Chinook JargonDavid HuntLING 455May , 2006

Development & AdaptationNative MultilingualismTrade (transportation routes)

SlaveryEuropean IntroductionTradeFurGold rushDecline: Economic shifts ReservationsNegative stigma

Geographic Spread

Present StateAttempts at revivalPreschool at Twah Sun Chako in Grand RondeWikipedia in Chinook Jargon:Courses

Lexical ContributorsEnglishmahlie (marry)dolla (dollar)doctin (doctor)kwatah (quarter)shuckwah (sugar)

Nootkasaia (far; sky)moolock (elk)Frenchlatate (head, top; la tte)lalang (tongue, language; la langue)seapo (hat; le chapeau)lawen (oats; l'avoine)

Otherskanaka (Hawaiian)

Lexical Contributors

CreolizationFort VancouverWillamette ValleyReservations

Never the only L1

Variation

Delate (straight, correct):delet (puget sound)deleyt (2L learners)dret (Grand Ronde)drois (French)

Phonological ApproximationsF,v,r -> p,b,llacalat (carrot; "la carrotte")dly (dry)lope (rope)pish (fish)piah (fire)bahn-coo-bah (Vancouver)pit (bit)Diphthong simplificationsill (sail)nem (name)shem (shame) Word-final consonantswin (wind)pehpah (paper)livah (river)cole (cold)

Phonological Approximationsk, kw, q, qw, k, kw, q, qw to k l to tl or kl

StructureNegation: wik/hilunayka nanichwik nayka nanichI (don't) watch"Bareness of formsTense particlesYes/no particlePrepositionsHead initialkopa chek to kopachuck: at the waterCompounding verbsmamuk isik - "to paddle"chako oleman to wear outmamook haul - "to be carriedUnneeded to beTil nayka or Nayka til - "I am tired"Talapus yaka or Yaka talapus - "He's a coyote"Nouns have no s/p distinction

Pronoun UsageNo conjugations indicate person nayka nesayka mayka mesayka yaka klaska

Nayka mash libal- "I throw a ball"

nasingular proclitics: ma yaPossession'-s' acceptablewhiteman yaka chikchik - "whiteman his wagon"klootchman yaka man -"woman her man"

BibliographyCash, Phil. Sources for Chinook Jargon, a Pacific Northwest Pidgin. University of Arizona, 2005

Shaw, George, The Chinook Jargon and How to Use It: A Complete and Exhaustive Lexicon of the Oldest Trade Language of the American Continent. Seattle: Rainier Printing Co., 1909

Holton, Jim, Chinook Jargon: The Hidden Language of the Pacific Northwest. San Leandro, California: Wawa Press, 2000

Cleven, Mike, Klahowya kopa Chinook Wawa: Piahtzumwawa Skookumklahwayhut.