CMPS 101 Computer Literacy

Dr. Cong-Cong XingDept of Math and Computer Science

Part I

Introduction to Computers and MS Windows

Introduction to Computer Software and Hardware

What is a computer?

This is it! Or…?

What is a computer?

An electronic device that can manipulate data. (ok)

A programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data. (good)

An electronic device which, under programmers’ direction and control, performs input/output, processing, and storage. (better)

What is a (computer) program?

A list of instructions telling computers what to do. (ok)

An implementation of an algorithm (what?) in a programming language. (good)

Examples? MS Word MS Excel Firefox <your own>

What is an algorithm?

A precise, step-by-step procedure designed to solve certain kind of problems.

examples Sort the following sets of numbers {2, 3, 1, 45, 23, 67, 23, 21, 6} {2, 3, 56, 444, 33, 666, 777,66,5, 390, 34, 34, 56, 66, 55, 78, 34, 232, 342, 446, ……}

Hardware Components of a Computer

CPUInput

devices

Outputdevices

Storagedevices

(important diagram)

John von Neumann architecture

A more detailed diagram

CPU

All computers(PCs, mainframes, supercomputers, ….) are built according to this diagram/principle

Developed by John von Neumann

The old computer: ENIAC (the first electronic computer, 1940s)

The new computer: HP 2133 Mini-Note 1 GHz - 8.9 " - 512 MB Ram - 4 GB HDD

Cont’d Input devices

Input data into computers E.g. keyboard, mouse <your own example>

Output devices Output data out of computers E.g. monitor, printer <your own example>

CPU (Central Processing Unit, also called processor) The defining-component of a computer Two main CPU manufacturers: Intel and AMD http://www.amd.com/us-en/ http://www.intel.com/

Storage devices (two types)

1st type 2nd type

Cont’d

Storage Devices RAM (Random Access Memory)

This is the primary type, main type, 1st type memory

Hard disk, floppy disk optical disk (CDs, DVDs) jump drive, flash memory (Note: in most cases in the literature, the word

“memory” means RAM)

They are the 2nd type memory

RAM (memory)

Desktop

laptop

Hard disk (HD) (most people call it hard drive) http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=9eMWG3fwiEU

Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eMWG3fwiEU

Jump drive (USB drive)

Flash memory (flash card)

CD/DVD/Blu-ray Disc

Difference between the 1st type storage device (i.e. memory) and the 2nd type storage devices Memory stores info temporarily All 2nd storage devices store info permanently Question: how come….

KB, MB, GB, Hz,….

1 bit = 1 or 0 1 byte = 8 bits 1 K (kilo) = 1000 (roughly) 1 M (mega) = 1000K (roughly) 1 G (giga) = 1000M (roughly) So, 2 GB = 2 x 1000 x 1000 x 1000 bytes 200 MB = 200 x 1000 x 1000 bytes 1 Hz = number of operations per second

Can you understand the spec?

Gateway M-7351u Laptop Computer - Intel Pentium Dual-Core T4200 2.0GHz, 4GB DDR2 RAM, 320GB HDD, DVDRW, 15.4" WXGA, Vista Home Premium 64-bit

Computer Science Areas (partial list)

Operating systems Windows XP, Mac OS,

Unix, Linux Database management

systems Oracle

Algorithms sorting

Software engineering How to program

“better”

Programming languages Java, C++

Theory Math foundations

Architecture Hardware

Artificial intelligence Chess, robot

Unix-like Operating Systems

Database Management System

Find all incidents for overlay

Algorithm Sort the following sets of numbers into

ascending order

{2, 3, 1, 45, 23, 67, 23, 21, 6} {2, 3, 56, 444, 33, 666, 777,66,5, 390, 34, 34, 56, 66, 55, 78, 34, 232, 342, 446, ……}

Software Engineering

Programming Languages public class Lab2 { public static void main(String args[]) { // declaration of variables double a; // first number, input double b; // second number, input double c; // the sum of 1st and 2nd number, output String astr; // string for a String bstr; // string for b

// read in the 1st number astr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter the 1st number"); a = Double.parseDouble(astr); // echo System.out.println("You have entered "+a);

