CNC Lathe - bpcd. · PDF fileCNC Lathe CNC Technology ... report, What Work Requires ... The Teklink Activities Book is a lab manual which contains 15 Activities , each of

CNC LatheCNC Technology

proLIGHT Turning Center

Teacher�s Guide

© 1998 Light Machines Corporation Manchester, NH, U.S.A. February, 1998and Intelitek 34-7538-0000

CNC LatheCNC Technology

proLIGHT Turning CenterTeacher�s Guide

© 1998 Light Machines CorporationAll Rights Reserved.

The information contained in this guide was accurate at the time of its printing. Light Machines Corpora-tion and Intelitek reserve the right to change specifications and operational performance of its productswithout notice. Any changes or corrections to the information contained in this publication will be incor-porated in future issues.

This publication (34-7538-0000, February , 1998) corresponds to the proLIGHT Turning software program.

Printed in U.S.A.

spectraCAM� and spectraCAD� are trademarks of Light Machines Corporation.

All other register marks or trademarks are of their respective holders.

WARNING

The operation of rotating machinery should only be attempted byexperienced, knowledgeable individuals!

Read the entire contents of the Safety Section before running NCprograms on the Turning Center.

To avoid possible injury always observe the safety precautionsdescribed in this Activity Guide.

Teacher’s Guide i CNC Technology: CNC Lathe

Table of Contents

Introduction

About this Program ............................................................................................... iii

About SCANS Skills ............................................................................................. iv

SCANS Skills in this Program ...............................................................................v

About the Activities Book .................................................................................... vi

Installation

About the Turning Teklink ..................................................................................1-1

Hardware Installation ...........................................................................................1-4

Installing the Control Program (Software) ..........................................................1-8

Pre-Test

Pre Test ................................................................................................................2-1

Pre-Test Answer Sheet .........................................................................................2-5

Worksheets

Worksheets ...........................................................................................................3-1

Post-Test

Post-Test...............................................................................................................4-1

Post-Test Answer Sheet .......................................................................................4-9

Answers

Pre-Test Answers .................................................................................................5-1

Activity 1 Answers ...............................................................................................5-2




Activity 5 Answers ..............................................................................................5-11





Teacher’s Guide ii CNC Technology: CNC Lathe

Activity 10 Answers............................................................................................5-17






Post-Test Answers ..............................................................................................5-36

Teacher's Guide iii CNC Technology: CNC Lathe

Introduction

About this ProgramThis manufacturing technology program is a flexible, four-semester course of study, based onhands-on activities. It is designed to provide students with a broad base of competencies inmodern manufacturing technology. The curriculum systematically covers turning and computernumerical control (CNC), allowing students to acquire the knowledge and skills greatly neededfor success in industry. Students work in teams and are exposed to various core technologies on arotation basis. The Teklink concept enables the program to be tailored to the needs of each classand student.

By rotating through individual teklinks, students master the technical skills and proceduraltechniques necessary for competent operation of each piece of equipment. Once the students arecomfortable with the basics, design projects emphasize and develop the need to combine stationsto form “islands of automation,” or Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS). Ultimately, studentswill be exposed to Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) systems, where they need tocomplete a project, from concept, through design and all the way to production.

Teacher's Guide iv CNC Technology: CNC Lathe

About SCANS SkillsIn 1990 the United States Secretary of Labor appointed a group called the Secretary’sCommission on Achieving Necessary Skills (SCANS) to determine the skills necessary to succeedin the workforce. The Commission was composed of 30 representatives of education, business,labor, and state government and was “charged with defining a common core of skills thatconstitute job readiness in the current economic environment.” The environment being one offierce economic competition, new technologies, and rapidly changing skill requirements.Specifically, the Commission was asked to:

w Define the skills needed for employment.

w Propose acceptable levels of proficiency.

w Suggest effective ways to assess proficiency.

w Develop a dissemination strategy for the nation’s schools, businesses, and homes.

During the course of its work, SCANS produced several publications. The Commission’s firstreport, What Work Requires of Schools, resulted from extensive meetings and discussions with avariety of organizations including business, industry, public employers, and unions. The reportidentified 36 workplace skills “that high-performance workplaces require, and that high-performanceschools should produce.” These skills were divided into a Three-Part Foundation and the FiveCompetencies.

The Three-Part Foundation includes:

w Basic Skills, which include literacy and computational skills

w Thinking Skills, described as necessary to put knowledge to work

w Personal Qualities, described as making workers dedicated and trustworthy

The Five Competencies include:

w The ability to manage resources

w The Interpersonal Skills necessary to work amicably and productively with others

w The ability to acquire and use information

w Skills needed to master complex systems

w Skills needed to work with technology

It was the finding of the Commission that these skills “lie at the heart of job performance and areessential preparation for all students, both those going directly to work and those planning furthereducation.” The Commission found that the most effective way of learning skills is “in context,”teaching learning objectives within a real environment. They also believe that the SCANSfoundation and competencies should be taught and understood in an integrated fashion thatreflects the workplace contexts in which they are applied.

Source: ScansLink: The National Scan Skills Concern, “Get the Facts.” http://144.162.10.248/nlc/misc/scans/facts.htm

Teacher's Guide v CNC Technology: CNC Lathe

SCANS Skills in this ProgramThe manufacturing technology program has been designed in recognition of the findings of theSecretary’s Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills. The activities enable students to developand reinforce both technical, occupational skills and the general (SCANS) skills which arerequired by all people, in any job or educational environment. Tasks enhance problem solving anddecision making skills. Cooperative learning and team work promote interpersonal and leadershipskills. Projects emphasize information and communication skills. Acquiring these skills willprepare students to successfully meet the social, economic and technological challenges of the21st century.

Teacher's Guide vi CNC Technology: CNC Lathe

About the Teklink Activities BookThe Teklink Activities Book is a lab manual which contains 15 Activities , each ofwhich can be completed in one 45-minute lab session.

Each activity begins with several lists:

w Objectives are the goals students will achieve.

w SCANS Skills are the competencies students will develop.

w Materials are the specific items needed for each activity.

The Overview section introduces the students to the subjects which will be explored ineach activity.

The Procedures contain series of Tasks, or operations. The first time an operation is tobe performed, instructions are given in a tutorial manner. In subsequent tasks studentsshould be able to perform these operations without guidance.

Questions and tables for entering lab results appear within the tasks. Questions for dis-cussion and review conclude each activity. All questions and tables are printed on a setof Worksheets supplied with this book. Students should record their answers in theworksheets, or as directed by the instructor.

The Academics section at the end of each activity contains enrichment material, such asindustrial applications and opportunities, or the scientific background upon which theteklink technology is based.

In teklinks which include hardware (e.g., vise, tooling), students will be directed to per-form inventory and safety checks at the beginning of every working session, and to shutdown the system properly at the end of each activity.

In teklinks which utilize software, it is assumed that students are familiar with the PCand are comfortable working in the Windows/DOS operating environment. However,instructions for operating the specific software are explicit and can be performed bynovices.

Teacher’s Guide 1-1 CNC Technology: CNC Lathe

Installation

About the CNC Lathe Teklink

The proLIGHT Turning Center

The proLIGHT Turning Center is a two axis CNC lathe that can perform roughing, finish-ing, boring, grooving, facing, and cutoff operations. The proLIGHT Control Program,which you load onto your computer, accepts standard EIA RS-274D G&M codes thatCNC machine tools recognize. The CNC Lathe Teklink is designed to give students anintroduction to Computer Numeric Control (CNC) by combining an easy to use inter-face with a basic benchtop lathe.

The CNC Lathe Teklink contains the following elements:

w The proLIGHT Lathe

w Computer and Controller box

w WPLT Control Program software for Windows

w A number of simple NC programs for students to run

w A tool turret for automatic tool changes

w Several 3” x .75” brass workpieces

WPLT Control Program for Windows

The proLIGHT Control Program provides a simple to use graphical user interface tothe turning center. Using colorful graphics and on line help, basic turning operations areeasily executed. The proLIGHT Control Program is shipped on two 3.5”, 1.4MB disks.It must be installed on the hard drive of your computer, running either Windows 95, orWindows NT version 3.51 (or higher). You must have at least 5MB of free space onyour hard drive to perform this installation.


