelsmakeoverallplansandarrangementsformilitiawork.

InrecentyearsChinahaspersistedinreformandinnovationinmilitiaforcebuildup,adjusteditssizeandstructure,andupgradeditsweaponryandequipment.Theorganizationalstructurehasoptimizedtoincreasethecapabilitiesofthemilitiatosupportcombatandemergencyresponseforces,andtograduallyshiftthecenterofitsresponsibilitiesfromruralareastocities,areasalongcommunicationlinesandotherkeyareas.Importancehasbeenattachedtoestablishingmilitiaorganizationsinemergingenterprisesandhigh‐techindustriestoincreasethetechnologycontentofthemilitiaforce.Investmentinweaponryandequipmenthasbeenincreasedtosystematicallyandorganicallyprovideaseriesofnewtypesofmilitiaairdefenseequipmentsuchasairdefenseartilleryandportableairdefensemissilesinkeyareas.Equipmentforemergencyresponseandstability‐maintenanceoperationshasbeenimproved.Sometypesofweaponshavebeenupgraded.DuringtheEleventhFive‐YearPlanperiod(2006‐2010)thenumberofmilitiapersonnelisscheduledtobereducedfrom10milliontoeightmillion.

InMay2007theGeneralStaffHeadquartersreleasedaneweditionoftheOutlinefortheTrainingandEvaluationoftheMilitia.ThenewoutlineaddsoverahundredtrainingtasksindozensofcategoriescoveringspecialtiesoftheNavy,AirForceandSecondArtilleryForce,markingashiftfromtraditionalsingle‐servicetomulti‐service/armspecializedmilitiatraining.Basedontheprinciplesofintegratingresources,poolingstrengths,organizingtraininglevelbylevelandconductingtrans‐regionaltraining,themilitarytrainingofthemilitiahasafour‐levelorganizationalsystem:Theprovincialmilitarycommandsarethebackbone;theprefecturalmilitarycommandsarethemainbody;thepeople'sarmedforcesdepartmentsarethebasis;andthegrass‐rootspeople'sarmedforcesdepartmentsarethesupplement.Themilitiaisimprovingitstechnology‐basedtraining,and

Page 38: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

38

promotingon‐base,simulatedandweb‐basedtrainingstepbystep.Prominenceisgiventosuchtasksasrapidmobilizationofspecializeddetachments,coordinationwithactiveunitsandoperationsincomplexelectromagneticenvironments.Inaddition,effortsarebeingmadetoenhancetraininginemergencyresponseandrescue.Theaimistoraisethemilitia'scapabilitiesincombatoperations,emergencyrescue,disasterrelief,crisisresponseandsocialstabilitymaintenance.

Page 39: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

39

X.TheArmedForcesandthePeople

TheChinesearmedforcesbelongtothepeople.AsstipulatedbytheConstitutionandlaws,itisanimportanttaskforthearmedforcestotakepartinnationaldevelopmentanddisasterrelief.Supportingthemilitaryandgivingpreferentialtreatmenttofamiliesofservicemenandrevolutionarymartyrs,andsupportingthegovernmentandcherishingthepeople(the"TwoSupports")constitutethepoliticalbasisforstrengtheningthebuildupofnationaldefenseandthearmedforces.

ParticipatinginEmergencyRescueandDisasterReliefOperations

ThePLA,PAPFandthemilitiaaretheshockforceinemergencyrescueanddisasterreliefoperations.Theirmaintasksaretorescueandevacuatedisastervictimsandpeopleindanger;ensurethesecurityofimportantfacilitiesandareas;rescueandtransportimportantmaterialsandgoods;participateinspecializedoperationssuchasrushrepairsofroads,bridgesandtunnels,maritimesearchandrescue,NBCrescueoperations,epidemiccontrol,andmedicalaid;eliminateorcontrolothermajordangersanddisasters;andassistlocalgovernmentsinpost‐disasterreconstructionifnecessary.InrecentyearsthePLAhasformed19unitsspecializedinfloodcontrolandemergencyrescueoperations.

InJune2005theStateCouncilandtheCMCpublishedtheRegulationsontheParticipationofthePeople'sLiberationArmyinEmergencyRescueandDisasterRelief.Accordingtotheregulations,ifthePLAisneededinemergencyrescueanddisasterreliefoperationsorganizedbytheStateCouncil,thedepartmentoftheStateCouncilinchargeoftheoperationsmayfilearequesttotheGeneralStaffHeadquarters.IfthePLAisneededinsuchoperationsorganizedbythepeople'sgovernmentsatorabovethecountylevel,thelattermayfilearequestvialocalmilitaryorgansatthecorrespondinglevel.However,incaseofemergencythelocalpeople'sgovernmentsmaydirectlyrequestPLAunitsstationedintheareatoprovideassistance,andthelattermusttakeimmediateactionandsimultaneouslyreporttothehigherauthorities,accordingtotheregulations.Upondetectinganyhazardordisaster,localPLAunitsmustalsotakeimmediateactionandsimultaneouslyreporttothehigherauthorities.PLAunitscomeundertheunifiedleadershipofthepeople'sgovernmentwhenparticipatinginlocalemergencyrescueanddisasterreliefoperations.Theirspecifictasksareassignedbytheheadquartersfortheoperations,whiletheiractionsaredirectedthroughthemilitarychainofcommand.InNovember2006theCMCapprovedandissuedtheMasterScenarioforEmergencyResponse.

InthepasttwoyearsthePLAandthePAPFhavedispatchedatotalof600,000troops/time,employed630,000vehicles(ormachines)/timeofvarioustypes,flownover6,500sorties/time(includingtheuseofhelicopters),mobilized1.39millionmilitiamenandreservists/time,participatedinover130disasterreliefoperationsincasesoffloods,earthquakes,snowstorms,typhoonsandfires,andrescuedorevacuatedatotalof10millionpeople.

Page 40: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

40

InJanuary2008largeareasofsouthernChinawerestrickenbyasavagespelloffreezingweather,sleetandsnowstorms.ThePLAandthePAPFsent224,000troopsand1.036millionmilitiamenandreservists,andflew226sorties/time(usingmilitarytransportaircraftandhelicopters)toundertakeurgent,difficult,dangerousandheavytasks,suchasclearingmajorlinesofcommunication,rescuingvictimsandrestoringpowersupply.