// read in the 2nd number bstr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter the 2nd number");

Computing Theory

Domain theory Category theory Computability theory Lambda calculus Pi-calculus Object-calculus ……. Turing Machine *(Alan Turing) (Computer Science Turing Award)

Architecture

Artificial Intelligence

robot

Elements of a Computing Process Hardware Software Data Users Procedures

Hw & sw

data

data

users

procedure

Review What is a computer? What is a computer program? What is a programming language?? Give an example of programming languages What are the 4 components of a computer system? What does “Pentium 4 3.0 Ghz” mean? Are hard drive and memory the same thing? Why? Give an example of computer science research areas Give two examples of operating systems

Processing and Memory

Processing Data representation

Sequence of 0’s and 1’s ASCII (American Standard Code for Info

Interchange) (e.g. A -> 65) http://www.neurophys.wisc.edu/www/comp/docs/

ascii.html http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/papers/ascii.html

Cont’d CPU

Control unit (CU): sets the order of tasks ALU (arithmetic-logic unit): carry out computation

RAM

fetch

CU & ALU

write

Cont’d Compatibility:

different CPUs have different instruction sets Data bus:

Connects CPU and RAM and peripherals Bus width measured by bits

Address bus: Connects CPU and RAM Width of address bus determines the max # of RAM

locations. (why?) CISC vs. RISC

CISC (complex instruction set computer), expensive, complex, high speed.

Cont’d RISC (reduced instruction set computer), inexpensive,

simple, satisfactory speed Typical CPU chips

Pentium, AMD Power PC series Alpha series

Memory RAM (Random-access Memory):

the main memory of computers Cache Memory:

faster, more expensive ROM (Read-Only Memory):

Stores system info, not writable

Cont’d

Motherboard The baseboard housing every hardware component (except I/O) for

computation.

How Computers Store Data

Storage Media All storage materials described here are non-

volatile (RAM is volatile). Magnetic tape

Hold large amount of data Inexpensive Slow access Sequential access Backup

Cont’d Magnetic disk: random

access, read/write head.

Floppy disk, 1.44 mb (obsolete)

Hard disk Faster Holds large amount

of data Pack of disks Sealed and

encased

Optical disc: holds huge amount of data CD-ROM CD-R (Recordable) CD-RW (Rewritable) DVD (Digital Video Disk) DVD-ROM DVD-R DVD+R DVD-RW DVD+RW

Storing Data in Files File: a collection of data stored as an

individual entity. Types of files:

Program file – executable, e.g., MS Word. In Windows, an executable file typically has .exe extension.

Data file – data used by programs, e.g., text files, graphics

Naming files

name extension

Data filesProgram file

Naming files

Ex: ReadMe.txt Lab1.docx Lab2.xlsx Me.jpg Car.gif Player.exe

What if I rename “Me.jpg” to Me.txt”?

name extension

Directory (also known as Folder) A group of files (and/or subdirectories)

organized in a tree-shape

sp05

eng101cs101

hw1hw2

hw3hw1

“tree” structure displayed in Windows

Input and Output

Input Devices Keyboard: a group of numeric keys, alphabetic

keys, and function keys which are used for entering data into computers.

Mouse: a device that a user moves on a flat surface to position a pointer on the screen. It allows a user to select a choice or a function to be performed or to perform some operations on the screen.

Other ex ?

Cont’d

Output Devices Monitor

Video display terminal (not computer) CRT (cathode-ray tube) traditional Flat panel (LCD) modern Resolution: pixels (=pix+element), e.g., 800x600,

1024x768 Refresh rate: number of times screen is

refreshed. (60hz is the minimum). The higher, the more preferable.

Printers Impact printers

A printer in which printing is the result of mechanically striking the printing medium. E.g. dot matrix printer.

(almost) obsolete

Non-impact printers Laser printer: high quality, (relatively) expensive Inkjet printer: good quality, affordable

More ex?