Materials Required for the Activities

The following materials are supplied with the Turning Center, and are required for theCNC Lathe Teklink. In addition, students may also need a diskette or personal directoryon the computer hard drive to store their files.

w Tool Turret

w 1 Left hand Profiling tool and holder

w 1 Right hand Profiling tool and holder

w 1 45 degree tool and holder

w 1 Cutoff tool and holder

w 1 External Threading tool and holder

w 1 Internal Threading tool and collet

w 1/4”, 3/8”, and 1/2” Boring tools

w 1 Chuck Key

w Allen Keys

w 30 Brass Workpieces

Teklink Requirements

Computer Requirements:

w Windows 95.

w 16MB RAM minimum for Windows 95 (24MB is recommended for bestperformance).

w A 3.5 in floppy drive.

w A hard drive with at least 5MB of available space.

w A full length ISA bus slot to install the interface card.

w A VGA graphics controller and monitor.

w A Microsoft-compatible mouse.

Lab Station Requirements:

w A sturdy table or bench for the Turning Center and computer. Placing the tableagainst a wall provides more stability.

w A 120VAC, 15 amp polarized outlet.


Check Your Shipment

The first thing you should do after receiving your Turning Center is inspect the packag-ing for any visible signs of damage. If there is damage to the outside of the packaging,contact the shipping company as well as Light Machines Corp. If there is no damage,locate the packing slip. This slip lists all of the items you should have received with yourTurning Center. Check all of the items on the list. If any item is missing, contact LightMachines’ Customer Service Department (800/221/2763).

Register Your Turning Center

You’ll find a registration card in the small box with the documentation and softwaredisks. Clearly print all the requested information and return this card to Light MachinesCorporation.

Unpack the Turning Center

1. Position the pallet near the table on which you’ll set the Turning Center. The tableshould be located against a wall for maximum support.

2. Remove the staples holding the bottom of the cardboard container to the pallet.

3. Lift the cardboard container off of the pallet.

4. Inspect the Turning Center chassis for visible signs of damage such as a brokenshield, a dent in the chassis or damaged cables.

If any damage is noted, or if you find any discrepancies between the packing slipand the items received, call Light Machines’ Customer Service Department at(800/221/2763).

5. From underneath the pallet, use a 9/16” wrench to remove the four bolts holdingthe Turning Center base to the pallet. Keep the bolts and other packaging mate-rials in case you have to return the machine for any reason.

Set Up the Turning Center

1. Lift the Turning Center off of the pallet and onto the table.

2. Once on the table, position the Turning Center correctly for turning.

3. Remove the protective paper from the safety shield.


Hardware Installation

The following paragraphs review the procedures for installing the hardware componentsof the proLIGHT Turning Center. You should already have your personal computer setup in accordance with the directions in the computer owner’s manual.

The first thing you have to do is install the proLIGHT Interface Card in your PC.

WARNING

Do not connect power to the turning center or the computer until instructed to do so in the followingprocedures.

Installing the Interface Card in the PC

The Interface Card can be installed in any full-size slot designated for expansion carduse. Refer to your computer owner’s manual to determine particular expansion card re-strictions.

Opening the PC Chassis

To install the Interface Card, you must remove the cover of the PC. Refer to the instal-lation instructions supplied with your PC for details on removing the cover. Generally,the cover is secured by four screws through the rear panel; however, some computersmay have push latches, or screws in different locations.

WARNING

Disconnect power from your personal computer before opening its chassis cover!

Turn off the power switch and remove the power cord to assure that no electrical potential is present whenthe cover is removed.

Do not plug the power cord from the PC chassis into an AC outlet until all installation procedures havebeen completed and the chassis cover has been closed.

Set the cover aside and locate an open slot in which to install the Interface Card. Re-move the blank slot cover (if any). Removing the slot cover requires removing a screwat the top rail of the rear panel. You may choose to discard the cover, but save thescrew for installing the Interface Card.

Unpacking the Interface Card

The card is shipped inside an antistatic envelope. Be careful not to create any static dis-charge when removing the card from the envelope; touch a grounded surface such asthe PC chassis, first. Slide the card out of the envelope and inspect it for signs ofdamage, such as bent or broken components or a warped circuit card. If damage isfound, contact Light Machines Corporation immediately


Inserting the Interface Card

The following procedures describe how to insert and secure the Interface Card in thecomputer.

1. Grasp the Interface Card at the front and back.

2. Position the card above the bus connector at the chosen slot. The interface con-nector on the end of the card should face the rear panel of the computer chassis.

3. Slide the card into the bus connector. The interface connector on the card shouldprotrude from the rear panel of the computer. Carefully wiggle the Interface Cardback and forth to assure its tightness in the bus connector. Components on theInterface Card should not touch adjacent cards or other components.

4. Secure the Interface Card to the top rail of the rear panel with the screw yousaved when removing the blank slot cover.

5. Pay particular attention to the location of the slot in which you inserted the In-terface Card. Do not get the Interface Card mixed up with the parallel port whichuses the same type of connector.

Checking Your Installation

After installing the Interface Card, replace the computer chassis cover. Connect thecomputer power cord and turn the computer on. The computer should perform an inter-nal check, run the operating system and display the windows home screen.

If the PC fails to start-up, turn off the power, open the chassis and check your installa-tion to be sure that the Interface Card is located in an appropriate slot and is properlyseated.

When the Windows home screen appears, choose shut down from the Start menu andinstall the other hardware components.

Connecting the Turning Center

The following paragraphs review the procedures for connecting your computer with theturning center and Controller Box. The Interconnection Diagram has been provided as avisual aid for the recommended connections.

WARNING

Do not connect power to the turning center, the Controller Box or the computer until instructed to doso in the following procedures.

Never connect or disconnect the cables with the power on! This will cause damage to the ControllerBox drive components.

Operate the turning center with all cables firmly secured.


Connecting the Turning Center to the Controller Box

The interface cables and power cords are long enough to allow the Controller Box to belocated up to five feet away from the turning center. Make sure the turning center isplaced on a stable, flat surface and leveled properly.

The Controller Box can be placed beside the turning center, or mounted on a shelf be-neath the turning center. Make sure the power switch on the front of the Controller Boxis readily accessible. Keep in mind that you may need to check the fuses on the rearpanel of the Controller Box. Locate the Controller Box in an area where it will not beexposed to metal chips or cutting fluid.

1. Route the interface and power cables from the turning center to the ControllerBox as shown in the Interconnection diagram.

2. Insert the 15-pin plug from the turning center into the 15-pin receptacle marked A& B AXES on the rear panel of the Controller Box.

3. The Tool Turret uses the cable with an 8 pin connector on one end and a 9-pin con-nector on the other. Insert the 8-pin connector into the turret interface connection.Insert the 9-pin connector into the receptacle marked C AXIS on the rear panel ofthe Controller Box.

4. Insert the AC power plug from the turning center into the 120VAC, three-prongreceptacle marked SPINDLE on the rear panel of the Controller Box.

5. Make sure all connectors are secured with screw locks.

Connecting the Turning Center to the Computer

The spindle cable is attached to the rear panel of the Turning Center and is terminated witha 9-pin plug. Insert this plug into the 9-pin receptacle on the computer Interface Cardyou installed earlier.

Connecting the Computer to the Controller Box

1. Route the 25-pin cable between the Computer and the Controller Box.

2. Connect the end of the cable marked COMPUTER to the 25-pin connector pro-truding from the LMC Interface Card in the rear of the computer. As mentionedbefore, make sure you are plugging the cable into the Interface Card connector,not the parallel port.

3. Connect the other end of the cable to the 25-pin connector marked COMPUTER

on the rear panel of the Controller Box.

4. Make sure all connectors are secured.


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Connecting Power to the Hardware Components

Both the turning center and the Controller Box must be plugged into a grounded120VAC, 60Hz, 15A polarized wall outlet, as shown in the Interconnection Diagram.This outlet must be capable of supplying up to 12 amps of power to the Controller Box.

Locate the loose power cord that came with the turning center; this is the power cordfor the Controller Box. Insert the receptacle end of this cord into the 120VAC three-prong connector on the back of the Controller Box. Insert the plug end of this cord intoa grounded, three-hole, 120VAC, 60Hz wall outlet.

Before running the turning center it is important that all safety precautions are followed.If you are not familiar with the turning center, it is recommended that you read throughthe Users Guide and perform the Tutorial in Section D. We have included a SafetyChecklist on the following page to ensure that there is always a copy posted near theturning center.

Installing the Control Program (Software)

The following instructions assume that your hard drive is drive C, and your floppy driveis drive A.

1. Turn on the computer. Wait for it to go through its internal checks and for it tocomplete the start up process.

2. When your Windows desktop appears, insert the proLIGHT disk in the com-puter floppy drive.

3. Using the Windows Explorer, (Start Menu>Programs>Windows Explorer) openthe floppy drive. Note: If you are installing on Windows NT, use either the FileManager to access the floppy drive, or select “Run” from the Program Manager.

