ClimateClimateChap. 14Chap. 14Chap. 14Chap. 14

What is climate

Climate Classification

Climatic Changes

Human Influence on Climate

What is Climate – 14.1

ObjectivesObjectives• describe different types of climate data• explain why climates vary

I.I. ClimateClimate

Long-term weather patterns of an areaLong-term weather patterns of an area

I.I. ClimateClimateA.A. Climate has changed over the Climate has changed over the

history of timehistory of time

I.I. ClimateClimateA.A. Climate has changed over the Climate has changed over the

history of timehistory of time

B.B. Climate describes:Climate describes:

I.I. ClimateClimateA.A. Climate has changed over the Climate has changed over the

history of timehistory of time

B.B. Climate describes:Climate describes:1.1. Temperatures (high, low, average)Temperatures (high, low, average)

I.I. ClimateClimateA.A. Climate has changed over the Climate has changed over the

history of timehistory of time

B.B. Climate describes:Climate describes:1.1. Temperatures (high, low, average)Temperatures (high, low, average)

2.2. PrecipitationPrecipitation

I.I. ClimateClimateA.A. Climate has changed over the Climate has changed over the

history of timehistory of time

B.B. Climate describes:Climate describes:1.1. Temperatures (high, low, average)Temperatures (high, low, average)

2.2. PrecipitationPrecipitation

3.3. Wind speed & directionWind speed & direction

I.I. ClimateClimateA.A. Climate has changed over the Climate has changed over the

history of timehistory of time

B.B. Climate describes:Climate describes:1.1. Temperatures (high, low, average)Temperatures (high, low, average)

2.2. PrecipitationPrecipitation

3.3. Wind speed & directionWind speed & direction

4.4. HumidityHumidity

I.I. ClimateClimateA.A. Climate has changed over the Climate has changed over the

history of timehistory of time

B.B. Climate describes:Climate describes:1.1. Temperatures (high, low, average)Temperatures (high, low, average)

2.2. PrecipitationPrecipitation

3.3. Wind speed & directionWind speed & direction

4.4. HumidityHumidity

5.5. PressurePressure

I.I. ClimateClimateA.A. Climate has changed over the Climate has changed over the

history of timehistory of time

B.B. Climate describes:Climate describes:

C.C. NormalsNormals

I.I. ClimateClimateA.A. Climate has changed over the Climate has changed over the

history of timehistory of time

B.B. Climate describes:Climate describes:

C.C. NormalsNormals1.1. Data may be collected at a location Data may be collected at a location

outside cityoutside city

I.I. ClimateClimateA.A. Climate has changed over the Climate has changed over the

history of timehistory of time

B.B. Climate describes:Climate describes:

C.C. NormalsNormals1.1. Data may be collected at a location Data may be collected at a location

outside cityoutside city

2.2. Data reflects average values, not Data reflects average values, not necessarily usual weather conditions.necessarily usual weather conditions.

I.I. ClimateClimateD.D. Factors affecting climateFactors affecting climate

I.I. ClimateClimateD.D. Factors affecting climateFactors affecting climate

1.1. LatitudeLatitude

2.2. TopographyTopography

3.3. Closeness to waterCloseness to water

4.4. Global wind patternsGlobal wind patterns

5.5. Ocean currentsOcean currents

6.6. Air massesAir masses

I.I. ClimateClimateD.D. Factors affecting climateFactors affecting climate

Explain the difference between S.F. and Minneapolis?Explain the difference between S.F. and Minneapolis?

Names for various latitudesNames for various latitudes

Topographical effect on climateTopographical effect on climate

The End

Climate Classification - 14.2

ObjectivesObjectives• describe the criteria used to classify climates• compare and contrast different climates.

Submitted by: MCAS Iwakuni

I.I. Koeppen ClassificationKoeppen Classification

Classifies climates based on average temperature and Classifies climates based on average temperature and precipitation, taking into consideration vegetation.precipitation, taking into consideration vegetation.