OnMay12,2008anearthquakemeasuring8.0ontheRichterscalerockedWenchuanCounty,SichuanProvince.Inresponse,thePLAandthePAPFdeployed146,000troops,mobilized75,000militiamenandreservists,flewover4,700sorties/time(includingtheuseofhelicopters)andemployed533,000vehicles/timeinthereliefeffort.Theyrescued3,338survivors,evacuated1.4millionlocalresidents,andtransported,airliftedandair‐dropped1.574milliontonsofreliefmaterials.Theysent210teamsofmedicalworkers,psychotherapists,andsanitationandepidemicpreventionspecialists,andtreated1.367millioninjuredpeople.Thetroopsstrictlyobserveddiscipline,andkeptdetailedrecordsofhundredsofmillionsofyuanincashandlargequantitiesofvaluablesrecoveredfromthedebris,allofwhichwashandedovertotheownersorrelevantdepartmentsoflocalgovernments.

ParticipatinginOlympicSecurityWorkandSupportingthePreparationsfortheOlympics

AttherequestoftheBeijingOrganizingCommitteefortheGamesoftheXXIXOlympiad,thePLAandthePAPFactivelyparticipatedinOlympicsecuritywork,andsupportedpreparationsfortheOlympicsandParalympics,makingimportantcontributionstothesuccessoftheevents.

InsecurityworkfortheOlympics,themainresponsibilitiesofthePLAweretoensuretheairsecurityofvenuesinandoutsideBeijingandthemaritimesecurityofOlympicvenuesincoastalandneighboringareas;takepartinthehandlingofterroristincidentssuchasNBC(nuclear,biological,andchemical)terroristattacksandexplosions;provideintelligencesupport;organizeemergencyrescue,medicalaidandhelicoptertransportation;andstrengthenborderadministrationandcontrolduringtheOlympics.ThePLAcontributed46,000troops,98fixed‐wingaircraft,60helicopters,63ships,andsomeground‐to‐airmissiles,andradar,chemicaldefenseandengineeringsupportequipment.ThePAPFwasmainlyresponsibleforensuringthesecurityofthetorchrelay;guardingOlympicvenues,VIPresidencesandrelevantairports;carryingoutguarddutiesfortheopeningandclosingceremonies,theactivitiesofimportantforeignguestsinChinaandmajorsportsevents;protectingwater,power,oilandgassupplyfacilitiesandcommunicationhubscloselyrelatedtotheOlympicsaswellasthelaunchingsitesofrocketsusedforartificialrainfallcontrolinBeijing,TianjinandHebei;actingincollaborationwithpublicsecurityorganstosetupcheckpointsintheneighborhoodofOlympicvenuesandonmajorroadsinthevicinityofBeijing,andtoperformarmedpatrolsinimportantpublicplacesincitieshostingorco‐hostingtheOlympics;conductingsecuritychecksatOlympicvenues;andexecutingcounter‐

Page 41: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

41

terrorism,anti‐hijackingandcontingencyresponseoperations.ThePAPFcontributed85,000troopstoOlympicsecuritywork,appropriatelyhandlednearly300incidentswhichmighthaveendangeredguardedtargets,andconfiscatedover9,000prohibiteditemsandover140,000limiteditems.

TosupportthepreparationsfortheOlympics,thePLAandthePAPFcontributedover14,000professionalandamateurperformerstotheopeningandclosingceremoniesoftheOlympicsandParalympics.Over6,900volunteersfromthePLAandthePAPFundertook84kindsofsupporttasks,includingtransportsupport,flagraisingatmedalpresentationceremonies,medicalaidandvariousservicesatOlympicvenues.PLAandPAPFunitsstationedinBeijingmobilized670,000troops/timetotakepartintheconstructionof36keyOlympicprojects,suchastheAviationCorridoroftheBeijingCapitalInternationalAirportandtheNationalOlympicForestPark.

ParticipatinginandSupportingNationalConstruction

UndertheunifiedarrangementoftheCentralPeople'sGovernmentandlocalpeople'sgovernmentsatalllevels,thePLAandthePAPFactivelyparticipateinallaspectsofnationalconstruction.Inthepasttwoyearstheyhaveputover14millionworkdaysandonemillionvehicles(ormachines)/timeintothisendeavor.

Providingaidforconstructionofinfrastructureandecologicalprojects.ThePLAandthePAPFhavesupportedover200keyconstructionprojectsforenergy,transportation,hydropowerandcommunications.Theyhavetakenpartinover170projectsfortheprotectionoftheecologicalenvironmentatsuchplacesastheupperandmiddlereachesoftheYellowRiverandsourcesofsandstormsaffectingBeijingandTianjin.Theyhaveafforestedthreemillionmu(onemuisabout700sqm)ofbarrenhills,wastelandanddesolatebeaches,andprovidedaerialprotectionandmaintenancefor24millionmuofforests.

Participatinginthebuildingofanewcountryside.ThePLAandthePAPFprovidesupportfortheconstructionofirrigationandwater‐conservancyworksandruralinfrastructure.Theyhavebuiltorrepairedover2,100roadsinpoverty‐strickenruralareas,andcompletedover90,000smallconstructionprojectssuchasruralhydropowerprojects,drinkingwaterprojectsforbothpeopleandlivestock,andprojectsfortheimprovementofsmallrivervalleyareas.Theyhavealsosetuporconsolidated25,000placesofcontactforpovertyreduction,andhelpedover80,000householdsoutofpoverty.

Supportingscientificandtechnological,educational,culturalandhealthundertakings.ThePLAandthePAPFhavehelpedtotrainnearly10,000peopleinvariousskills,andsetup240scienceandtechnologydemonstrationcenters.Theyhavebuiltover200primaryandsecondaryschools,andhelped240,000poorstudentscompletetheirschooling.Theyhaveestablishedlong‐termassistancerelationswith470countyortownshiphospitalsinpoverty‐strickenareas,and

Page 42: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

42

dispatched13,000medicalteamsofferingfreemedicalconsultationandtreatmentin41millioncases.

Supportingtheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofareasinhabitedbyethnicminorities.ThePLAandthePAPFhavehelpedtobuildorenlargethreeairports,fivepowerstationsand12waterconservancyfacilities;repairover900kmofhighways;dig300wells;andbuildatotalof6,000smallrainwatercellars,smallpowerstations,solarenergyinstallationsandTVtransmissionfacilities.

