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Cisco IOS Software is a feature- rich network system software, providing network intelligence for business-critical solutions. CISCO IOS SOFTWARE

Cisco Ios Software

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Cisco Ios Software

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CISCO IOS SOFTWARE

Cisco IOS Software is a feature-rich network system software, providing network intelligence for business-critical solutions.CISCO IOS SOFTWARE IOS file itself is several megabytes in size and is stored in a semi-permanent memory area called FLASH.Flash memory provides non-volatile storage. This means that the contents of the memory are not lost when the device loses power. Even though the contents are not lost they can be changed or overwritten if needed.

Command-line interface (CLI)CLI is used to communicate the configuration details that implement the network requirement of an organization. Generally referred to as an EXEC session.Can be accessed through a console connection, a modem connection, or a Telnet/SSH session.

External Configuration sources

CONSOLE ( CTY line)The console port is a management port that provides out-of-band access to a router.The console port is often used to access a device when the networking services have not been started or have failed or for password recovery procedures.

PCs HyperTerminal Settings:Speed: 9600bitsData bits: 8Parity: NoneStop bit: 1Flow Control: None

AUXILLIARY PortAnother way to establish a CLI session remotely is via a telephone dialup connection using a modem connected to the router's AUX port. Unlike the console port, the auxiliary port supports hardware flow control, which ensures that the receiving device receives all data before the sending device transmits more. Telnet and SSH (VTY line)A method for remotely accessing a CLI session is to telnet to the router. Unlike the console connection, Telnet sessions require active networking services on the device.SSH provides stronger password authentication than Telnet and uses encryption when transporting session data. Configuration FilesThe startup-configuration file is used as the backup configuration and is loaded when the device is started. Stored in Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM).The running-configuration file - used during the current operation of the device. Changes to the running-configuration will immediately affect the operation of the Cisco device. Stored in RAM thus, configurations lost as the power lost or turned off or if the device has been restarted.

Types of memoryRAM stores routing tables, fast switching cache, running configuration, and so on.NVRAM I used for writeable permanent storage of the start-up configuration.Flash memory provides permanent storage of the Cisco IOS Software image, back-up configurations, and any other files via memory cardsCommand-mode structureUSER EXEC access level allows a person to access only a limited number of basic monitoring commands. This level does not contain any commands that might control the operation of the device or switch. Command prompt:Hostname>PRIVILEGED EXEC access level allows a person to access all device commands, such as those used for configuration and management, and can be password-protected to allow only authorized users to access the device. Note: From user exec, type enable: Hostname> enable New Command prompt: Hostname#

GLOBAL CONFIGURATION MODE allows you to configure settings that affects the operation of the device as a whole. Note: From privileged exec, type configure terminal: Hostname# configure terminal New Command prompt: Hostname(config)#

Specific Configuration Modes

-allows the configuration of a particular part or function of the IOS device.

Interface mode - to configure one of the network interfaces (Fa0/0, S0/0/0,..)Line mode - to configure one of the lines (physical or virtual) (console, AUX, VTY,..) Router mode - to configure the parameters for one of the routing protocolsKeyboard help in the cli ? Refer as Context-Sensitive Help provides a list of commands and the arguments associated with a specific command.

Two types of help:Word help Ex. sh?Command Syntax help Ex. Show ?

Note: - carriage return

% Ambiguous command error is generated when you did not enter enough characters for your device to recognize the command.% Incomplete command error message is generated if you did not enter all the keywords or values required by the specified command.% Invalid input detected at ^ marker error message is generated when you entered the command incorrectly. The caret (^) marks the point of the error.

Console Error MessagesIdentifies problems with any switch commands that are incorrectly entered so that they can be altered or corrected.Enhanced editing commandsCtrl-A moves the cursor or the beginning of the command line.Ctrl-E moves the cursor to the end of the command line.Ctrl-B moves the cursor back one character.Ctrl-F moves the cursor forward one character.Ctrl-C Aborts the current command and exits the configuration mode.Ctrl-Z Exits configuration mode and returns to the EXECTab completes a partially entered command if enough characters have been entered to make it unambiguous.Up Arrow Allows user to scroll backward through former commandsDown Arrow Allows user to scroll forward through former commandsCtrl-Shift-6 Allows the user to interrupt an IOS process such as ping or tracerouteBasic ConfigurationConfigure Ios hostnameRouter > enableRouter # configure terminalRouter(config) # hostname IECEPIECEP(config) #

*To remove the name of the device:IECEP(config) # no hostnameRouter(config) #

Limiting device accessPhysically limiting access to network devices with closets and locked racks is a good practice; however, PASSWORDS is the primary defense against unauthorized access to network devices. Every device should have locally configured passwords to limit access.Configuring Console passwordIt limits the device access using the console connection.

Switch(config) # line console 0Switch(config-line) # password ciscoSwitch(config-line) # login

Configuring Telnet passwordRouter(config)#line vty 0 4Router(config-line)#password ciscoRouter(config-line)#login

Note!!!If, by mistake, the no login command is set, which removes the requirement for authentication, unauthorized persons could connect to the line using TelnetConfiguring privileged EXEC PasswordsTo provide additional security, use the enable password command or the enable secret command. Either of these commands can be used to establish authentication before accessing privileged EXEC (enable) mode.

Router(config)#enable password ece5dRouter(config)#enable secret ece5dservice password-encryptionAllows you to encrypt all passwords on your router so they can not be easily seen from your running-configuration. This command uses a very weak encryption because the router has to be very quickly decode the passwords for its operation (Level 7 encryption).Router(config)#service password-encryption

Login bannerAlthough requiring passwords is one way to keep unauthorized personnel out of a network, it is vital to provide a method for declaring that only authorized personnel should attempt to gain entry into the device. To do this, add a banner to the device output.Router(config)# banner motd # message #Managing configuration files Make the Changed Configuration the New Startup-ConfigurationRouter#copy running-config startup-configReturn the Device to Its Original ConfigurationRouter#reloadSystem configuration has been modified. Save? [yes/no]: noProceed with reload? [confirm]

Configuring Router Ethernet InterfacesRouter Ethernet interfaces are used as the gateways for the end devices on the LANs directly connected to the router.Each Ethernet interface must have an IP address and subnet mask to route IP packets.Router(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/0 Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)# exit

Note!!!By default, interfaces are disabled. To enable an interface, enter the no shutdown command from the interface configuration mode.Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Configuring Router Serial InterfacesSerial interfaces are used to connect WANs to routers at a remote site or ISP.Router(config)# interface Serial 0/0/0Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0Router(config-if)#no shutdownRouter(config-if)# exit

Note!!!Serial interfaces require a clock signal to control the timing of the communications.In most environments, a DCE device such as a CSU/DSU will provide the clock. By default, Cisco routers are DTE devices, but they can be configured as DCE devices. Router(config-if)# clock rate 64000

Router(config)# description To main switch

Configuring a Switch InterfaceSwitch interfaces are enabled by default.The address for a switch is assigned to a virtual interface represented as a Virtual LAN interface (VLAN). The switch needs a gateway address defined to communicate outside of the local network.Switch# conf tSwitch(config)# interface vlan 1Switch(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0Switch(config-if)# no shutdownSwitch(config-if)# exit

Switch(config)# ip default-gateway 192.168.2.1Switch(config)# exit