4. Double click on Setup.exe to start the installation.

5. The Welcome screen appears. You are warned to exit all other runningprograms. If no other programs are running, click Next.

6. The next screen requests that you enter the destination directory for the ControlProgram. If you would like to place the Control Program in a directory otherthan the default directory, click on Browse and select an alternate destination.Otherwise, click Next.

7. A window appears, displaying installation progress, and prompting you on howto proceed. After installation is complete, you are prompted to view the Readmefile. It is beneficial to view the Readme file at this time because it containsimportant information about the software and the machine that may not beincluded in the User’s Guide.

8. Run the Control Program by double clicking the program icon.

9. If running Windows NT, you need to reboot the computer.


Uninstalling the Control Program

In the event you need to remove the Control Program from your hard drive, there is anuninstall program included on the software disks. The uninstall program was copiedonto your hard drive when you installed the Control Program.

To uninstall the Control Program, just double click the Remove Program icon (it shouldbe in the same folder as the Control Program). A message appears asking if you aresure you wish to remove the program and all its files. Click on Yes to uninstall, or Can-cel to exit the Uninstall program.


Safety ChecklistBefore you enter the work area:

q Put on safety glasses.

q Tie back loose hair and clothing.

q Remove jewelry including rings, bracelets and wristwatches.

Before turning a part:

q Make sure you have the correct tool for the job.

q Secure the tool properly.

q Make sure all tool positions have been properly initialized.

q Verify the NC program on the computer before turning.

q Remove all loose parts and pieces from the machine.

q Remove adjusting keys and wrenches from the machine.

q Close the safety shield.

q Only operate the machine after being properly trained in its use.

q Perform a dry run:

q Set the spindle speed to lowest manual speed setting.

q Make certain there is no workpiece in place.

q Run the NC program to make sure all the moves make sense beforerunning the program with a workpiece in place.

q After completing the dry run, properly secure the workpiece to the machine.

q Keep fluids away from all electrical connections, electronic or electrical devices,the computer and nearby electrical outlets.

While turning a part:

q Do not touch moving or rotating parts.

q Press the Emergency Stop button before opening the safety shield.

q Only open the safety shield after the spindle has stopped rotating.

q Press the Emergency Stop button whenever changing tools or mounting or re-moving a workpiece.

q Pull the Emergency Stop button out only after closing the safety shield.

q Keep all unauthorized persons away from the work area.

Teacher's Guide 2-1 CNC Technology: CNC Lathe

Pre-Test

1. On a lathe the stock mounts in the ?

A. Chuck

B. Stepper motor

C. Cross slide

D. Workpiece

2. The work piece is ?

A. The same as a workbench

B. The stock you turn

C. A tool

D. None of the above

3. Tool chatter is caused by

A. Dissimilar metals

B. A loose tool

C. A talkative lab partner

D. All of the above

4. CNC stands for

A. Control for New Computers

B. Computer Numeric Control

C. Computational Numeric Catalyst

D. Combined Numeral Components

5. An NC code block is

A. An machined workpiece

B. A character in an NC program

C. A line in an NC program

D. A way to stop a program from running


6. Profiling and parting tools are

A. Tools used for cutting

B. Tools used for grinding

C. Tools used for boring


7. The axes on a lathe are called the

A. The R and T axes

B. The X and Z axes

C. The M and O axes

D. The J and I axes

8. You should press the Emergency Stop button on the turning center when

A. You want to ask the instructor a question

B. You are changing stock on the lathe

C. After you open the Safety shield

D. Never

9. Tool path verification is used

A. Before a part is turned

B. After a part is turned

C. To home the lathe

D. To jog the lathe

10. An NC file

A. Is used to fine tune the workpiece

B. Is never stored on the computer

C. Can be edited

D. Is where you keep all of your NC programs


11. You can make adjustments to the lathe

A. When the lathe is running

B. Whenever you want

C. Only when the emergency stop button is pressed in

D. When the lathe is paused during a program

12. The spindle axis is

A. The Y axis

B. The Z axis

C. The X axis

D. The A axis

13. Feed rate is

A. How fast the lathe eats power

B. How fast the lathe turns the spindle

C. How fast the tool moves into the workpiece

D. How fast the chips are removed from the workpiece

14. The Jog Control is used to

A. Home the lathe

B. Jog the cross slide

C. Set the Origin

D. All of the above

15. Machine Home is

A. Where you store the lathe

B. The point of origin on the workpiece

C. The positive end of travel on both axes

D. The middle of the axes


16. What do you use to hold stock on the lathe?

A. The chuck

B. Your hands

C. Your lab partner

D. Wire

17. What is the purpose of the safety shield?

A. Protect the operator from flying chips

B. Keep foreign objects out of the enclosure

C. Allow the operator to see the turning process

D. All of the above

18. What is a Dry Run?

A. Another way to verify your NC program

B. Running the program with no stock mounted

C. A way to check that all tool motions make sense

D. All of the above

19. When you design a part to be turned, what is the first step?

A. Write the program

B. Perform a dry run

C. Sketch the part

D. Determine stock size

20. Safety is

A. The least important thing to think about when operating a lathe

B. Something to consider when operating a lathe

C. The most important thing to think about when operating a lathe

D. A position in Football


Pre-Test

Pre-Test Answer Sheet. 20 Questions.

1 A B C D

2 A B C D

3 A B C D

4 A B C D

5 A B C D

6 A B C D

7 A B C D

8 A B C D

9 A B C D

10 A B C D

11 A B C D

12 A B C D

13 A B C D

14 A B C D

15 A B C D

16 A B C D

17 A B C D

18 A B C D

19 A B C D

20 A B C D

Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


Teacher’s Guide - Worksheets 3-1 CNC Technology: CNC Lathe

Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 1 Worksheet

Safety

Task 1-1 Safety Test

When using the Turning Center, are the following practices safe or unsafe? Write S(safe) or U (unsafe) on the line next to each statement.

______ Wear safety glasses while operating the Turning Center.

______ Roll your sleeves up above the wrists.

______ Wear a loose chain around your neck while you operate the TurningCenter.

______ Leave a wrench in the work area so you can use it later, and turn on theTurning Center.

______ Verify your part programs before actually running them on the TurningCenter.

______ Raise the safety shield while the Turning Center is operating.

______ Plug the Turning Center into a two-prong extension cord.

______ Use a brush to remove chips while the Turning Center is operating.

______ Follow the safety rules every time you operate the Turning Center.

______ Wear a loose, unbuttoned shirt when operating the Turning Center.

______ Make sure the cutter is securely mounted to the spindle.

______ Make adjustments while the Turning Center is operating.

______ Turn on the Turning Center when it is sitting on a damp surface.

______ Turn on the Turning Center before your instructor checks the setup.

I have answered all of the safety questions correctly and understand every one ofthe safe practices explained in this lesson. I agree to follow these practices everytime I work with the Turning Center.

Student: Date:

Instructor: Date:


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


Getting Started

Task 2-1 Inventory and Safety Checks

o proLIGHT Lathe and controller box

o Computer with WPLT Control Program installed

o Safety Checklist

o Lab Station conforms to safety guidelines?

Q What are the 6 things you do not do while turning a part?

Q Why should items like wrenches and keys be removed from the work area be-fore operating the turning center?

Task 2-2 Identify Lathe components

Q What is the difference between a lathe and the Turning Center?


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Q Using your worksheet, fill in the names of the components indicated below.

Q What is the purpose of the Safety Shield, and when is it used?

Q What control on the turning center should you use in an emergency?

Q What part of the turning center rotates the workpiece?

proLIGHT Turn ing Center

LIGHT MACHINES C O R P O R A T I O N

M A N C H E S T E R , N E W H A M P S H I R E , U . S . A .

Spindle RPM

EMERGENCY STOPSpindle Speed

Computer

MaxMin

Safety Shield

Z Axis Drive Motor (inside enclosure)

X Axis Drive Motor

Chuck

Cross Slide

Spindle Speed Switch

Emergency Stop Button


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Task 2-3 Axes Identification

Q Using the worksheet, draw and label the 2 axes, and the positive and negativedirections on each.

Q What parts of the Turning Center do the X axis and Z axis drive motors move?




Spindle RPM


Computer

MaxMin


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Task 2-4 Controller Components

Q Where is the controller power on/off switch located?

Q Where is the controller fuse panel located?

Q What does the Controller Box do?

Task 2-5 Discussion and Review

Q What have you learned about Lathes and turning?

Q About Safety? List 3 things that you think are important to know when usingthe Turning Center.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


The Control Program




o Safety Checklist


Task 3-4 Standard Tool Bar

Q There are 3 ways to save an NC program. List 2 of them.