SupportingNationalDefenseandArmedForcesModernization

Governmentsatalllevelsputgreatimportanceonprovidingsupportforthemodernizationofthearmedforcesinscienceandtechnology,information,humanresources,educationandculture.Localgovernmentsandmilitaryunitsjointlyorganizemeetingsonmilitaryissues,workconcerningthe"TwoSupports"andinformaldiscussions,inordertohelptheunitsovercomedifficultiesinmilitarytraining,infrastructurebuildingandthemaintenanceofservicemen'srightsandinterests.Whentheunitsengageinmajortaskssuchastrainingexercises,emergencyrescueanddisasterrelief,thelocalgovernmentsandpeoplewillsurmountalldifficultiesandprovidesupportfortheirassembly,movement,andrescueandreliefefforts.Conductingwidespreadactivitiestosupportthearmedforcesinscienceandtechnology,andeducationandculture,localgovernmentsandpeoplealloverthecountryhavesetupover2,000centersofscienceandtechnology,helpedtotrainpeopleon100,000occasionsinvariousskillsanddonated20millionbooks.Governmentsatalllevelsmakeproperarrangementsfortheresettlementofservicemendischargedformactiveservice,theirdependents,retireesandciviliansworkinginthearmedforces,andtakegoodcareofthoseentitledtocompensationandpreferentialtreatment.Inthepasttwoyears,governmentsatalllevelshavemadeover500relevantnationalandlocalpoliciesandregulations,andresettledover100,000officerstransferredtocivilianwork,over500,000demobilizedenlistedmen,andover60,000retiredofficersandciviliansworkinginthearmedforces.

Page 43: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

43

XI.Science,TechnologyandIndustryforNationalDefense

Chinaisacceleratingreformandinnovationinitsdefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustry,promotingstrategicandspecialization‐orientedrestructuringofdefenseindustryenterprises,enhancingthecapabilitiesofindependentinnovationintheR&Dofweaponryandequipment,andstrivingtoestablishanewsystemofdefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustrywhichcaterstobothmilitaryandcivilianneeds,andchannelsmilitarypotentialtocivilianuse.

PromotingInnovationinStructuresandMechanisms

Tomeettheneedsofweaponryandequipmentdevelopment,aswellasdevelopmentofthesocialistmarketeconomy,Chinaisconstantlyreformingitsmanagementsystemofdefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustry.AccordingtothePlanforRestructuringtheStateCouncilpassedbytheFirstSessionoftheEleventhNationalPeople'sCongressin2008,theScience,TechnologyandIndustryCommissionforNationalDefenseofthePeople'sRepublicofChinahasbeensupersededbytheStateAdministrationofScience,TechnologyandIndustryforNationalDefense.

In2007,theStateCouncilapprovedSomeOpinionsonDeepeningtheReformoftheInvestmentSystemofScience,TechnologyandIndustryforNationalDefense,whichexplicitlyproposesanewinvestmentsystemfeaturingeffectivegovernmentregulationandcontrol,participationofsocialcapital,standardizedintermediaryservices,vigoroussupervisionandmanagement,andpositivemilitary‐civilianinteraction.Asaresult,anopendevelopmentpatternfordefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustryistakingshape.Theinvestmentfieldhasbeenfurtherbroadened,andinvestmentstructurefurtheroptimized.Waysofinvestmenthavebeendiversifiedtoincludenotonlydirectinvestment,butalsoinjectionofcapitalandinvestmentsubsidies.

Chinaisspeedingupthetransformationofthestructuresandmechanismsofthedefenseindustryenterprises,andisintheinitialstageofestablishinganewsystemofdefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustrythatfeaturesasmallcore,extensivecooperationandalargemilitarypotentialreserveamongcivilians.Structuralcontradictionsindefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustryhavebeengraduallyandfundamentallysolvedthroughstrategicrestructuringandthestreamliningofthemainbodyofthedefenseindustry.Chinaissteadilypromotingthetransformationofdefenseindustryenterprisesintojoint‐stockenterprises,activelyexploringapproachestodiversifyingthestructureofpropertyrights,givingpriorityonhelpingqualifiedcompetitiveenterprisestobereorganizedandlistedonthestockmarket,andencouragingspecialization‐orientedrestructuringandtheintegrationoftheeffortsofenterprises,universitiesandresearchinstitutes.Relevantlawsandregulationshavebeenimprovedtostandardizeandsupervisetheprocessofreorganizingthedefenseindustryenterprisesandgettingthemlistedonthestockmarket.

Page 44: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

44

ImprovingtheWeaponryandEquipmentResearchandProductionSystem

Establishingasoundlicensingsystemforweaponryandequipmentresearchandproduction.InaccordancewiththeImplementationMeasuresforWeaponryandEquipmentResearchandProductionLicensingpromulgatedinMay2005,thedefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustryhasadoptedalicensingsystemforweaponryandequipmentresearchandproductionfeaturingmanagementofcategorization.Whilemaintainingstatecontroloverweaponryandequipmentresearchandproduction,thedocumentallowsthenon‐publicsectortoenterthisfieldandcompeteforresearchandproductionprojects.InMarch2008theStateCouncilandtheCMCissuedtheRegulationsontheLicensingAdministrationofWeaponryandEquipmentResearchandProduction,furtherimprovingthesystem.

Enhancingthebasiccapabilitiesofweaponryandequipmentresearchandproduction.Defense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustryarestrivingtoenhancetheinformationizationofweaponryandequipmentdesignanddevelopment,andtorenderproductdesignmoredigitalized,modularized,standardizedandreliable.Ithasbuiltdigitalsimulationandhardware‐in‐the‐loop(HIL)simulationfacilitiesandanumberofimportantadvancedexperimentationanddemonstrationfacilities,whichhasresultedinahigherdesigncapabilityandR&Dsuccessrate.

Thissectorhasalsoincreasedfinalassemblyandintegrationcapabilities,andanumberofkeyenterpriseshaverealizedsystemsintegrationofassembly,experimentationandtesting.Thishassubstantiallyraisedcoremanufacturingcapabilitiesbygivingprioritytoresolvingprocessingandtechnicalissuesincomplexpartsprocessing,precisionmanufacturingandspecialwelding.Inaddition,anumberoflarge‐scalebasicexperimentationfacilitiesservingtheentireindustryhavebeenconstructed,aswellasspecializedtestingandexperimentationcentersforreliabilitytestingandburn‐inscreeningofcomponentsandparts,andimprovedmeasures,standardsandotherbasicsupportconditionsfordefenseindustrieshavebeenputinplace.Withtheimprovementofbasiccapabilities,aleapfroggingdevelopmentintheabilitytoprovideweaponryandequipmenthasbeenachieved.

Buildingadynamicinnovationsystemfordefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustry.Thegovernmenthastakentheleadtocreateafavorableenvironmentforinnovationandguideinnovationactivitiesthroughpoliciesandinvestments.Withtheresearchinstitutesandenterprisesofthedefenseindustryasthebackboneandwithinstitutesforbasicresearchandinstitutionsofhigherlearningasavitalnewforce,Chinaisgivingfullplaytotheadvantagesofintegratingenterprises,universitiesandresearchinstitutes,andmakingeffortstoincreaseitscapabilityforindependentinnovationindefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustry.Toconsolidatethefoundationofhumanresourcesfortheinnovativedevelopmentofdefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustry,boththenationalmajorprojects

Page 45: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

45

ofscienceandtechnologyandimportantprojectsfordefensescientificresearchandweaponryandequipmentR&Dhavebeentakenasplatformstoidentify,cultivate,employandattracttalentedpeople.

EnhancingCooperationwithOtherCountries

Followingtheprinciplesofmutualbenefitandcommondevelopment,Chinaisconductingcooperationwithforeigncountriesindefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustry.Itemphasizesexchangesandcooperationwithdevelopedcountriesindefenseindustrytechnologytodrawontheirexperienceintechnologicaldevelopmentandmanagement.Itenhancesmutuallybeneficialcooperationwithdevelopingcountries,andengagesinjointR&Dandproductioninmajorcooperativeprojects,inaccordancewiththenationalconditionsandspecificrequirementsofthepartners.Ontheexportofmilitaryitems,itadherestothefollowingprinciples:Itshouldonlyservethepurposeofhelpingtherecipientstateenhanceitscapabilityforlegitimateself‐defense;itmustnotimpairpeace,securityandstabilityoftherelevantregionortheworldasawhole;anditmustnotbeusedtointerfereintherecipientstate'sinternalaffairs.

China'sdefense‐relatedscience,technologyandindustryactivelyconductcooperationwithothercountriesinthefieldofhi‐techindustries,combiningmilitaryandcivilianneeds,andmakesgreateffortstodevelophi‐techcivilianproductswithhighaddedvalue.Majorbreakthroughshavebeenmadeindevelopingtheinternationalmarketforspaceproducts.Chinahasexporteditsfirstsatellite;andtheearthresourcessatelliteprojectwithBrazilhasplayedanimportantroleinbothcountries'economicdevelopment.Chinahassignificantlyenhanceditscooperationwithothercountriesinaviationproductsandtechnologies,andmadenewheadwayindevelopingtheinternationalmarketforcivilaircraft.China'sshipbuildingindustryhasexportedproductsforciviluseinseriesandbatches,furtherincreasingitsshareintheinternationalmarketforsuchproducts.

Page 46: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

46

XII.DefenseExpenditure

Guidedbytheprinciplethatdefenseexpenditureshouldgrowinlinewiththedemandsofnationaldefenseandeconomicdevelopment,theChinesegovernmentdecidesonthesizeofdefenseexpenditureinanappropriateway,andtakesaroadofnationaldefenseandarmedforcesmodernizationfeaturinglowercostandhigherefficiency.

Inthepastthreedecadesofreformandopeningup,Chinahasinsistedthatdefensedevelopmentshouldbebothsubordinatedtoandintheserviceofthecountry'soveralleconomicdevelopment,andthattheformershouldbecoordinatedwiththelatter.Asaresult,defenseexpenditurehasalwaysbeenkeptatareasonableandappropriatelevel.From1978to1987,asthenationshifteditsfocustoeconomicdevelopment,nationaldefensereceivedalowinputandwasinastateofbaresustenance.Duringthisperiodtheaverageannualincreaseofdefenseexpenditurewas3.5percent,whilethatofGDPwas14.1percentandthatofthestatefinancialexpenditurewas10.4percent.ThesharesofChina'sannualdefenseexpenditureinitsGDPandinthestatefinancialexpendituredroppedrespectivelyfrom4.6percentand14.96percentin1978to1.74percentand9.27percentin1987.From1988to1997,tomakeupfortheinadequacyofdefensedevelopmentandmaintainnationalsecurityandunity,Chinagraduallyincreaseditsdefenseexpenditureonthebasisofitssustainedeconomicgrowth.Duringthisperiodtheaverageannualincreaseofdefenseexpenditurewas14.5percentwhilethatofGDPwas20.7percentandthatofthestatefinancialexpenditurewas15.1percent.ThesharesofChina'sannualdefenseexpenditureinitsGDPandinthestatefinancialexpenditurecontinuedtodrop.From1998to2007,tomaintainnationalsecurityanddevelopmentandmeettherequirementsoftheRMAwithChinesecharacteristics,Chinacontinuedtoincreaseitsdefenseexpendituresteadilyonthebasisofitsrapideconomicgrowth.Duringthisperiod,theaverageannualincreaseofdefenseexpenditurewas15.9percent,whilethatofGDPwas12.5percentandthatofthestatefinancialexpenditurewas18.4percent.AlthoughtheshareofChina'sdefenseexpenditureinitsGDPincreased,thatinthestatefinancialexpenditurecontinuedtodroponthewhole.

China'sGDPwasRMB21,192.3billionin2006andRMB25,730.6billionin2007.ThestatefinancialexpenditurewasRMB4,042.273billionin2006andRMB4,978.135billionin2007,up19.1percentand23.2percentrespectivelyoverthepreviousyear.China'sdefenseexpenditurewasRMB297.938billionin2006andRMB355.491billionin2007,up20.4percentand19.3percentrespectivelyoverthepreviousyear.ThesharesofChina'sannualdefenseexpenditureinitsGDPandinthestatefinancialexpenditurein2006wereroughlythesameasthosein2007,being1.41percentand7.37percentin2006and1.38percentand7.14percentin2007.China'sdefenseexpendituremainlycomprisesexpensesforpersonnel,trainingandmaintenance,andequipment.Expensesforpersonnelandtrainingandmaintenanceaccountfortwothirdsofthedefenseexpenditure.In2007,thedefenseexpenditurewasusedtocovertheexpensesoftheactiveforce(RMB343.439

Page 47: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

47

billion),thereserveforce(RMB3.693billion)andthemilitia(RMB8.359billion).China'sdefensebudgetfor2008isRMB417.769billion.