I.I. Koeppen ClassificationKoeppen ClassificationA.A. Tropical climateTropical climate

Constant high temperatures and lots of precipitation, Constant high temperatures and lots of precipitation, the location of many rain forests. the location of many rain forests.

Hawaii - http://www.georgedonna.org/Hawaiindx.htm

I.I. Koeppen ClassificationKoeppen ClassificationA.A. Tropical climateTropical climate

B.B. Dry climateDry climate

30% of all land, location of many deserts (Sahara and 30% of all land, location of many deserts (Sahara and Gobi), evaporation exceeds precipitation.Gobi), evaporation exceeds precipitation.

Gobi – http://www.arcangeloni.com/new/mongolia_pictures.shtml

I.I. Koeppen ClassificationKoeppen ClassificationC.C. Mild climateMild climate

I.I. Koeppen ClassificationKoeppen ClassificationC.C. Mild climateMild climate

Subtropical high pressure systems bring warm, muggy Subtropical high pressure systems bring warm, muggy summers and dry cool winters.summers and dry cool winters.

Florida – http://www.marianna-online.com/marianna/index.asp

1.1. Humid subtropicalHumid subtropical

I.I. Koeppen ClassificationKoeppen ClassificationC.C. Mild climateMild climate

Constant flow of air from ocean brings mild winters Constant flow of air from ocean brings mild winters and cool summers.and cool summers.

Oregon

1.1. Humid subtropicalHumid subtropical

2.2. Marine west coastMarine west coast

I.I. Koeppen ClassificationKoeppen ClassificationC.C. Mild climateMild climate

Warm summers due to proximity to warm ocean water.Warm summers due to proximity to warm ocean water.

1.1. Humid subtropicalHumid subtropical

2.2. Marine west coastMarine west coast

3.3. MediterraneanMediterranean

Italy - http://www.camigliano.it/eng/landscape.htm

I.I. Koeppen ClassificationKoeppen ClassificationD.D. Continental climateContinental climate

Temperature changes can be extreme from summer to Temperature changes can be extreme from summer to winter, site of tropical and polar air mass collisions.winter, site of tropical and polar air mass collisions.

I.I. Koeppen ClassificationKoeppen ClassificationD.D. Continental climateContinental climate

1.1. Warm summerWarm summer

2.2. Cool summerCool summer

3.3. SubarcticSubarctic

I.I. Koeppen ClassificationKoeppen ClassificationE.E. Polar climatePolar climate

Year-around cold temperatures (warmest month Year-around cold temperatures (warmest month average is less than 50average is less than 50ºF).ºF).

I.I. Koeppen ClassificationKoeppen ClassificationE.E. Polar climatePolar climate

Little precipitation, many months of cold temperature, Little precipitation, many months of cold temperature, short growing season.short growing season.

Tundra - http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/national-parks-american/10.htm

1.1. TundraTundra

I.I. Koeppen ClassificationKoeppen ClassificationE.E. Polar climatePolar climate

Form near the poles as a result of the small amount of Form near the poles as a result of the small amount of solar radiation there.solar radiation there.

Penny Ice Cap - http://www.wholey.net/Auyuittuq/Auyuittuq.html

1.1. TundraTundra

2.2. Ice CapsIce Caps

I.I. Koeppen ClassificationKoeppen ClassificationF.F. HighlandsHighlands

Unique climates due to extremely high elevations.Unique climates due to extremely high elevations.

Mt. Everest - http://www.muvaki.de/Tibet/

II.II. MicroclimatesMicroclimates

Localized climate that differs from the regional climate.Localized climate that differs from the regional climate.

II.II. MicroclimatesMicroclimatesA.A. FactorsFactors

II.II. MicroclimatesMicroclimatesA.A. FactorsFactors

1.1. Man-made structuresMan-made structures

II.II. MicroclimatesMicroclimatesA.A. FactorsFactors

1.1. Man-made structuresMan-made structures

2.2. ElevationElevation

II.II. MicroclimatesMicroclimatesA.A. FactorsFactors

1.1. Man-made structuresMan-made structures

2.2. ElevationElevation

3.3. Heat islandsHeat islands

Features that act to increase temperatures in a Features that act to increase temperatures in a microclimatemicroclimate

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Climatic Changes – 14.3

ObjectivesObjectives• distinguish among different types of climatic changes.• recognize why climatic changes occur.