Task 3-6 Inputs Tool Bar

Q What happens differently from when you did this exercise with the outputstoolbar?

Task 3-8 Status Bar

Q Which indicators are on and which are off?

Q Does the clock read the correct time?


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


Q What are some of the advantages of having a computer control a lathe ratherthan a person?

Q Why might it be a good idea to graphically verify a program before running it?


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


Mounting Tools




o Safety Checklist



Q Which way do side tools cut from?

Q What are side tools used for?

Q What does a parting tool do?

Q Why are cut off operations performed at a low speed?

Q What should you do if the cutting tool chatters?

Q Why are there frequent tool withdrawls during a boring operation?

Q What are boring tools used for?


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Q Why are profiling tools popular in turning operations?

Q What is the angle of a threading tool?

Q What is one reason you might get tool chatter?

Q What tool positions on a tool turret are used for side, profiling, or externalthreading tools?


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


Initializing the Tool Turret




o Safety Checklist



Q If you had set up tools in the wrong tool stations, what do you think would hap-pen when the NC program started to run?

Q Why is it necessary to home the tool turret?


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


Reference Positions




o Safety Checklist


Task 6-3Setting Machine Home

Q What is Machine Home?

Q Where is Machine Home?

Task 6-4 Setting Machine Zero

Q Do you think you could have the workpiece origin somewhere other than thefront of the chuck?

Q What would happen if you entered a width greater than .375”?


Q What do you think would happen if you set the workpiece origin first, and thenhomed the machine?


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


Selecting an NC Program




o Safety Checklist


Task 7-3 Selecting an NC Program

Q What is an NC program?

Q What happens to the file in the Edit window? The Status Bar?

Task 7-6 Adjust the Stock

Q What might happen if you put the wrong sizes in the stock window?


Q How does the computer file system make it easier to operate the computer?

Q What are some of the things the NC program controls?


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


Verify and Dry Run




o Safety Checklist


Task 8-4 Estimate Run Time

Q What happens?

Q What information does the dialog box give you?

Q How long will the Turnone program run? How far will the tool travel?

Q Why would you want to know how long a program will run?

Q What other reasons are there for knowing the runtime?

Task 8-5 Verify Turnone.NC

Q How does tool path verification check the program for errors?


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Q Did your program run through verification without any problems?

Q If not, what were the problems? How did you fix them?

Task 8-6 Dry Run the NC Program

Q What is a Dry Run?

Q What are the things to look for during a dry run?

Q Did you get any error messages while the program was running? How wouldyou correct them if you did?


Q Why do you think it is so important to verify the NC program in different waysbefore actually cutting the part? What are some of the dangers of just runningthe program?


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


Run the NC Program




o Safety Checklist


Task 9-9 Run the Program

Q Where on the control program screen does it tell you the run time of the program?

Q Check your worksheet from Activity 8. How long did it actually take to run theprogram?

Q Was the Estimate Run Time function correct?

Task 9-10 Discussion and Reveiw

Q Did you encounter any problems while running the Turnone program?

Q Would you like to learn more about NC programming, so that you could makeyour own parts? What kind of parts would you like to turn?


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


NC Programming

Inventory and Safety Checks



o Safety Checklist


Task 10-1 Questions

1. What is a part program?

2. What are the two parts of an NC word?

3. Here are some new terms you learned in this module. Write a brief definition ofeach term.

Code-

Address Character-

Word-

EIA RS-274D Standard Format-


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Parameter-

Block-

Preparatory Code-

4. Match the NC words in the first column to their correct meaning in the secondcolumn.

_____M02 a. Move the tool to 2.5 on the X axis (absolute)

_____G90 b. Move the tool to .25 on the Z axis (absolute)

_____T1 c. Move the tool rapidly to the indicated position

_____J.5 d. Make the center point of the arc .15 on the X axis

_____G00 e. Use clockwise circular interpolation

_____X2.5 f. End of program

_____N12 g. Turn off the spindle motor

____G02 h. Make the center point of the arc .5 on the Y axis

_____F1 i. Use incremental coordinates

_____Z.25 j. Use absolute coordinates

_____I.15 k. Move the tool at a feed rate of one inch per minute

_____M05 l. This is the block marked number twelve

_____G91 m. Use tool #1


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

5. Some blocks from an NC program are listed below. Each block contains severalwords. Write an explanation of each word in the space provided.

Block Explanation

N0G0G90Z.1 N0 - _________________________

G0 - _________________________

G90 - _________________________

Z.1 - _________________________

N1M3 N1 - _________________________

M3 - _________________________

N2G1X2.5Y3F2 N2 - _________________________

G1 - _________________________

X2.5 - _________________________

Y3 - _________________________

F2 - _________________________

N43G0Z.1 N43 - _________________________

G0 - _________________________

Z.1 - _________________________

N44M2 N44 - _________________________

M2 - _________________________


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

6. What is wrong with the following NC blocks? Some of these blocks will actuallywork, but are not written in the best way according to the programming rules.

N1X.5Y.5G90

N29G0X.5Y.5M2M47

N3X.5Y.5F2N4X.5Y1.5F2

N04X0.50Y0.7500F2.00

N5G0X.25X.5Y1

N6G91X2Y3; MOVE TO ABSOLUTE POSITION X=2 Y=3

N12G1X2Y3,RAPID TRAVERSE TO X2,Y3

N2G9OX2Y3;F1


If you do not have the control program running on your computer, start it now. Locateand open the Turnone program.

Q Does the code in the program make more sense to you than it did before?

Q Can you pick out specific blocks of instruction, such as starting and stopping thespindle?

Q Can you tell what the programmed feed rate was? What else can you see?


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


Coordinate Systems




o Safety Checklist


Task 11-2 Questions

Q What is a coordinate?

Q What is the theory of René Descartes’ coordinate system?

Q What is the point where the axes meet called, and what is the value on each axisat this point?

Task 11-3 Questions

Q How is a three-dimensional coordinate system different from a two-dimensionalcoordinate system?


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Q Draw a two-dimensional coordinate system with X and Y axes.a) Show these four points: X-2,Y3; X4,Y5; X5,Y-1; X-1,Y-1

b) In which quadrant is each of these coordinates located?


Q If you wanted to program all negative Z coordinates, where would you locatethe origin?

Q Is it possible to set the origin right at the chuck without using a measurableworkpiece?


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


Developing an NC Program




o Safety Checklist


Task 12-8 Create Your Own NC Program

1.0.9.8.7.6.5.4.3

.2

.3

.1

0

X

Z

.2.10


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

PROGRAM NAME: WIDGET.NC DATE:

AUTHOR: STOCK: Brass

STOCK SIZE (length, diameter): 2.5" x .75" TOOLING: Right-Hand Tool

N G X Z F S M COMMENTS

Sheet ofNote: Sometimes it's helpful to add arrows to the comments to showthe general direction of each motion, even when the tool is not cutting.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Sheet of



Note: Sometimes it's helpful to add arrows to the comments to showthe general direction of each motion, even when the tool is not cutting.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Task 12-9 Questions

Briefly answer the following questions.

1. Put these steps in the correct sequence (1–6).

a) Determine stock and tool.

b) Enter NC code on coding sheet.

c) Determine feed and depth of cut.

d) Sketch the part.

e) Determine cutting sequence.

f) Draw the part to scale.

2. Greater feed rates and depths of cut can be specified when cutting a soft mate-rial like:

a) Steel.

b) Machinable wax.

c) Aluminum.

3. When cutting a part on a Turning Center, Z values are normally:

a) Negative values.

b) Positive values.

4. Stock size should be:

a) As large as possible.

b) As small as possible.

c) Any size, as long as it fits on the Turning Center.

5. All of the following could be used to turn a profile on a Turning Center, except:

a) A right-hand tool.

b) A profiling tool.

c) A left-hand tool.

d) A boring bar.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


Editing your NC Program




o Safety Checklist



Q What types of problems did you run into writing your NC program?

Q What do you think would be the result of improper coding in an NC program?

1. After editing a part program, the program remains in the computer:

A) ForeverB) Until the program is deletedC) Until the computer is turned off, unless you save the program

2. List two (2) mistakes that commonly occur when entering a part program.

3. When entering a part program, the address characters must be typed as:

A) Upper-case lettersB) Lower-case lettersC) Upper- and/or lower-case letters

4. Before adding a comment to a line of NC Code, type a:

A) SpaceB) SemicolonC) CommandD) None of the above


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

5. Complete the following sentences.

A) An address character together with its parameter is called a _________.

B) A line of NC code is called a _________.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


Verify and Run Your Program




o Safety Checklist


Task 14-10 Verify the Program




Q Do you get any error messages while the program is running? How would youcorrect them if you did?