Inthepasttwoyears,theincreasedpartofChina'sdefenseexpenditurehasprimarilybeenusedforthefollowingpurposes:(1)Increasingthesalariesandbenefitsofservicemen.Alongwiththeriseoftheincomeofcivilservantsandthelivingstandardsofbothurbanandruralresidents,Chinahasincreasedtherelevantallowancesandsubsidiesofservicementoensuretheparallelimprovementoftheirlivingstandards.(2)Compensatingforpricerises.Withtheriseofthepricesoffood,buildingmaterials,fuel,etc.,Chinahasaccordinglyincreasedtheboardingsubsidiesandotherfundscloselyrelatedtoservicemen'slifeaswellastheexpensesoneducation,training,petroleum,oilsandlubricantsforthearmedforces,andimprovedtheworkingandlivingconditionsofborderandcoastaldefenseforces,unitsinremoteandtoughareas,andgrass‐rootsunits.(3)PushingforwardtheRMA.Chinahasaugmentedtheinputintomilitaryinformationizationandmoderatelyincreasedthefundsforequipmentandsupportingfacilities,soastoraisethedefensecapabilitiesinconditionsofinformationization.

Boththetotalamountandper‐service‐personshareofChina'sdefenseexpenditureremainlowerthanthoseofsomemajorpowers.In2007China'sdefenseexpenditureequaled7.51percentofthatoftheUnitedStates,62.43percentofthatoftheUnitedKingdom.China'sdefenseexpensesperservicepersonamountedto4.49percentofthatoftheUnitedStates,11.3percentofthatofJapan,5.31percentofthatoftheUnitedKingdom,15.76percentofthatofFranceand14.33percentofthatofGermany.AsfortheshareofdefenseexpenditureinGDP,thatofChinawasmerely1.38percent,whilethatoftheUnitedStateswas4.5percent,thatoftheUnitedKingdom2.7percent,andthatofFrance1.92percent.

TheChinesegovernmenthasestablisheddefenseexpenditurereportingandpublishingmechanisms.Since1978theChinesegovernmenthassubmittedafinancialbudgetreporttotheNPCandpublishedthetotalamountofthedefensebudgeteachyear.TherelevantdataofChina'sdefenseexpenditurehasbeenmadepublicintheChinaEconomyYearbooksince1981,andintheChinaFinanceYearbooksince1992.Andsince1995thecompositionandmainpurposesofChina'sdefenseexpenditurehavebeenpublishedintheformofgovernmentwhitepapers.

Page 48: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

48

XIII.InternationalSecurityCooperation

Chinapersistsindevelopingfriendlyrelations,enhancingpoliticalmutualtrust,conductingsecuritycooperationandmaintainingcommonsecuritywithallcountriesonthebasisoftheFivePrinciplesofPeacefulCoexistence.

RegionalSecurityCooperation

TheChinesegovernmentisactivelyinvolvedinmultilateralcooperationwithintheframeworkoftheShanghaiCooperationOrganization(SCO).AttheBishkekSummitinAugust2007theSCOmemberstatesconcludedtheTreatyonLong‐TermGood‐NeighborlyRelations,FriendshipandCooperation,layingasolidpoliticalandlegalfoundationforsecuritycooperationandusheringinanewphaseofpoliticalmutualtrustamongthememberstates.Overthepasttwoyears,thememberstateshavealsosignedtheAgreementonConductingJointMilitaryExercises,theAgreementonCooperationofDefenseMinistriesandtheAgreementofSCOGovernmentsonCooperationinCombatingtheIllegalCirculationofWeapons,AmmunitionandExplosives,finalizedsuchlegaldocumentsastheAgreementontheTrainingofCounter‐TerrorismProfessionals,andlaunchedcooperationinsuchnewareasasinformationsecuritybyformulatingtheActionPlantoEnsureInternationalInformationSecurity.Procurators‐general,headsofsupremecourts,defenseministers,andleadersoflawenforcementandsecurityagenciesfromthememberstateshaveregularlyheldmeetings,deepeningcooperationinthejustice,defense,lawenforcement,securityandotherfields.

ChinaattachesgreatimportancetotheASEANRegionalForum(ARF).Atthe14thARFMinisterialMeetinginAugust2007ChinastressedthatthenewsecurityconceptisbasedonthediversityandcommoninterestsoftheAsia‐Pacificregion,andaccordswiththeinherentlawandrequirementsoftheregion'spursuitofpeace,development,progressandprosperity.InthepasttwoyearsChinahasco‐hostedwithIndonesiaandThailandrespectivelytheARFRoundTableDiscussiononStocktakingofMaritimeSecurityIssuesandtheARFSeminaronNarcoticsControl.TheARFGeneralGuidelinesforDisasterReliefCooperationproposedanddraftedbyChinawasadoptedatthe14thARFMinisterialMeeting,makingitthefirstARFframeworkdocumentprovidingguidancefordisasterreliefcooperation.

China‐ASEANandASEANPlusThree(China,JapanandtheRepublicofKorea)cooperationinnon‐traditionalsecurityfieldsisdevelopingindepth.AttheChina‐ASEANSummitandtheASEANPlusThreeSummit,heldrespectivelyinJanuaryandNovember2007,Chinaputforwardaseriesofinitiativesforstrengtheningcooperationinnon‐traditionalsecurityfields,andemphasizedtheimportanceofconductinginstitutionalizeddefensecooperationandmilitaryexchanges.ChinahostedtheFirstChina‐ASEANDialoguebetweenSeniorDefenseScholars(CADSDS)inMarch2008andtheSecondASEANPlusThreeWorkshoponDisasterReliefbyArmedForcesinJune2008.

ParticipatinginUNPeacekeepingOperations

Page 49: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

49

AsapermanentmemberoftheUNSecurityCouncil,ChinahasconsistentlysupportedandactivelyparticipatedinthepeacekeepingoperationsconsonantwiththespiritoftheUNCharter.Since1990thePLAhassent11,063militarypersonnel/timetoparticipatein18UNpeacekeepingoperations.Eightlosttheirlivesonduty.AsoftheendofNovember2008,Chinahad1,949militarypeacekeepingpersonnelservinginnineUNmissionareasandtheUNDepartmentofPeacekeepingOperations.Amongthem,therewere88militaryobserversandstaffofficers;175engineeringtroopsand43medicalpersonnelfortheUnitedNationsOrganizationMissionintheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(UNMONUC);275engineeringtroops,240transportationtroopsand43medicalpersonnelfortheUnitedNationsMissioninLiberia(UNMIL);275engineeringtroops,100transportationtroopsand60medicalpersonnelfortheUnitedNationsMissionintheSudan(UNMIS);275engineeringtroopsand60medicalpersonnelfortheUnitedNationsInterimForceinLebanon(UNIFIL);and315engineeringtroopsfortheAfricanUnion/UnitedNationsHybridOperationinDarfur(UNAMID).Since2000,Chinahassent1,379peacekeepingpoliceman/timetosevenmissionareas.Atpresent,208ChinesepeacekeepingpolicemenareinLiberia,Kosovo,Haiti,SudanandEastTimorforpeacekeepingoperations.