Types of Computers

Supercomputers Fastest, largest, most expensive Measured by gigaflops Scientific computations Cary Inc., Silicon Graphics Price: 2 – 20 millions

Mainframes Measured by megaflops IBM

Cont’d Large business, universities Price: 100,000 – 1,000,000

Minicomputers Scale-down of mainframe DEC Smaller business Price: 50,000

Cont’d

Workstations and Microcomputers Desktop & laptop Sun, IBM, Apple, Dell, Compaq, Sony, …. Personal use Price: 7,000 – 20,000 for workstations Price: 400 – 4,000 for microcomputers

Information Highway, Internet, and WWW Internet (w/ a Capital I)

Seed of Internet: U.S. Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPAnet) in 1969

General description: a large network connecting numerous and disparate networks in industry, education, government, and research. Internet uses TCP/IP as the standard for transmitting information.

Internet connection: Dial-up – modem and telephone line

Cont’d Cable: cable and cable modem Direct: wired to LAN directly TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol Internet Usage

Email: electronic mail system. An email address is typically formed by a user name and a domain name. e.g. john@eecs.nicholls.edu

!!! Don’t confuse web with Internet with email; Don’t confuse email address with web URL

telnet: remote access to other computers

Cont’d FTP (File Transfer Protocol): upload/download files

across the Internet WWW : hypermedia communication system

WWW (World Wide Web) Originated in Europe (CERN, Switzerland), physics,

1989. Client-server architecture: model of interaction in

distributed data processing in which a program at one site sends a request to a program at another site and awaits response. The requesting program is called a client, the answering program is called a server.

client server

request

reply

prog/machine

prog/machine

Cont’d Basic terminology

HTML – Hypertext Markup Language (used to compose web sites)

Hypertext – documents using hyperlinks Hyperlink – linkage connecting to other

documents (or sites) Web browser

Software to view HTML files E.g., Netscape, Internet Explorer

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) code to identify resources on Internet E.g., http://www.nicholls.edu

HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol Web site – HTML documents (grouped together) Java – a programming language useful for web

programming Google – most well-known search engine Cyberphobia – fear of computers

MS Windows Essentials

Getting Started with Windows Starting Windows

Automatically started by default Icons Start button Shortcut Desktop Mouse pointer taskbar

Cont’d Elements of a window

Window border Menu bar Control menu box Title bar Min button Max button Close button Window corner Mouse pointer

Cont’d

Use of Mouse Primary mouse button – left by default Make selections

Menu Bar To open a menu, click on it List of commands (in a menu) pulls down

Dialog Box Indicated by … Input info needed

Cont’d

Help System Menu ---> Help F1 key

Exit Windows Start ---> log off/turn off computer/shut down

How to “dump screen” to a Word document- Make sure the screen is visible- Press “print screen” key on keyboard- Open a (blank) Word document- Paste (ctrl+v)- Done

Running Applications

Starting Application (Programs) Double click on the corresponding icon Start ---> All Programs ---> choose the

program Switching Between Applications

Click anywhere inside the window Click the button on the taskbar Alt+Esc Alt+Tab

Cont’d

Arranging Size of Windows Manual: drag windows’ corner or border

(dragging windows’ title bar moves the windows, but does not resize it.)

Automatic: right-click taskbar ---> cascade/tile vertically /tile horizontally

Max, Min, Restore, Close a Window Click the 3 buttons (respectively) Max and restore share the same button

Working with My Computer Open My Computer

Click the icon on desktop Start ---> my computer

Working with My Computer Displaying File Info

Open a window ---> View ---> list/detail/icons

Working with My Computer Selecting Files or Folders

Select a single file – click on it Select adjacent files – click the1st file, then

shift+click the last file Select non-adjacent files – ctrl+click each file

Cont’d

Creating New Folders Open a window ---> File ---> New ---> Folder Open a window ---> right-click ---> New --->

Folder

Managing Files Copying Files

Determine source and destination folders Drag-and-drop (different drives) Copy-and-paste

Edit ---> copy, Edit ---> paste ^c and ^v

Moving Files Determine source and destination folders Shift + drag-and-drop (different drives) Cut-and-paste

Edit ---> cut, Edit ---> paste ^x and ^v

Cont’d Renaming Files

File ---> rename Right-click ---> rename

Deleting Files File ---> delete Right-click ---> delete Delete key

Recovering deleted Files Recover from recycle bin Open recycle bin ---> select a file ---> File ---> restore