Flood - http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elnino/anatomy/origins.html

I.I. Ice AgesIce Ages

Periods of time in which ice/glaciers cover vast Periods of time in which ice/glaciers cover vast amounts of Earth’s surface and temperatures decreaseamounts of Earth’s surface and temperatures decrease

Ice Age - http://www.worldbook.com

I.I. Ice AgesIce AgesA.A. Alternating periods of glaciation Alternating periods of glaciation

and interglacial intervals.and interglacial intervals.

I.I. Ice AgesIce AgesA.A. Alternating periods of glaciation Alternating periods of glaciation

and interglacial intervals.and interglacial intervals.

B.B. Most recent ice age ended about Most recent ice age ended about 10,000 ya.10,000 ya.

II.II. Short-term Climatic ChangesShort-term Climatic Changes

Short-term period of climate change as a result of Short-term period of climate change as a result of variations in daylight, temperature and weather.variations in daylight, temperature and weather.

II.II. Short-term Climatic ChangesShort-term Climatic ChangesA.A. SeasonsSeasons

II.II. Short-term Climatic ChangesShort-term Climatic ChangesA.A. SeasonsSeasons

1.1. SummerSummer – the North pole is titled – the North pole is titled toward the sun and the N. hemisphere toward the sun and the N. hemisphere receives more solar radiation.receives more solar radiation.

II.II. Short-term Climatic ChangesShort-term Climatic ChangesA.A. SeasonsSeasons

1.1. SummerSummer – the North pole is tilted – the North pole is tilted toward the sun and the N. hemisphere toward the sun and the N. hemisphere receives more solar radiation.receives more solar radiation.

2.2. WinterWinter – the North pole is tilted – the North pole is tilted away away from the sun and the S. hemisphere from the sun and the S. hemisphere receives more solar radiation.receives more solar radiation.

II.II. Short-term Climatic ChangesShort-term Climatic ChangesA.A. SeasonsSeasons

3.3. Spring Spring and and AutumnAutumn (Fall) both (Fall) both hemispheres experience equal solar hemispheres experience equal solar radiation.radiation.

II.II. Short-term Climatic ChangesShort-term Climatic ChangesA.A. SeasonsSeasons

B.B. El NiEl Niññoo

II.II. Short-term Climatic ChangesShort-term Climatic ChangesA.A. SeasonsSeasons

B.B. El NiEl Niññoo1.1. CausesCauses

II.II. Short-term Climatic ChangesShort-term Climatic ChangesA.A. SeasonsSeasons

B.B. El NiEl Niññoo1.1. CausesCauses

a.a. Change in tradewinds brings warm Change in tradewinds brings warm Pacific ocean water eastward.Pacific ocean water eastward.

II.II. Short-term Climatic ChangesShort-term Climatic ChangesA.A. SeasonsSeasons

B.B. El NiEl Niññoo1.1. CausesCauses

a.a. Change in tradewinds brings warm Change in tradewinds brings warm Pacific ocean water eastward.Pacific ocean water eastward.

b.b. The energy from this warm water The energy from this warm water changes the jet stream, altering changes the jet stream, altering global weather.global weather.

II.II. Short-term Climatic ChangesShort-term Climatic ChangesA.A. SeasonsSeasons

B.B. El NiEl Niññoo1.1. CausesCauses

2.2. EffectsEffects

II.II. Short-term Climatic ChangesShort-term Climatic ChangesA.A. SeasonsSeasons

B.B. El NiEl Niññoo1.1. CausesCauses

2.2. EffectsEffects

a.a. Climate is altered in various locations.Climate is altered in various locations.