MilitaryExchangesandCooperationwithOtherCountries

Implementingthenation'sforeignpolicy,thePLAdevelopscooperativemilitaryrelationswithothercountriesthatarenon‐aligned,non‐confrontationalandnotdirectedagainstanythirdparty,andengagesinvariousformsofmilitaryexchangesandcooperationinanefforttocreateamilitarysecurityenvironmentfeaturingmutualtrustandmutualbenefit.

Creatinganewsituationinmilitarydiplomacywhichisopen,practicalanddynamic.Chinahasestablishedmilitarytieswithover150countries,andhasmilitaryattachofficesin109countries.Atotalof98countrieshavemilitaryattachofficesinChina.InthepasttwoyearsseniorPLAdelegationshavevisitedmorethan40countries,anddefenseministersandchiefsofthegeneralstafffrommorethan60countrieshavevisitedChina.PracticalcooperationbetweenthemilitaryforcesofChinaandRussiaatvariouslevelsandinmultiplefieldshascontinuedtodevelopindepth.Themilitaryforcesofthetwosideshavedeepenedtheirstrategicmutualconfidenceandheldfrequentexchangesofhigh‐levelvisits.Thedefenseministersofthetwocountrieshaveadirecttelephonelink,whichisthefirstofitskindbetweenChinaandanothercountry.China‐USmilitaryrelationshavemadegradualprogress.ThetwocountrieshaveformallyestablishedatelephonelinkbetweenChina'sMinistryofNationalDefenseandtheU.S.DepartmentofDefense,heldthefirstexchangeoftheirNCOs,andformallylaunchedmilitaryarchivecooperationoninformationrelatingtoU.S.militarypersonnelmissinginactionaroundtheperiodoftheKoreanWar.Meanwhile,China‐Japandefenserelationshavemadeheadway.ThetwosideshaveheldtheseventhandeighthChina‐JapanDefenseandSecurityConsultation,madetheirfirstexchangeofportcallsbynavalships,andheldthefirstconsultationovertheestablishmentofamaritimeliaisonmechanismbetweentheir

Page 50: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

50

teamsofexperts.China'sdefenseexchangeswithitsneighbors,includingASEAN,IndiaandPakistan,havebeenfurtherexpanded.ChinahasbeguntoholddefenseandsecurityconsultationswithIndia.ThechannelsofcommunicationbetweenthedefensesectorsandmilitaryforcesofChinaandEuropeancountriesremainopen.China'smilitarycooperationwithdevelopingcountrieshasbeenstrengthened.

Activelyholdingbilateralormultilateraljointmilitaryexerciseswithothercountries.Since2007Chinahasheldover20jointmilitaryexercisesorjointtrainingexerciseswithascoreofcountries.InAugust2007,withintheframeworkoftheSCO,China,Russia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,TajikistanandUzbekistanheldajointcounter‐terrorismmilitaryexerciseintheXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion,China,andChelyabinsk,Russia,focusingonthetaskofcombatingterrorism,separatismandextremism.ThiswasthefirsttimeforthePLAtoparticipateinamajorland‐airjointexerciseoutsidetheChineseterritory.InJuly2007andJuly2008ChinaandThailandconductedjointcounter‐terrorismtraininginvolvingbothcountries'armyspecialoperationsrespectivelyinGuangzhou,China,andChiangMai,Thailand.InDecember2007andDecember2008,armiesofChinaandIndiastagedjointcounter‐terrorismtrainingexercisesrespectivelyinKunming,ChinaandBelgaum,India.Duringthepasttwoyears,theChineseNavyhasheldbilateraljointmaritimetrainingexerciseswiththenaviesof14countries,includingRussia,theUnitedKingdom,France,theUnitedStates,Pakistan,IndiaandSouthAfrica.Chinahasalsoconductedvariousformsofmultilateraljointmaritimetrainingexerciseswithrelevantcountries,focusingonvarioustasks.InMarch2007,Chinaheldthe"Peace‐2007"jointmaritimetrainingexerciseintheArabianSeawithsevenothercountries,includingPakistan.InMay2007Chinaandeightothercountries,includingSingapore,conductedamultilateraljointmaritimeexerciseinSingaporeanwaterswithintheframeworkoftheWesternPacificNavalSymposium(WPNS).InOctoberthesameyearChina,AustraliaandNewZealandstagedajointmaritimesearch‐and‐rescuetrainingexerciseintheTasmanSea.

Conductingcooperationandexchangesinpersonneldevelopment.Chinaissendinganincreasingnumberofmilitarystudentsoverseas.Inthepasttwoyearsithassentover900militarystudentstomorethan30countries.TwentymilitaryeducationalinstitutionsinChinahaveestablishedandmaintainedinter‐collegiateexchangerelationswiththeircounterpartsinover20countries,includingtheUnitedStates,Russia,JapanandPakistan.Meanwhile,some4,000militarypersonnelfrommorethan130countrieshavecometoChinatostudyatChinesemilitaryeducationalinstitutions.

Tofurthermilitaryexchangesandcooperation,andenhancemutualmilitaryconfidence,China'sMinistryofNationalDefenseofficiallysetupanspokespersonsysteminMay2008.Thenewly‐foundedInformationOfficeoftheMinistryofNationalDefenseofthePRCreleasesimportantmilitaryinformationthroughregularorirregularpressconferencesandwrittenstatements.

Page 51: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

51

XIV.ArmsControlandDisarmament

TheChinesegovernmenthasalwaysattachedimportancetoandbeensupportiveofinternationaleffortsinthefieldofarmscontrol,disarmamentandnon‐proliferation.Chinahastakenconcretemeasurestofaithfullyfulfillitsrelevantinternationalobligations.Chinaiscommittedto,alongwiththeinternationalcommunity,consolidatingandstrengtheningtheexistinginternationalarmscontrol,disarmamentandnon‐proliferationmechanismspursuanttothepurposesandprinciplesoftheCharteroftheUnitedNationsandotheruniversallyrecognizednormsgoverninginternationalrelations,andtothepreservationofinternationalstrategicstabilityandpromotionofthecommonsecurityofallcountries.