Cont’d

Formatting Hard Disk/USB drive Open my computer ---> select corresponding

drive ---> File ---> format Open my computer ---> right-click the

corresponding drive Format

Sharing Information

Copying and Pasting Text (in documents) Within the same document

E.g. From lab1.txt to lab1.txt From one document to another of the same

type E.g. From lab1.txt to lab2.txt

From one document to another of different type

E.g. From lab1.txt to lab1.doc Select texts ---> Edit ---> copy ---> Edit --->

Paste

Cont’d

Clipboard An area in memory to store what is copied/cut To view contents of clipboard: (old Office: Edit

---> Office Clipboard); Home tab click the arrow next to Clipboard

To delete contents in clipboard: (old Office: Edit ---> Office clipboard, click down-arrow ---> delete); select each content item click the down arrow delete

Linking Info between Programs (may not be well-supported by Office 2007) Insert a picture A into a document B by linking, then

any changes made to the picture A will be reflected in the document B.

E.g.: Open Paint create a picture A; close Paint Open WordPad ---> Insert ---> object ---> choose

the picture A ---> check link box. Start Paint by double click the picture in the WordPad file. Q: difference between linking and copy-and-paste?

Customizing Windows Screen Saver

Right-click desktop ---> properties ---> screen saver tab ---> select from list

Wall paper Right-click desktop --->

properties ---> desktop/background tab ---> select from list

Reset date and time Start ---> (settings ---

>) control panel ---> date and time

Changing Mouse Settings Start ---> (settings ---

>) control panel ---> mouse

MS Word Essentials

Chapter 1 Creating Documents with MS Word

Starting a new document and inserting text

Staring Word: Start MS Word 2010

Typical Word screenFormatting marks

Insert text from a file

Choose a file, click Insert

Formatting text using Text Effects

Shadowing using Text Effects

Example of shadowing

Font and font size

Text alignment (left, center,right, justify)

Text color

Inserting and resizing pictures Inserting a picture from a file

Choose a file, click Insert

Resizing a picture (drag sizing handles)

Or (check the size group)

Wrapping text around a picture

Moving a picture Drag the picture

Applying picture styles and artistic effects Picture style

Artistic effects

Adding a page border

Inserting a shape

Adding text to a shape (right-click)

Inserting a text box

Moving, resizing, and formatting shapes and text boxes Moving – drag the shape/text box

Resizing: drag sizing handles

Or, type a number

Formatting: (same as formatting a picture)

Preview and Print a Document

Setting margins

Change Document and Paragraph Layout

Alignment —placement of paragraph text relative to the margins Left alignment—align left margin, uneven

right margin Center alignment—centered between

margins Right alignment—align right margin, uneven

left margin Justified alignment—align evenly at left and

right margins

Click buttons

• Line spacing—distance between lines of text in a paragraph– Single spacing (business documents)– Multiple 1.15 spacing (default line spacing)– Double spacing (academic papers)

Indentation, click paragraph launcher

Create and Modify Lists

Bulleted list Items of list can be introduced in any order Uses bullets—text symbols such as small

circles or check marks—to introduce each item in a list

Numbered list Items with consecutive numbers Use where order is important

To modify, right-click

Set and Modify Tab Stops

Turn on formatting maker to see tab marks

To set/change tab stops

Insert a SmartArt Graphic

Chapter 2 Using Tables and Templates

Create a Table Add Text to a Table Format a Table Create a New Document from an Existing

Document Change and Reorganize Text Use the Proofing Options Create a Document Using a Template

Objectives

Create a Table Table—arrangement of information

organized into rows and columns Cell―intersection of a row and a column into

which you can type Useful to present information in a logical and

orderly manner

Steps to create a table in Word Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon Click the Table button Select the number of rows and columns

Table tools (design, layout)

Add Text to a Table Each cell behaves similarly to a document.

For example, when you reach the right border of the cell, wordwrap moves the text to the next line

Text can be added to a table either by typing or by insertion from another document.