Q Why do you think it is so important to verify the nc program in different waysbefore actually cutting the part? What are some of the dangers of just runningthe program?


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


Final Project




o Safety Checklist


Task 15-1 Final Project

Choose one of the following projects:

1. Pawn: The pawn is cut from 3” x .75” brass stock. Use a profiling tool if avail-able, and use the table in Activity 12 to determine feed rates, spindle speed, andcut depth.

1.0.9.8.7.6.5.4.3

.2

.3

.1

0

X

Z

.2.10

1.0.9.8.7.6.5.4.3

.2

.3

.1

0

X

Z

.2.10


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

PROGRAM NAME: DATE:

AUTHOR: STOCK:

STOCK SIZE (length, diameter): TOOLING:




Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Sheet of

PROGRAM NAME: DATE:




Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

2. Bowling Pin: The bowling pin, while it looks easier, may be more difficult. Theprogram was initially developed to use .5” diameter stock, as the drawing belowindicates. Since this Teklink supplies .75” diameter stock, you can do this eitherof two ways: Develop the NC program to turn the bowling pin using the full di-ameter of the brass stock; or have it rough away .25” and then turn the bowlingpin on the remaining .5”. Again, a profiling tool is the best tool for this applica-tion, and the stock is 3” x .75” brass.

1.0.9.8.7.6.5.4.3

.2

.3

.1

0

X

Z

.2.10

1.0.9.8.7.6.5.4.3

.2

.3

.1

0

X

Z

.2.10


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

PROGRAM NAME: DATE:

AUTHOR: STOCK:

STOCK SIZE (length, diameter): TOOLING:




Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Sheet of

PROGRAM NAME: DATE:




Post-Test

1. The software program that controls the lathe is called

A. Lotus

B. Control Program

C. DOS

D. Lathe Program

2. Tool path verification is used

A. Before a part is cut

B. After a part is cut

C. To home the lathe

D. To jog the lathe

3. While operating a lathe, you should always

A. Wear Safety Glasses

B. Keep the safety shield closed

C. Secure the workpiece in the chuck

D. All of the above

4. A part drawing is

A. A quick sketch of something you want to turn

B. A one dimensional drawing of a part and its points

C. A detailed illustration of a part showing the shape of the part and all dimensions

D. What you see in the verification window

5. What is a Dry Run?

A. Another way to verify your NC program

B. Running the program with no stock mounted

C. A way to check that all tool motions make sense

D. All of the above


6. Tool chatter is caused by

A. Dissimilar metals

B. A loose tool

C. A talkative lab partner

D. All of the above

7. Before running an NC program you must

A. Perform a safety check

B. Perform a verification

C. Perform a dry run

D. All of the above

8. You should press the Emergency Stop button on the turning center when

A. You want to ask the instructor a question

B. You are changing stock

C. After you open the Safety shield

D. Never

9. The point at which the axes meet is

A. The middle

B. The point of origin

C. The end of travel

D. Machine Home

10. Position 3 on the tool turret is reserved for a

A. Profiling tool

B. Boring tool

C. Parting tool

D. Facing tool


11. A quadrant is

A. A graphical representation of the workpiece

B. One quarter of a plane divided by two axes

C. Part of the cross slide

D. A four sided cutting tool

12. You should save your NC programs

A. After you enter it

B. After you edit it

C. Often

D. All of the above

13. You can make adjustments to the lathe

A. When the lathe is running

B. When ever you want

C. Only when the emergency stop button is pressed in

D. When the lathe is paused during a program

14. Workpiece origin is usually set so

A. Z axis motions are negative and X axis motions are positive

B. All motions are negative

C. X axis negative are positive and Z axes motions are positive

D. All motions are in the positive quadrant

15. A common programming error is

A. Using the letter "l" instead of the number 1

B. Using the letter "O" instead of a zero

C. Entering code in the wrong sequence

D. All of the above


16. The part of the lathe that rotates the stock is the

A. Stepper motor

B. Spindle

C. Cross slide

D. Z axis

17. A coordinate is

A. Lathe home

B. Workpiece origin

C. A point in a quadrant

D. One of a set of numbers that describes a point on a plane

18. The Jog Control is used to

A. Home the lathe

B. Jog the cross slide

C. Set the origin

D. All of the above

19. Machine Home is

A. Where you store the lathe

B. The point of origin on the workpiece

C. The positive end of travel on both axes

D. The middle of the axes

20. An NC code block is

A. An unmachined workpiece

B. A character in an NC program

C. A line in an NC program

D. A way to stop a program from running


21. An address character is

A. An alphabetic character representing a command in an NC word

B. A numeric character in an NC word

C. Coordinates on a plane

D. All of the above

22. G codes are also called

A. Go to codes

B. Miscellaneous codes

C. Preparatory codes

D. Run codes

23. M codes are used to

A. Move the lathe

B. Control miscellaneous lathe operations

C. Control the spindle speed

D. Define the work envelope

24. Before adding a comment to a line of code, type a

A. Colon :

B. Exclamation point !

C. Semicolon ;

D. Asterisk *

25. The work piece is ?

A. The same as a workbench

B. The stock you turn

C. A tool



26. On the control program screen, the Outputs tool bar allows you to

A. Turn on and off the spindle

B. Run a program

C. Jog the cross slide

D. Edit an NC program

27. Side tools and Facing tools are

A. Tools used for cutting

B. Tools used for grinding

C. Tools used for boring


28. When you design a part to be turned, what is the first step?

A. Write the program

B. Perform a dry run

C. Sketch the part

D. Determine stock size

29. Which of the following is an unsafe practice while turning?

A. Tighten all Locking and holding devices

B. Roll your sleeves up above the wrist

C. Wearing a loose chain around your neck

D. Pressing the emergency stop button before opening the safety shield

30. To stop an NC program while it is running, you can

A. Press the emergency stop button

B. Press the Control button and the spacebar on the keyboard

C. Click on the Stop button in the Control program

D. All of the above


31. In an emergency situation, you should

A. Press the control button and the spacebar on the keyboard

B. Click on the Stop button in the control program

C. Always press the emergency stop button

D. All of the above

32. The spindle axis is

A. The Y axis

B. The Z axis

C. The X axis

D. The A axis

33. What is the purpose of the safety shield?

A. Protect the operator from flying chips

B. Keep foreign objects out of the enclosure

C. Allow the operator to see the turning process

D. All of the above

34. You should verify your NC programs to

A. Make sure the program runs correctly

B. Kill time before the end of class

C. Check for any programming errors

D. Answers A and C

35. The axes on a lathe are called the

A. The R and T axes

B. The X and Z axes

C. The M and O axes

D. The J and I axes.


36. CNC stands for

A. Control for New Computers

B. Computer Numerical Control

C. Computational Numeric Catalyst

D. Combined Numeral Components

37. Feed rate is

A. How fast the lathe eats power

B. How fast the lathe turns the spindle

C. How fast the tool moves into the workpiece

D. How fast the chips are removed from the workpiece

38. What do you use to hold a workpiece on the lathe?

A. A mechanical vise

B. A pneumatic vise

C. The Chuck

D. All of the above

39. Safety is

A. The least important thing to think about when operating a lathe

B. Something to consider when operating a lathe

C. The most important thing to think about when operating a lathe

D. A position in Football

40. An NC program does not

A. Set feed rates

B. Set spindle speeds

C. Set machine home

D. Control lathe movements


Post-Test

Answer Sheet for Post-Test. 40 Questions.

1 A B C D 21 A B C D









10 A B C D 30 A B C D

11 A B C D 31 A B C D

12 A B C D 32 A B C D

13 A B C D 33 A B C D

14 A B C D 34 A B C D

15 A B C D 35 A B C D

16 A B C D 36 A B C D

17 A B C D 37 A B C D

18 A B C D 38 A B C D

19 A B C D 39 A B C D

20 A B C D 40 A B C D


Teacher’s Guide - Answer Sheets 5-1 CNC Technology: CNC Lathe

Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Pre-Test Answers

Pre-Test

Pre-Test Answer Sheet. 20 Questions.

1 A B C D

2 A B C D

3 A B C D

4 A B C D

5 A B C D

6 A B C D

7 A B C D

8 A B C D

9 A B C D

10 A B C D

11 A B C D

12 A B C D

13 A B C D

14 A B C D

15 A B C D

16 A B C D

17 A B C D

18 A B C D

19 A B C D

20 A B C D


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 1 Answers

Safety

Task 1-1 Safety Test

When using the Turning Center, are the following practices safe or unsafe? Write S(safe) or U (unsafe) on the line next to each statement.

