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Taxonomy Defined: Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name.
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Classification/Taxonomy
Chapter 18
Why Classify?
TaxonomyDefined:
Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each
organism a universally accepted name.
Why common names don’t workCommon names vary among languages and regions.
Example:
United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk
United States – Buzzard refers to a vulture
Red-tailed Hawk Honey Buzzard Turkey Vulture
5
Aristotle 384 BC 1st scientist to Classify
organisms either plants or
animals
Carolus Linnaeus(1707 – 1778)
Created the system of naming we use today.
In taxonomy, a group or level of organization is called a taxonomic category or taxon.
Binomial Nomenclature“Bi” means 2“nomial” means number“Nomen” means name“Clature” means the system of
Defined:
In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part
scientific name.
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Binomial Nomenclature Carolus Linnaeus In binomial nomenclature, each species
is assigned a two-part scientific name. The scientific name is always written in italics
or underlined. The first word (the genus) is capitalized The second word (the species) is lowercased.EX- Genus species or Genus speciesHumans- Homo sapien
Example of Binomial NomenclaturePolar Bear is Ursus maritimus Ursus: genus
Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bears
maritimus: species The Latin word, maritimus, refers to the sea.
Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.
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Linnaeus's System of Classification
A group or level of organization is called a taxonomic category, or taxon
Linnaeus had 7-Kingdom “King Phylum PhillipClass CameOrder OverFamily ForGenus Great Species Spaghetti”
Definitions to knowGenus: is a group of closely related species
Species: Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
Family: Group of genera that share many characteristics
Order: Group of similar families
Class: Group of similar orders
Phylum: Group of closely related classes
Kingdom: Largest taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla.
Here We Go…Polar Bear
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: CarnivoraFamily: UrsidaeGenus: Ursus
Species: maritimus
What do these mean?...lets see
What they mean
Kingdom: Animalia (there are 6 kingdoms)Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk)Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals)Family: Ursidae (larger category of bears)Genus: Ursus (kind of bear)Species: maritimus (lives in marine environment)
*Do NOT have to write*
How to remember:King Phillip Came Over For Green Salad
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Rules of the GameUniqueness: Every name has to be unique.
Universality: Zoologists have adopted, by international agreement, a single language to be used on a worldwide basis. All animals are given a generic (common name) and specific name in Latin (scientific name).
These names are in italics or are underlined (i.e. Homo sapiens).
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Modern Three-Domain System As scientists further analyzed cell structure
and DNA , a broader category was added- The domain is the most inclusive taxonomic
category; larger than a kingdom The three domains are:
Bacteria : kingdom Eubacteria
Archaea,: kingdom Archaebacteria;
Eukarya :Kingdom ANIMALIA, protista, fungi, plantae (all have eukaryotic cells)
KingdomsEubacteriaArchaebacteriaProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia
DOMAIN EUKARYA
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
DOMAIN BACTERIA
Section 18-3
Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and Three Domains
Go to Section:
Modern 6 Kingdom System
Recently, as evidence about microorganisms continue to accumulate, biologists came to realize that the Kingdom Monera were composed of 2 distinct groups.
The 6-Kingdom system of classification includes kingdoms:
1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria 3. Protista4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia
6 KingdomsEubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
E. ecoli Paramecium Fern frodH. coccinea Homo sapiensPyrococcus furiosus
ProkaryoteProkaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote
Autotroph orheterotroph
Autotroph orheterotroph
Autotroph/heterotroph
Heterotroph HeterotrophAutotroph
Most common bacteria
Live in very hot places
Includes AlgaeDon’t
belong in other euk
Cell walls &
Chloroplasts
Release enzymes to digest
food
No cell wall
No chloroplasts
Multicellular
“Ancient Bacteria”
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Checkpoint Questions:1. How are living things organized for
study?2. Describe the system for naming species
that Linnaeus developed. 3. What are the seven taxonomic categories
of Linnaeus’s classification system? 4. Why do scientists avoid using common
names when discussing organisms? 5. What is significant about members of
the same species?