II.II. Short-term Climatic ChangesShort-term Climatic ChangesA.A. SeasonsSeasons

B.B. El NiEl Niññoo1.1. CausesCauses

2.2. EffectsEffects

a.a. Climate is altered in various locations.Climate is altered in various locations.

b.b. Some dry climates receive more rain than Some dry climates receive more rain than normal.normal.

II.II. Short-term Climatic ChangesShort-term Climatic ChangesA.A. SeasonsSeasons

B.B. El NiEl Niññoo1.1. CausesCauses

2.2. EffectsEffects

a.a. Climate is altered in various locations.Climate is altered in various locations.

b.b. Some dry climates receive more rain than Some dry climates receive more rain than normal.normal.

c.c. Wet climates may experience droughts.Wet climates may experience droughts.

II.II. Short-term Climatic ChangesShort-term Climatic ChangesA.A. SeasonsSeasons

B.B. El NiEl Niññoo1.1. CausesCauses

2.2. EffectsEffects

a.a. Climate is altered in various locations.Climate is altered in various locations.

b.b. Some dry climates receive more rain than Some dry climates receive more rain than normal.normal.

c.c. Wet climates may experience droughts.Wet climates may experience droughts.

d.d. There are fewer hurricanes and monsoons.There are fewer hurricanes and monsoons.

III.III. Natural Climate ChangeNatural Climate Change

III.III. Natural Climate ChangeNatural Climate ChangeA.A. Solar Activity: sunspotsSolar Activity: sunspots

Sunspots - http://theastropages.com/astroobjects/2000/20000306.htm

Large, dark, rapidly changing spots on the sun where Large, dark, rapidly changing spots on the sun where solar radiation is blocked (possibly by magnetic field)solar radiation is blocked (possibly by magnetic field)

III.III. Natural Climate ChangeNatural Climate ChangeA.A. Solar Activity: sunspotsSolar Activity: sunspots

1.1. Low sunspot activity linked to cooler Low sunspot activity linked to cooler temperatures by Maunder.temperatures by Maunder.

III.III. Natural Climate ChangeNatural Climate ChangeA.A. Solar Activity: sunspotsSolar Activity: sunspots

1.1. Low sunspot activity linked to cooler Low sunspot activity linked to cooler temperatures by Maunder.temperatures by Maunder.

2.2. ChartChart

III.III. Natural Climate ChangeNatural Climate ChangeB.B. Earth’s orbitEarth’s orbit

III.III. Natural Climate ChangeNatural Climate ChangeB.B. Earth’s orbitEarth’s orbit

1.1. Varies between circular and Varies between circular and elliptical orbit every 100,000 y.elliptical orbit every 100,000 y.

III.III. Natural Climate ChangeNatural Climate ChangeB.B. Earth’s orbitEarth’s orbit

1.1. Varies between circular and Varies between circular and elliptical orbit every 100,000 y.elliptical orbit every 100,000 y.

2.2. Circular orbit takes Earth Circular orbit takes Earth farther from sun.farther from sun.

III.III. Natural Climate ChangeNatural Climate ChangeB.B. Earth’s orbitEarth’s orbit

3.3. Difference in tilt every 40,000 y means cooler Difference in tilt every 40,000 y means cooler summers, and warmer winters (less snow summers, and warmer winters (less snow melt).melt).

III.III. Natural Climate ChangeNatural Climate ChangeC.C. Earth’s wobbleEarth’s wobble

A change in the direction the N. pole faces. Eventually A change in the direction the N. pole faces. Eventually climates will shift when this wobbles to new direction.climates will shift when this wobbles to new direction.

III.III. Natural Climate ChangeNatural Climate ChangeD.D. Volcanic activityVolcanic activity

Dust in the atmosphere can block solar radiation for Dust in the atmosphere can block solar radiation for several years, lowering temperatures.several years, lowering temperatures.

The End

Human Influence on Climate

I.I. Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

The retention of heat in the atmosphere by gases that The retention of heat in the atmosphere by gases that act like glass in a greenhouse.act like glass in a greenhouse.

I.I. Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse EffectA.A. Gases in the atmosphere absorb Gases in the atmosphere absorb

radiation. Water vapor, methane, radiation. Water vapor, methane, & carbon dioxide.& carbon dioxide.