__S___ Wear safety glasses while operating the Turning Center.

__S___ Roll your sleeves up above the wrists.

__U___ Wear a loose chain around your neck while you operate the TurningCenter.

__U___ Leave a wrench in the work area so you can use it later, and turn on theTurning Center.

__S___ Verify your part programs before actually running them on the TurningCenter.

__U___ Raise the safety shield while the Turning Center is operating.

__U___ Plug the Turning Center into a two-prong extension cord.

__U___ Use a brush to remove chips while the Turning Center is operating.

__S___ Follow the safety rules every time you operate the Turning Center.

__U___ Wear a loose, unbuttoned shirt when operating the Turning Center.

__S___ Make sure the tool is securely mounted to the tool holder.

__U___ Make adjustments while the Turning Center is operating.

__U___ Turn on the Turning Center when it is sitting on a damp surface.

__U___ Turn on the Turning Center before your instructor checks the setup.

I have answered all of the safety questions correctly and understand every one ofthe safe practices explained in this lesson. I agree to follow these practices everytime I work with the Turning Center.

Student: Date:

Instructor: Date:


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 2 Answers

Getting Started




o Safety Checklist


Q What are 6 things you do not do while turning a part?

Choose 6 from the safety list.

Q Why should items like wrenches and keys be removed from the work area be-fore operating the turning center?

Because they can damage the machine or cause harm to the operator.

Task 2-2 Identify Lathe components

Q What is the difference between a lathe and the Turning Center?

The differences are few. A turning center uses a lathe, but also incorporatesa computer, software, and a controller.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Q Using your worksheet, fill in the names of the components indicated below.

Q What is the purpose of the Safety Shield, and when is it used?

To protect the operator from flying chips. Used every time you turn a part.

Q What control on the turning center should you use in an emergency?

The Emergency Stop Button.

Q What part of the turning center rotates the workpiece?

The Chuck.




Spindle RPM


Computer

MaxMin

Z Axis Drive Motor (inside enclosure)

X Axis Drive Motor

Chuck

Cross Slide

Spindle Speed Switch

Emergency Stop Button

Safety Shield


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Task 2-3 Axes Identification

Q Using the worksheet, draw and label the 2 axes, and the positive and negativedirections on each.

Q What part of the Turning Center do the X axis and Z axis drive motors move?

The Cross Slide, along the X and Z axes.




-X +X

Spindle RPM


Computer

MaxMin+Z

-Z


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Task 2-4 Controller components

Q Where is the controller power on/off switch located?

On the front of the box , next to the key lock switch.

Q Where is the controller fuse panel located?

On the Rear panel of the controller box.

Q What does the Controller Box do?

Houses the power and interface related controls for the machine.


Q What have you learned about Lathes and turning?

Lathe components, Lathe operation, Safety, etc.

Q About Safety? List 3 things that you think are important to know when usingthe Turning Center.

Any three from the Safety section.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 3 Answers

The Control Program




o Safety Checklist


Task 3-4 Standard Tool Bar

Q There are 3 ways to save an NC program. List 2 of them.

Cntrl+S, Select Save from the file menu, click on the Save button on the tool bar.

Task 3-6 Inputs Tool Bar

Q What happens differently from when you did this exercise with the outputstoolbar?

Nothing in the machine activates.

Task 3-8 Status Bar

Q Which indicators are on and which are off?

Should display; message bar, Num Lock state, Current Line: Total Lines, andclock.

Q Does the clock read the correct time?

It reads the time from the PC. If the PC is correct, then the program will be aswell.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


Q What are some of the advantages of having a computer control a lathe ratherthan a person?

Accuracy, consistency, lower labor cost.

Q Why might it be a good idea to graphically verify a program before running it?

To see if the program will run safely on the lathe.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 4 Answers

Mounting Tools




o Safety Checklist



Q Which way do side tools cut from?

Either the left side or the right side, depending on the type of side tool it is.

Q What are side tools used for?

Side tools are used to face-off the ends of shoulders or to make facing cutsin the surface of a workpiece. They may also be used as turning tools.

Q What does a parting tool do?

It is used to cut-off workpieces.

Q Why are cut off operations performed at a low speed?

Cut-off operations are performed at a slow turning speed because the partingtool has a large amount of cutting edge in contact with the workpiece.

Q What should you do if the cutting tool chatters?

The turning speed and feed rate should be reduced.

Q Why are there frequent tool withdrawls during a boring operation?

Because the turnings can not freely escape from the hole.

Q What are boring tools used for?

Boring tools are used to enlarge or modify a drilled or cored hole in aworkpiece.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Q Why are profiling tools popular in turning operations?

Profiling tools are quite popular in CNC applications because they can cut onboth sides and in both directions.

Q What is the angle of a threading tool?

60 degrees

Q What is one reason you might get tool chatter?

Holding screws not tight, too much tool overhang from the edge of the turret.

Q What tool positions on a tool turret are used for side, profiling, or externalthreading tools?

1, 3, 5, 7


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 5 Answers

Initializing the Tool Turret




o Safety Checklist



Q If you had set up tools in the wrong tool stations, what do you think would hap-pen when the NC program started to run?

The program would run, but the workpiece or the tools could be damaged ifused impropery.

Q Why is it necessary to home the tool turret?

Homing the turret tells the control program where each tool position is, sothat it can turn to the correct station.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 6 Answers

Reference Positions




o Safety Checklist


Task 6-3Setting Machine Home

Q What is Machine Home?

It is the place the machine uses as a starting point for all operations.

Q Where is Machine Home?

The end of travel in the positive direction on both the X and Z axes. With thetool turret, it is the top (back) right corner of the work envelope. Without thetool turret, it is the bottom right corner.

Task 6-4 Setting Machine Zero

Q Do you think you could have the workpiece origin somewhere other than thefront left corner of the workpiece?

Yes, workpiece origin can be set anywhere on the workpiece. It is an opera-tor decision. To keep things simple it is usually set so that turning operationstake place in the positive quadrant.

Q What would happen if you entered a width greater than .375”?

You would not cut the part correctly. The part would be cut off center.


Q What do you think would happen if you set the workpiece origin first, and thenhomed the machine?

The values for X and Z would be different, but it would not effect the programbecause Machine Home is a factory set position.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 7 Answers

Selecting an NC Program




o Safety Checklist


Task 7-3 Selecting an NC Program

Q What is an NC program?

The set of instructions that the machine uses to cut the part.

Q What happens to the file in the Edit window? The Status Bar?

The background changes to white. The LOCK indicator changes to UNLOCK.

Task 7-6 Adjust the Stock

Q What might happen if you put the wrong sizes in the stock window?

It would change the size of the workpiece in the verify window. Should not af-fect the program.


Q How does the computer file system make it easier to operate the computer?

Creates an organized system from which to work.

Q What are some of the things the NC program controls?

Feed rate, spindle speed, depth of cut.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 8 Answers

Verify and Dry Run




o Safety Checklist


Task 8-4 Estimate Run Time

Q What happens?

Window appears and program calculates the time.

Q What information does the dialog box give you?

Estimated Run Time, and Distance the spindle will travel while running.

Q How long will the Turnone program run? How far will the tool travel?

6 minutes, 8 seconds. 37.86 inches.

Q Why would you want to know how long a program will run?

For scheduling other jobs, prioritizing.

Q What other reasons are there for knowing the runtime?

Estimating wear on the machine, scheduling service,

Task 8-5 Verify Turnone.NC

Q How does tool path verification check the program for errors?

It runs the program without activating any of the machine outputs, and givesa graphic verification. It will sense bad motions the same as if it were actuallyperforming them. It also allows you to see what it is doing, so you can tell ifthe movements are correct.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


It should.



Q What is a Dry Run?

Run the program with no stock mounted on the cross slide.

Q What are the things to look for during a dry run?

Possible tool crashes, movements all make sense in relation to the workpieceand tool.

Q Did you get any error messages while the program was running? How wouldyou correct them if you did?

Correct them by editing the NC program.

If you had to edit the program at all, be sure to save your changes before youexit the program.

Task 8-7 Team Discussion and Review


Verify that all motions make sense, be sure the operator is in no danger,verify the machine won't be damaged or break a tool.

Injury, machine damage, ruining the workpiece.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 9 Answers

Run the NC Program




o Safety Checklist


Task 9-9 Run the Program

Q Where on the control program screen does it tell you the run time of the NCprogram?

Machine Info panel

Q Check your worksheet from Activity 8. How long did it actually take to run theprogram?

About 6 minutes.

Q Was the Estimate Run Time function correct?

Probably.