NuclearDisarmament

Chinaholdsthatallnuclear‐weaponstatesshouldmakeanunequivocalcommitmenttothethoroughdestructionofnuclearweapons,undertaketostopresearchintoanddevelopmentofnewtypesofnuclearweapons,andreducetheroleofnuclearweaponsintheirnationalsecuritypolicy.Thetwocountriespossessingthelargestnucleararsenalsbearspecialandprimaryresponsibilityfornucleardisarmament.Theyshouldearnestlycomplywiththerelevantagreementsalreadyconcluded,andfurtherdrasticallyreducetheirnucleararsenalsinaverifiableandirreversiblemanner,soastocreatethenecessaryconditionsfortheparticipationofothernuclear‐weaponstatesintheprocessofnucleardisarmament.

ChinasupportstheearlyentryintoforceoftheComprehensiveNuclearTest‐BanTreaty,andwillcontinuetohonoritsmoratoriumcommitmentonnucleartesting.ChinasupportsthepreparatoryworkfortheentryintoforceoftheTreatybythePreparatoryCommissionoftheComprehensiveNuclearTest‐BanTreatyOrganization,andhascontributedtotheestablishmentoftheInternationalMonitoringSystem(IMS).

Chinahasalwaysstayedtruetoitscommitmentsthatitwillnotbethefirsttousenuclearweaponsatanytimeandinanycircumstances,andwillunconditionallynotuseorthreatentousenuclearweaponsagainstnon‐nuclear‐weaponstatesorinnuclear‐weapon‐freezones.Chinacallsuponothernuclear‐weaponstatestomakethesamecommitmentsandconcludeaninternationallegalinstrumentinthisregard.Chinahasalreadysignedallrelevantprotocolswhichhavebeenopenedforsignatureofvariousnuclear‐weapon‐freezonetreaties,andhasreachedagreementwiththeASEANonrelevantissuesoftheProtocoloftheTreatyontheSoutheastAsiaNuclear‐Weapon‐FreeZone.ChinawelcomestheTreatyonaNuclear‐Weapon‐FreeZoneinCentralAsiasignedbythefiveCentralAsiancountries.

ChinavaluestheroleoftheConferenceonDisarmament(CD)inGeneva,andsupportseffortsintheCDtoreachacomprehensiveandbalancedprogramofwork,soastoenabletheCDtostartsubstantialworkonsuchissuesastheFissileMaterialCut‐offTreaty(FMCT),preventionofanarmsraceinouterspace,nucleardisarmamentandsecurityassurancetonon‐nuclear‐weaponstates.

Page 52: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

52

Chinamaintainsthattheglobalmissiledefenseprogramwillbedetrimentaltostrategicbalanceandstability,undermineinternationalandregionalsecurity,andhaveanegativeimpactontheprocessofnucleardisarmament.Chinapayscloseattentiontothisissue.

ProhibitionofBiologicalandChemicalWeapons

ChinaobservesingoodfaithitsobligationsundertheBiologicalWeaponsConvention(BWC),andsupportsthemultilateraleffortsaimedatstrengtheningtheeffectivenessoftheConvention.ChinahasactivelyparticipatedinthemeetingsofthepartiestotheConventionandthemeetingsofexpertsinapragmaticmanner.ChinahasalreadyestablishedacomprehensivelegislationsystemfortheimplementationoftheConvention,setupanationalimplementationfocalpoint,andsubmitteditsdeclarationsregardingconfidence‐buildingmeasurestotheImplementationSupportUnitoftheConventioninatimelyfashion.Chinahasalsostrengthenedbio‐safety,bio‐securityanddiseasesurveillance,andactivelycarriedoutrelatedinternationalexchangesandcooperation.

ChinaearnestlyfulfilsitsobligationsundertheChemicalWeaponsConvention(CWC)bysettingupimplementationofficesatbothcentralandlocallevels,submittingtimelyandcompleteannualdeclarations,subsequentdeclarationsregardingnewlydiscoveredchemicalweaponsabandonedbyJapaninChinaandinformationonthenationalprotectionprogram.Chinahasreceivedmorethan170on‐siteinspectionsbytheOrganizationfortheProhibitionofChemicalWeapons(OPCW).TheAnalyticalChemistryResearchLaboratoryoftheInstituteofChemicalDefensebecamethefirstOPCW‐designatedlaboratoryinChinain1998,followedbytheToxicantAnalysisLaboratoryoftheAcademyofMilitaryMedicalSciences,whichbecameanOPCW‐designatedlaboratoryin2007.InMay2008ChinaandtheOPCWjointlyheldatrainingcourseonprotectionandassistanceinBeijing.WithaviewtoacceleratingthedestructionofchemicalweaponsabandonedbyJapaninChina,ChinahasassistedJapanincarryingoutmorethan100on‐siteinvestigations,andexcavatedmorethan40,000itemsofchemicalweaponsabandonedbyJapan.ChinaurgesJapantoearnestlyimplementitsobligationsundertheConvention,andstarttheactualdestructionofchemicalweaponsabandonedbyJapaninChinaassoonaspossible.

Non­Proliferation

Chinafirmlyopposestheproliferationofweaponsofmassdestruction(WMD)andtheirmeansofdelivery,andactivelytakespartininternationalnon‐proliferationefforts.Chinaholdsthatanintegratedapproachshouldbeadoptedtoaddressboththesymptomsandrootcausesofproliferation.Theinternationalcommunityshoulddevoteitselftobuildingaglobalandregionalsecurityenvironmentfeaturingstability,cooperationandmutualtrust,andearnestlymaintainingandstrengtheningtheauthorityandeffectivenessoftheinternationalnon‐proliferationregime.Inthisregard,doublestandardsmustbeabandoned.Allstatesshouldresorttodialogueandnegotiationtoresolvedifferencesinthefieldof

Page 53: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

53

non‐proliferation.Therelationsbetweennon‐proliferationandthepeacefuluseofscienceandtechnologyshouldbeproperlyaddressed,withtheaimofpreservingtherightofpeacefuluseofeachstatewhileeffectivelypreventingWMDproliferation.

Chinahasjoinedallinternationaltreatiesandinternationalorganizationsinthefieldofnon‐proliferation.ItattachesgreatimportancetotheroleoftheTreatyontheNon‐proliferationofNuclearWeapons(NPT),theBiologicalWeaponsConvention(BWC)andtheChemicalWeaponsConvention(CWC)inpreventingtheproliferationofWMD.ChinasupportstheroleplayedbytheUNinthefieldofnon‐proliferation,andhasconscientiouslyimplementedtherelevantresolutionsoftheUNSecurityCouncil.