Table with text typed and/or inserted

Adjust column width • All of the columns are of equal width

when the table is created. • The width of table columns can be

changed.• To change column width

• Drag the border between two columns

• Or, Table tools Layout cell size group (see next slide)

Add rows or columns

Right-click a table cell

Merge cells• Table titles typically span across all

of the columns.• Cells can be merged to include

information across the columns.•

Select cells and click the Merge Cells button

Formatting Text in Cells Do as usual (bold, font size, color, bullet,…)

Changing the Table Borders Check this area

Creating a Document from an Existing Document File New

Recording AutoCorrect Entries File options

Finding and Replacing Text Home Editing group

Type text

Selecting and Moving Text to a New Location Just do cut-and-paste (^X and ^V)

Past options may be interesting

Checking Spelling and Grammar Errors Review Proofing group

Using the Thesaurus Review Proofing group

Locating and Opening a Template File New Sample templates

Removing Template Content Controls Right-click Content controls

Saving a File as a Web Page File Save as Save as type single web

page

Chapter 3 Creating Research Papers, newsletters, and merged mailing labels

Inserting Page Numbers Page numbers are automatically inserted in

header or footer

Inserting Footnotes Reference Footnotes group

Modifying a Footnote Style right-click footnote Style…

Click Modify

Citations References Citations & Bibliography

Reference styleInsert citation into document

Crate a list of references

Changing citation styles

Click Style

Adding citations

Click Insert Citation

Creating a Reference Page Click Bibliography to create a list of reference

Inserting Page Breaks Press Ctrl + enter

Managing Document Properties File info properties

Document properties

Changing One Column of Text to Two Columns Page Layout tab Columns

Formatting Multiple Columns Page Layout tab

Inserting a Column Break Page Layout tab

Inserting a Clip Art Image Insert tab

Inserting a Screenshot Insert tab Screenshot button

Insert a whole screen shot Insert a part of a screen shot

Applying the Small Caps Font Effect Home tab Font group launcher

Adding a Border and Shading to a Paragraph Home tab border/shading button

Mail Merge

Formatted names and address (labels)

Data source(raw name & add)

Main document (formatting)

Merge

Opening the Mail Merge Wizard Template Mailings tab Start Mail Merge

MS Excel Essentials

Starting Excel Starting Excel

Cell addresses

Each cell is identified by a column letter with a row number. E.g. A1, B5, d3:f3

Entering Text and Using AutoComplete

autoComplete

Using Auto Fill

Fill handle

Aligning Text and Adjusting the Size of Columns Aligning text

Adjusting column width Drag the column edge

Constructing a Formula and Using the SUM Function Each formula MUST start with a = sign Examples:

=b1+b2 =sum(b1,b2) =b3 – b4 =(a1+b2+c3)/3 =a1+a2+a3+a4+a5+a6 =sum(a1:a6)

Copying a Formula by Using the Fill Handle

This is a formula, not a constant

Fill handle

Using Merge & Center and Applying Cell Styles

Formatting Financial Numbers

Charting Data in a Column Chart Select data Click column button

Creating and Formatting Sparklines Select data Click relevant buttons

Creating a Footer

Deleting Unused Sheets in a Workbook Right-click tab, click delete

Displaying Formulas

Checking Spelling in a Worksheet Review tab

Entering Data by Range Select a range of cells, and then enter data “Time-saving” technique

Active cell will be top cell on the next column

Using Arithmetic Operators Just type it. E.g. =b2*b4

Operator Meaning+ Addition

- Subtraction

* Multiplication

/ Division

^ exponent

Relative and Absolute Cell References To create an absolute cell reference, put a $

in front of the column letter and/or row number.

E.g.: $A$1 (absolute) $B$1:$B$15 (absolute) A1:B2 (relative) A$1, $B12 (mixed)

Unit B

Relative part Abs. part

Difference between absolute cells references and relative cell references Absolute cell references preserve the cell

addresses when being copied Relative cell references adjust the cell

addresses when being copied When mixed formulas is copied, absolute part

will be preserved and relative part will be adjusted.

Formatting Cells with the Percent Style

Inserting and Deleting Rows and Columns

Adjusting Column Widths and Wrapping Text Adjust column width

Drag the edge of a column

Wrap text in a cell