Task 9-10 Discussion and Reveiw

Q Did you encounter any problems while running the Turnone program?

They might, although it’s not likely.

Q Would you like to learn more about NC programming, so that you could makeyour own parts? What kind of parts would you like to turn?

Up to the students.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 10 Answers

NC Programming

Inventory and Safety Checks



o Safety Checklist


Task 10-1 Questions


1. What is a part program?

A part program is a list of numerically coded instructions used to create ma-chined parts. Acceptable student responses: NC codes that make a part; Aprogram made up of NC words; NC words that make a part.

2. What are the two parts of an NC word?

Address characters, such as G, and parameters, such as 90. G90 is the ab-solute programming code. Acceptable student responses: Address charac-ters and parameters.

3. Here are some new terms you learned in this module. Write a brief definition ofeach term.

Code-

In NC programming, the same as a word, typically used for G and M words,also a general term for a set of programming instructions

Address Character-

An alphabetic character representing a command in an NC word

Word-

The combination of an address character (the command) and a parameter(the distance or movement)

EIA RS-274D Standard Format-

A standard for NC programming; G & M codes


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Parameter-

The number that follows the address character in an NC word; specifies aparticular function or distance for motion

Block-One line of an NC program

Preparatory Code-

NC words (G address character plus a parameter) that tell the machine toolwhat type of interpolation to use and what programming mode to use

4. Match the NC words in the first column to their correct meaning in the secondcolumn.

__F__M02 a. Move the tool to 2.5 on the X axis (absolute)

__J__G90 b. Move the tool to .25 on the Z axis (absolute)

__M__T1 c. Move the tool rapidly to the indicated position

__H__J.5 d. Make the center point of the arc .15 on the X axis

__C__G00 e. Use clockwise circular interpolation

__A__X2.5 f. End of program

__L__N12 g. Turn off the spindle motor

__E_G02 h. Make the center point of the arc .5 on the Y axis

__K__F1 i. Use incremental coordinates

__B__Z.25 j. Use absolute coordinates

__D__I.15 k. Move the tool at a feed rate of one inch per minute

__G__M05 l. This is the block marked number twelve

__I__G91 m. Use tool #1


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

5. Some blocks from an NC program are listed below. Each block contains severalwords. Write an explanation of each word in the space provided.

Block Explanation

N0G0G90Z.1 N0 - block zero________________

G0 - rapid traverse______________

G90 - absolute coordinates________

Z.1 - .1 on the Z axis_____________

N1M3 N1 - block one_________________

M3 - turn on the spindle motor_____

N2G1X2.5Y3F2 N2 - block two_________________

G1 - linear interpolation___________

X2.5 - 2.5 on the X axis_____________

Y3 - 3 on the Y axis______________

F2 - feed rate = 2 ipm____________

N43G0Z.1 N43 - block 43___________________

G0 - rapid traverse________________

Z.1 - .1 on the Z axis______________

N44M2 N44 - block 44___________________

M2 - end of program______________

6. What is wrong with the following NC blocks? Some of these blocks will actuallywork, but are not written in the best way according to the programming rules.

N1X.5Y.5G90

Codes out of sequence; should be: N1G90X.5Y.5

N29G0X.5Y.5M2M47

The M2 would end the program and the M47 would never be executed. Can'thave two M codes on the same block.

N3X.5Y.5F2N4X.5Y1.5F2

These blocks would work but could be written without repeating codes:N3X.5Y.5F2N4Y1.5

N04X0.50Y0.7500F2.00

These blocks would work but could be written without extra zeroes:N4X.5Y.75F2


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

N5G0X.25X.5Y1

Two X coordinates cannot be given in same block; should be written as:N5G0X.25Y1N6X.5

N6G91X2Y3; MOVE TO ABSOLUTE POSITION X=2 Y=3

G90 (absolute dimensioning) should be used, not G91 (incremental).

N12G1X2Y3,RAPID TRAVERSE TO X2,Y3

A comma was used instead of a semicolon for the comment. Rapid traverseis G0 not G1.

N2G9OX2Y3;F1

The comment code is out of sequence.The letter "O" is used instead of a zero.


If you do not have the control program running on your computer, start it now. Locateand open the Turnone program.

Q Does the code in the program make more sense to you than it did before?

It should.

Q Can you pick out specific blocks of instruction, such as starting and stopping thespindle?

M03, M05

Q Can you tell what the programmed feed rate was? What else can you see?

F8; 8 inches per minute.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 11 Answers

Coordinate Systems




o Safety Checklist


Task 11-2 Questions

Q What is a coordinate?

A coordinate is one of a set of numbers that describe a point on a plane. Ac-ceptable student responses: A set of numbers that describe a point (on aplane); Two numbers that describe the location of a point (on a plane).

Q What is the theory of René Descartes' coordinate system?

Descartes coordinate theory states that any point in space can be specifiedby its distance from another known point. Acceptable student response:Any point can be specified by its distance from another (known) point.

Q What is the point where the axes meet called, and what is the value on each axisat this point?

The axes meet at the point of origin. The value for each axis at this point iszero. Acceptable student responses: Point of origin; Origin; Zero; 0,0

Task 11-3 Questions

Q How is a three-dimensional coordinate system different from a two-dimensionalcoordinate system?

A three-dimensional system has a third axis that is perpendicular to the othertwo axes. Acceptable student responses: One has three axes, and one hastwo axes; One has an X and Y axis and the other has an X, Y and Z axis;One has a Z axis.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Q. Draw a two-dimensional coordinate system with X and Y axes.a) Show these four points: X-2,Y3; X4,Y5; X5,Y-1; X-1,Y-1b) In which quadrant is each of these coordinates located?

X-2,Y3 is located in Quadrant II

X4,Y5 is located in Quadrant I

X5,Y-1 is located in Quadrant IV

X-1,Y-1 is located in Quadrant III


Q If you wanted to program all negative Z coordinates, where would you locatethe origin?

At the right end of the workpiece.

Q Is it possible to set the origin right at the chuck without using a measurableworkpiece?

Possible yes, but difficult.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 12 Answers

Developing an NC Program




o Safety Checklist


Task 12-8 Create Your Own NC Program

2.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.8

.2

.3

.1

0

X

Z

1.71.61.5

Outline of Finished PartOutline of Original Stock

Centerline

Scale = 5:1

.5 inch of stock inside chuck, .5 inch of stock as a buffer.

End of cuts at 1.5inches on stock.

1 inch

(.375,1.5)

(.25,1)

(.16,2.03)

(.375, 1.85)

(.1,2.25)(.16,2.13)

(.1,2.5)

(.17, 2.51)

(.15, 2.51)

(.13, 2.51)

(.1,2.51)

(.13,2.19)

(.15,2.15)

(.11,2.23)

(.17,2.02)

(.19,1.99)

(.21,1.97)

(.23,1.95)

(.25,1.92)

(.27,1.9)

(.29,1.87)

(.19, 2.51)

(.21, 2.51)

(.23, 2.51)

(.25, 2.51)

(.27, 2.51)

(.29, 2.51)


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________


AUTHOR: Light Machines Corp. STOCK: Machinable Wax

STOCK SIZE (legth,diameter): 2.5 IN X .75 IN TOOLING: Right-Hand Tool

1 2


Sheet of

0 0,90 .5 2.6 MOVE TOOL AWAY FROM WORKPIECE

1 2000 3 TURN ON SPINDLE

2 .375 MOVE TOOL TO START POINT

3 1 .29 2 FIRST ROUGH CUT, SET FEED RATE

4 1.87

5 0 .30 BACK OUT AND RETURN

6 2.51

7 1 .27 SECOND ROUGH CUT

8 1.9


10 2.51

11 1 .25 THIRD ROUGH CUT

12 1.92


14 2.51

15 1 .23 FOURTH ROUGH CUT

16 1.95


18 2.51

19 1 .21 FIFTH ROUGH CUT

20 1.97


22 2.51

23 1 .19 SIXTH ROUGH CUT

24 1.99


26 2.51

27 1 .17 SEVENTH ROUGH CUT



Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

2 2Sheet of

28 2.02


30 2.51

31 1 .15 EIGHTH ROUGH CUT

32 2.15


34 2.51

35 1 .13 NINTH ROUGH CUT

36 2.19


38 2.51

39 1 .11 TENTH ROUGH CUT

40 2.23


42 2.51

43 1 .1 FINISH CUT

44 2.25

45 .16 2.13

46 2.03

47 .375 1.85

48 0 2.51 RAPID TRAVERSE TO START POINT

49 5 SPINDLE OFF

50 2 END OF PROGRAM





Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Task 12-9 Questions


1. Put these steps in the correct sequence (1–6).

a) Determine stock and tool __3___

b) Enter NC code on coding sheet __6___

c) Determine feed and depth of cut __4___

d) Sketch the part __1___

e) Determine cutting sequence __5___

f) Draw the part to scale __2___

2. Greater feed rates and depths of cut can be specified when cutting a soft mate-rial like:

a) Steel.

b) Machinable wax.

c) Aluminum.