ChinaisdedicatedtothedenuclearizationoftheKoreanPeninsula,andfirmlypromotestheSix‐PartyTalksprocessonthatissue.Chinafacilitatedtheadoptionof"InitialActionsfortheImplementationoftheJointStatement"andthe"Second‐PhaseActionsfortheImplementationoftheJointStatement"respectivelyinFebruaryandOctober2007.

ChinamaintainsthattheIraniannuclearissueshouldberesolvedpeacefullybypoliticalanddiplomaticmeans.Chinahasparticipatedinthemeetingsofforeignministersorpoliticaldirectorsoftheministriesofforeignaffairs,andhostedameetingofpoliticaldirectorsoftheministriesofforeignaffairsofthosesixcountriesinShanghaiinApril2008.ChinahasalsoactivelytakenpartinthedeliberationontheIraniannuclearissueattheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA)andtheUNSecurityCouncil,playingaconstructiverole.

Chinaattachesgreatimportancetonon‐proliferationexportcontrol,andhasestablishedacomprehensivelegalsystemforexportcontrolofnuclear,biological,chemicalandmissileandrelateddual‐useitemsandtechnologies.Chinahasalsoconstantlyupdatedtheselawsandregulationsinlightofitsinternationalobligationsandtheneedforexportcontrol.ChinaamendedtheRegulationsofthePRContheControlofNuclearExportsinNovember2006,theRegulationsofthePRContheControlofDual‐UseNuclearItemsandRelatedTechnologiesExportsinJanuary2007anditsControlListinJulyofthesameyear.Chinahassparednoeffortinstrengtheninglawenforcementinthefieldofnon‐proliferationexportcontrol.

Chinavaluesandactivelycarriesoutinternationalexchangesandcooperationinthefieldofnon‐proliferationandexportcontrol.Chinahasheldregulararmscontrolandnon‐proliferationconsultationswithadozencountriesandtheEU,andnon‐proliferationdialogueswithNATO.ChinaalsomaintainsdialoguesandexchangeswithmultinationalexportcontrolregimessuchastheAustraliaGroupandtheWassenaarArrangement.

ChinasupportstheobjectivesandprinciplesoftheGlobalInitiativetoCombatNuclearTerrorism.AsoneoftheoriginalpartnersoftheInitiative,Chinahastakenpartinallmeetingsofthepartners.InDecember2007ChinaandtheUnitedStates

Page 54: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

54

jointlyheldaworkshopinBeijingonradiationemergencyresponsewithintheframeworkoftheInitiative.

PreventionoftheIntroductionofWeaponsandanArmsRaceinOuterSpace

TheChinesegovernmenthasallalongadvocatedthepeacefuluseofouterspace,andopposedtheintroductionofweaponsandanarmsraceinouterspace.Theexistinginternationallegalinstrumentsconcerningouterspacearenotsufficienttoeffectivelypreventthespreadofweaponstoouterspace.Theinternationalcommunityshouldnegotiateandconcludeanewinternationallegalinstrumenttoclosetheloopholesintheexistinglegalsystemconcerningouterspace.

InFebruary2008ChinaandRussiajointlysubmittedtotheCDadraftTreatyonthePreventionofthePlacementofWeaponsinOuterSpaceandtheThreatorUseofForceagainstOuterSpaceObjects.ChinahopesthattheCDwillstartsubstantialdiscussionsonthedraftassoonaspossible,andnegotiateandconcludetheTreatyatanearlydate.

ConventionalArmsControl

ChinahasearnestlyfulfilleditsobligationsundertheConventiononCertainConventionalWeapons(CCW)anditsProtocols.Ithastakenconcretemeasurestoensurethatitsanti‐personnellandminesinservicemeettherelevanttechnicalrequirementsoftheAmendedProtocolonLandmines.ChinaactivelyparticipatesintheworkoftheGroupofGovernmentalExperts(GGE)onClusterMunitions.ChinaisalsocontinuingitspreparationsforratifyingtheProtocolonExplosiveRemnantsofWar.Chinahascontinuouslytakenanactivepartininternationalhumanitariande‐miningassistance.Inthepasttwoyears,ithasheldde‐miningtrainingcoursesforAngola,Mozambique,Chad,Burundi,Guinea‐Bissau,andbothnorthernandsouthernSudan.Chinahasalsodonatedde‐miningequipmenttotheabove‐mentionedcountriesandEgypt,andprovidedPeru,EcuadorandEthiopiawithmineeradicationfunds.

ChinahasactivelyparticipatedintheinternationaleffortstocombattheillicittradeinSmallArmsandLightWeapons(SALW).IthasconscientiouslyimplementedtheUNProgramofAction(PoA)onSALWandtheInternationalInstrumentonIdentifyingandTracingIllicitSALW.ChinahasissuedandimplementednewdetailedrulesonSALWmarkings,andhastakenpartintheworkoftheUNGGEonan"ArmsTradeTreaty."

TransparencyinMilitaryExpendituresandRegistrationofTransferofConventionalArms

Chinaattachesgreatimportancetomilitarytransparency,andmakesunremittingeffortstoenhancemilitarytransparencyandpromotemutualtrustwithothercountriesinthemilitarysphere.In2007ChinajoinedtheUNStandardized

Page 55: China's National Defense in 2008 · PDF filePeople's Armed Police Force IX. National Defense ... states of the Shanghai Cooperation ... strategy of active defense; pursuing a self

55

InstrumentforReportingMilitaryExpenditures,andreportsannuallytotheUNthebasicdataofitsmilitaryexpendituresforthelatestfiscalyear.

ChinahasmadeimportantcontributionstotheestablishmentanddevelopmentoftheUNRegisterofConventionalArms.AftertheRegisterwasestablished,ChinaprovidedtheRegisterwithannualdataonimportsandexportsofconventionalarmsinthesevencategoriescoveredbytheRegister.However,since1996aparticularcountryhasprovideddataonitsarmssalestoTaiwantotheRegister,whichcontradictsthespiritoftherelevantResolutionsoftheUNGeneralAssemblyaswellastheobjectivesandprinciplesoftheRegister.ChinawasimpelledtosuspenditssubmissionofdatatotheRegister.Sincethecountryconcernedhasstoppedtheabove‐mentionedact,Chinahasresumed,since2007,submittingdataannuallytotheRegisteronimportsandexportsofconventionalarmsinthesevencategories.