Class Day ThirteenClass Day Thirteen

Chapter 9Chapter 9

Chapter 9Stone & Concrete Masonry

Stone compared to BrickStone compared to Brick

Similarities:Similarities:– Both stackedBoth stacked– Mortar JointsMortar Joints

Differences:Differences:– Shape: Shape:

Brick molded - Stone Cut and CarvedBrick molded - Stone Cut and Carved

Brick made/controlled – Stone provided by Brick made/controlled – Stone provided by nature but shape may be altered. nature but shape may be altered.

Three Types of Building StoneThree Types of Building Stone

IgneousIgneous

SedimentarySedimentary

MetamorphicMetamorphic

IGNEOUS ROCKIGNEOUS ROCK

Is rock that was formed by the cooling and Is rock that was formed by the cooling and solidification of a molten mass of rock material solidification of a molten mass of rock material called magma. It is very hard and strong.called magma. It is very hard and strong.

SEDIMENTARY ROCKSEDIMENTARY ROCK

Is material that was deposited in particle Is material that was deposited in particle state, moved by wind or water, then pressed under state, moved by wind or water, then pressed under extreme earth pressure.extreme earth pressure.

METAMORPHIC ROCKMETAMORPHIC ROCK

Is material that used to be something else. Its Is material that used to be something else. Its original composition and texture has been altered original composition and texture has been altered by heat and pressure deep within the earth’s crust.by heat and pressure deep within the earth’s crust.

GRANITEGRANITE is the major type of igneous rock that is is the major type of igneous rock that is prevalent in construction. The best example of prevalent in construction. The best example of granite used in Texas is the State Capital in granite used in Texas is the State Capital in Austin.Austin.

SHALE, LIMESTONE,SHALE, LIMESTONE, and and SANDSTONESANDSTONE are are examples of natural sedimentary rock. Most is examples of natural sedimentary rock. Most is relatively light in color, gray to white, and can be relatively light in color, gray to white, and can be cut into relatively thin sheets for building veneer. cut into relatively thin sheets for building veneer. Texas shell stone is an unusual example of Texas shell stone is an unusual example of sandstone rock.sandstone rock.

SLATE and MARBLESLATE and MARBLE are the best examples of are the best examples of metamorphic rock. Colors are in a wide range metamorphic rock. Colors are in a wide range from light to black. Slate can be cut thin enough from light to black. Slate can be cut thin enough to make roofing shingles. Marble is durable and to make roofing shingles. Marble is durable and hard and can be polished to a mirror surface hard and can be polished to a mirror surface finish, but is relatively porous.finish, but is relatively porous.

Some color options of granite

Polished Surface

Rough Texture

Texture Variances(Note the Effect on Appearance)

ShapeFlat to Round

Exterior Application

Sedimentary RockSedimentary RockLimestone & SandstoneLimestone & Sandstone

Porous, relatively weak by comparisonPorous, relatively weak by comparison

Color Range – doesn’t have much Color Range – doesn’t have much charactercharacter

Surface Textures – does not take fine Surface Textures – does not take fine polishpolish

Sources – mid west Sources – mid west

region of U.S.region of U.S.

Primary Uses –Primary Uses –

primarily veneerprimarily veneer

facing on buildingfacing on building

exteriors.exteriors.

Limestone with Granite

Simulated Limestone CladdingActually is pre-cast concrete finished to lookLike limestone – very durable

Metamorphic RockMetamorphic Rock

Marble

Slate

Marble - Exterior Application

Marble Flooring

Slate Roofing Shingles

Slate Flooring

Types of Building StoneTypes of Building Stone

FieldstoneFieldstone

Rubble StoneRubble Stone

Dimension StoneDimension Stone

Stone Masonry Patterns Stone Masonry Patterns Laid in MortarLaid in Mortar

Rubble has irregular shapes Rubble has irregular shapes and sizes. Large pieces are and sizes. Large pieces are laid at random will fill of laid at random will fill of smaller stones.smaller stones.Ashlar pattern has relatively Ashlar pattern has relatively square and rectangular pieces. square and rectangular pieces.

Random Rubble Stone

Stone MasonryStone Masonry

Rubble stone and ashlar pattern stone is laid in Rubble stone and ashlar pattern stone is laid in mortar beds much like brick. Stone may be laid to mortar beds much like brick. Stone may be laid to form the structural mass of wall, or it may be form the structural mass of wall, or it may be installed in a single facing layer to become a installed in a single facing layer to become a veneer attached to some other structural support.veneer attached to some other structural support.

Cut stone such as marble, granite, and sandstone Cut stone such as marble, granite, and sandstone are mechanically fastened in large sheets to a are mechanically fastened in large sheets to a support system and fastened in place with steel support system and fastened in place with steel cramps. Joints may be filled masonry grout.cramps. Joints may be filled masonry grout.

Concrete Masonry UnitsConcrete Masonry Units

Concrete masonry units are made Concrete masonry units are made of concrete, except for of concrete, except for modifications in the materials. modifications in the materials. Aggregates in masonry units are Aggregates in masonry units are made of lighter weight material made of lighter weight material such as expanded shale rather than such as expanded shale rather than hard rock. hard rock.

The units are cast in steel molds The units are cast in steel molds then placed in a controlled then placed in a controlled atmosphere where the cement is atmosphere where the cement is allowed to cure to the full strength allowed to cure to the full strength of the mix. of the mix.

Units are made in a variety of Units are made in a variety of shapes and sizes for specific shapes and sizes for specific applications.applications.

Typical Shape Bond Beam

‘Corner’ – Round & Square Combination

Spanning Openings in Concrete Spanning Openings in Concrete Masonry WallsMasonry Walls

Steel LintelsSteel Lintels

Block LintelsBlock Lintels - Reinforced Bond - Reinforced Bond BeamBeam

Pre cast Reinforced ConcretePre cast Reinforced Concrete LintelLintel

CMU InstallationCMU Installation

Layout & Lead Blocks

Installation of Mortar Bead

Lay CMU

Tooled Joints

Control Joint

Decorative CMUsDecorative CMUs

Split face CMU

Splitface (colored) and Brick

Painted CMU

Ground face

Split face, Brick, & Tile

Special Shapes