I.I. Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse EffectA.A. Gases in the atmosphere absorb Gases in the atmosphere absorb

radiation. Water vapor, methane, radiation. Water vapor, methane, & carbon dioxide.& carbon dioxide.

B.B. The sun emits short wave radiation The sun emits short wave radiation which penetrates the clouds.which penetrates the clouds.

I.I. Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse EffectA.A. Gases in the atmosphere absorb Gases in the atmosphere absorb

radiation. Water vapor, methane, radiation. Water vapor, methane, & carbon dioxide.& carbon dioxide.

B.B. The sun emits short wave radiation The sun emits short wave radiation which penetrates the clouds.which penetrates the clouds.

C.C. The Earth emits long wave The Earth emits long wave radiation which is trapped by radiation which is trapped by greenhouse gases.greenhouse gases.

II.II. Global WarmingGlobal Warming

II.II. Global WarmingGlobal WarmingA.A. Too little greenhouse gases cause a Too little greenhouse gases cause a

cold environment.cold environment.

II.II. Global WarmingGlobal WarmingA.A. Too little greenhouse gases cause a Too little greenhouse gases cause a

cold environment.cold environment.

B.B. Too many greenhouse gases cause Too many greenhouse gases cause an increase in global temperatures.an increase in global temperatures.

II.II. Global WarmingGlobal WarmingA.A. Too little greenhouse gases cause a Too little greenhouse gases cause a

cold environment.cold environment.

B.B. Too many greenhouse gases cause Too many greenhouse gases cause an increase in global temperatures.an increase in global temperatures.

C.C. Evidence indicates that average Evidence indicates that average global temperatures are rising.global temperatures are rising.

II.II. Global WarmingGlobal WarmingD.D. CausesCauses

II.II. Global WarmingGlobal WarmingD.D. CausesCauses

1.1. Anthropogenic – mankind’s activities Anthropogenic – mankind’s activities are increasing greenhouse gases.are increasing greenhouse gases.

II.II. Global WarmingGlobal WarmingD.D. CausesCauses

1.1. Anthropogenic – mankind’s activities Anthropogenic – mankind’s activities are increasing greenhouse gases.are increasing greenhouse gases.

2.2. Natural – the Earth goes through natural Natural – the Earth goes through natural fluctuations in global temperatures.fluctuations in global temperatures.

III.III. Human contributionsHuman contributions

III.III. Human contributionsHuman contributionsA.A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases Biggest source of greenhouse gases

is the combustion of ______ fuels.is the combustion of ______ fuels.

III.III. Human contributionsHuman contributionsA.A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases Biggest source of greenhouse gases

is the combustion of ______ fuels.is the combustion of ______ fuels.

B.B. How do peoples’ activities affect How do peoples’ activities affect global warming?global warming?

III.III. Human contributionsHuman contributionsA.A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases Biggest source of greenhouse gases

is the combustion of ______ fuels.is the combustion of ______ fuels.

B.B. How do peoples’ activities affect How do peoples’ activities affect global warming?global warming?

1.1. Conserving energy at home/work.Conserving energy at home/work.

III.III. Human contributionsHuman contributionsA.A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases Biggest source of greenhouse gases

is the combustion of ______ fuels.is the combustion of ______ fuels.

B.B. How do peoples’ activities affect How do peoples’ activities affect global warming?global warming?

1.1. Conserving energy at home/work.Conserving energy at home/work.

2.2. Car pooling to school/work.Car pooling to school/work.

III.III. Human contributionsHuman contributionsA.A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases Biggest source of greenhouse gases

is the combustion of ______ fuels.is the combustion of ______ fuels.

B.B. How do peoples’ activities affect How do peoples’ activities affect global warming?global warming?

1.1. Conserving energy at home/work.Conserving energy at home/work.

2.2. Car pooling to school/work.Car pooling to school/work.

3.3. Recycling paper, plastic, aluminum, etc.Recycling paper, plastic, aluminum, etc.

The End