CITATION vs. PLAGIARISM

INTRODUCTION

Citation is the act of identifying sources.

There are two types of citation. Citation as a note or reference

Citation as material directly quoted

A citation names the author and the title of the work and provides sufficient bibliographic information to allow the reader to track down the original source.

GUIDELINES FOR CITING THE IDEAS OF OTHERS

CITATION SHOULD FOLLOW THESE PRINCIPLES:

Cite only the most appropriate and latest literature Cite the published literature

Cite direct quotations and paraphrases, ideas and data taken from original sources

Accuracy in citation must be guaranteedBe tentative in citation rather than to assertive

Do not cite more than is necessaryDo not put a “catch-all” citation at the end of a paragraph

Cite all you use

IN-TEXT CITATIONYou must cite another researcher whenever referring to his or her results, conclusions, or

methods. Usually, the reference in the text is made only to the author’s name and date of publication.

There are three ways of doing this: Both name and date enclosed in parentheses

(Grubb, 1977).Make the last name of the researcher the subject

or object of the sentence followed by the date. Grubb (1977) found that . . . .

To emphasize the date of the study omit the parenthesis. As early as 1977, Grubb observed that.

. . .

IN-TEXT CITATION CONTINUEDIt is INCORRECT to separate the date of publication

from the author’s name

If more than one author has reached the same conclusion or worked on the same problem, separate

their names by semicolons (Grubb, 1977; Smith, 1980; Taylor, 1983.

In the case of more than three authors, you may use

“et al.” after the first authors name.

However, some journals just cite only the sequence of the references in the text in order to save space. For

example: Vibration is used to prepare uniform. . .

[3,7,12,16,19]. In this example the numbers refer to references 3,7,12,16,and 19 cited on the reference

page at the end of the article.

FOOTNOTES

The use of Footnotes is marked by adding a number in upper case to the upper right

corner of the words or sentences to be noted1, and then note #1. . . Is written at the

bottom of the page.

Footnotes may be numbered by the page or more often by the whole paper. (1-25)

ENDNOTES

Endnotes are sometimes put at the end of the article. They help readers understand and retrieve relevant documentations. But

their separation from the content of the article also cases a certain degree of

inconvenience (see pg. 72 for examples)

PLAGIARISMPlagiarism is the act of using someone else’s ideas or

words either in spoken or written form without giving that person credit.

Drawing upon other peoples ideas is appropriate and necessary when writing academic essays, but the

originator must be given credit by using proper citing techniques as described above.

Everyone is ethically and legally obligated to give proper credit to idea originators and to acknowledge all

borrowings from other sources even if the exact words are

not those of the originator;

It is the idea itself that counts!

Plagiarism includes:

Quoting material without attribution.Passing off another’s idea as your own,

even if it has been reworded.Imitating a passage’s structure or argument

without attribution.Concealing the extent to which borrowing

from a text or other source has occurred.

Methods to Avoid Plagiarism:

Summarize what you have read immediately

after you have read it and without referring back to the source to avoid copying directly

from the source. Scribble notes, in your own words in the

margin of the paper. When copying or paraphrasing be sure to note the page number from which it comes. Document all the sources quoted in the

“References” section.

PARAPHRASE EXERCISES

IN THE SPACE PROVIDED IN YOUR BOOKS PG. 74-75

PARAPHRASE THE PARAGRAPH TITLED

“THE PRESIDENT PROPOSES BUT CONGESS DISPOSES”

PAGE 74

AND SUMMARIZE THE PASSAGE WRITTEN OUT ON

PAGE 75