3. When cutting a part on a Turning Center, Z values are normally:

a) Negative values.

b) Positive values.

4. Stock size should be:

a) As large as possible.

b) As small as possible.

c) Any size, as long as it fits on the Turning Center.

5. All of the following could be used to turn a profile on a Turning Center, except:

a) A right-hand tool.

b) A profiling tool.

c) A left-hand tool.

d) A boring bar.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 13 Answers

Editing your NC Program




o Safety Checklist



1. What types of problems did you run into writing your NC program?

Improper codes, bad commands, etc.

2. What do you think would be the result of improper coding in an NC program?

Program will not run correctly, part cut wrong.

3. After editing a part program, the program remains in the computer:

a) Forever

b) Until the program is deleted

c) Until the computer is turned off, unless you save the program

4. List two (2) mistakes that commonly occur when entering a part program.

Letter O instead of zero, letters "l" or "I" instead of the number one, typing er-rors, adding extra digits.

5. When entering a part program, the address characters must be typed as:

a) Upper-case letters

b) Lower-case letters

c) Upper- and/or lower-case letters


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

6. Before adding a comment to a line of NC Code, type a:

a) Space

b) Semicolon

c) Comma

d) None of the above

7. Complete the following sentences.

a) An address character together with its parameter is called a __word__.

b) A line of NC code is called a ___block______


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 14 Answers

Verify and Run Your Program




o Safety Checklist


Task 14-10 Verify the Program


Yes or no, should document why not.


Coding errors common, using verification to determine problem blocks andrepairing.


Q Do you get any error messages while the program is running? How would youcorrect them if you did?

Again, coding errors, emergency stop left out, machine not homed.



So you don't endanger yourself or others, break the machine or tool, wastestock cutting the wrong part, saves time in the long run.

Dangers are Safety, damage to the machine, waste of time and money.


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Activity 15 Answers

Final Project




o Safety Checklist


Task 15-1 Final Project

Choose one of the following projects:

1. Caterpillar: The caterpillar program was initially developed to use .5” diam-eter stock, as the drawing below indicates. Since this Teklink supplies .75” di-ameter stock, you can do this either of two ways: Develop the NC program toturn the caterpillar using the full diameter of the brass stock; or have it roughaway .25” and then turn the bowling pin on the remaining .5”. A profiling tool isthe best tool for this application, and the stock is 3” x .75” brass.

1.0000.700

0.4000.100

0.2400.1873

0.2500.550

0.8501.240

R0.240R0.240R0.240R0.240

CL

0.100


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

0Z

.21

.9.8

.7.6

.5.4

.2 .3.1

.3

0

X

Z

RO

UG

H C

UT

FIN

ISH

CU

T

OR

IGIN

AL

ST

OC

K S

IZE

1.1

1.2

1.3

Cen

ter

Poi

nt

(0,1

)

.10

(.24

,1.0

593)

(0,1

.247

5)

(.22

,1.1

127)(.2,

1.14

52)

(.18

,1.1

693)

(.16

,1.1

883)

(.14

,1.2

036)

(.12

,1.2

16)

(.1,

1.22

59)

(.08

,1.2

337)

(.06

,1.2

396)

(.04

,1.2

437)

(.02

,1.2

462)

(0,1

.3)

(.02

,1.3

)

(.04

,1.3

)

(.06

,1.3

)

(.08

,1.3

)

(.1,

1.3)

(.12

,1.3

)

(.14

,1.3

)

(.16

,1.3

)

(.18

,1.3

)

(.2,

1.3)

(.22

,1.3

)

(.24

,1.3

)

Cen

ter

Poi

nt

(0,.7

)C

ente

r P

oint

(0

,.4)

(.18

73,.8

5)

(0,1

.24)

(.24

,.940

6)(.

24,.7

593)

(.22

,.887

2)(.

22,.8

127)

(.2,

.854

7)(.

2,.8

452)

(.18

73,.5

5)

(.24

,.640

6)(.

24,.4

593)

(.22

,.587

2)(.

22,.5

127)

(.2,

.554

7)(.

2,.5

452)

(.18

73,.2

5)

(.24

,.340

6)(.

24,.1

593)

(.22

,.287

2)(.

22,.2

127)

(.2,

.254

7)(.

2,.2

452)

(.24

,0)

(.24

,.1)

Cen

ter

Poi

nt

(0,.1

)

ST

AR

T P

OIN

T

(.25

,1.3

)


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

The Caterpillar NC Program

N0G0G90X.26Z1.45; MOVE TOOL AWAY FROM STOCK

N1S2000M3; SPINDLE ON

N1G0G90X.25Z1.45; MOVE TOOL TO START POINT

N3G1X.23F2; FIRST ROUGH CUT, SET FEED RATE

N3Z.3365

N5G0X.27; BACK OUT AND RETURN

N6Z1.45

N7G1X.21; SECOND ROUGH CUT

N8Z.4123


N10Z1.45

N11G1X.19; THIRD ROUGH CUT

N12Z.4694


N14Z1.45

N15G1X.17; FOURTH ROUGH CUT

N16Z.5166


N18Z1.45

N19G1X.15; FIFTH ROUGH CUT

N20Z1.3057


N22Z1.45

N23G1X.13; SIXTH ROUGH CUT

N24Z1.3433


N26Z1.45

N27G1X.11; SEVENTH ROUGH CUT

N28Z1.3662


N30Z1.45

N31G1X.09; EIGHTH ROUGH CUT

N32Z1.3823


N34Z1.45

N35G1X.07; NINTH ROUGH CUT

N36Z1.3939


N38Z1.45

N39G1X.05; TENTH ROUGH CUT

N40Z1.4020


N42Z1.45

N43G1X.03; ELEVENTH ROUGH CUT

N44Z1.4072


N46Z1.45

N47G1X.01; TWELFTH ROUGH CUT

N48Z1.4092


N50Z1.45

N51G1X0; THIRTEENTH ROUGH CUT

N52Z1.41


N54Z1.1943

N55G1X.15; FOURTEENTH ROUGH CUT

N56Z.5579


N58Z1.1470

N59G1X.13; FIFTEENTH ROUGH CUT

N60Z.6040


N62Z1.0894

N63G1X.11; SIXTEENTH ROUGH CUT

N64Z.6615


N66Z1.006

N67G1X.09; SEVENTEENTH ROUGH CUT

N68Z.7449


N70Z1.45

N71G1X0; FINISH CUT

N72Z1.4

N73G2X.1500Z1.25I0K1.25

N74G2X.1364Z1.1876I0K1.25

N75G3X.0684Z.8755I.8184K.8755

N76G3X.1478Z.5396I.8184K.8755

N77G2X.24Z.15I-.63K.15

N78X.2269Z0O-.63K.15

N79G0X.25; RETURN TOOL TO START POINT

N80Z1.45M5; SPINDLE OFF

N81M2; END OF PROGRAM


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

2. Bowling Pin: The program was initially developed to use .5” diameter stock, asthe drawing below indicates. Since this Teklink supplies .75” diameter stock,you can do this either of two ways: Develop the NC program to turn the bowl-ing pin using the full diameter of the brass stock; or have it rough away .25” andthen turn the bowling pin on the remaining .5”. Again, a profiling tool is the besttool for this application, and the stock is 3” x .75” brass.

0.8755

0.150

R0.750

R0.870

0.8184

0.630

0.227

0.148

0.136

R0.150

0.5401.188

1.2501.400


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

.21

.9.8

.7.6

.5.4

.2 .3.1

.3

0

X

Z

RO

UG

H C

UT

FIN

ISH

CU

T

OR

IGIN

AL

ST

OC

K S

IZE

1.1

1.2

1.3

.10

1.4

(.22

69,0

)(.

24,.1

5)(.

23,.3

365)

(.19

,.469

4)(.17

,.516

6)

(.15

,.557

9)(.13

,.604

0)(.11

,.661

5)

(.09

,.744

9)

(.21

,.412

3)(.14

78,.5

396)

(.13

,1.1

470)

(.11

,1.0

894)

(.15

,1.1

943)

(.06

84,.8

755)

(.13

64,1

.187

6)(.

1500

,1.2

5)

(.09

,1.0

06)

(.15

,1.3

057)

(.13

,1.3

433)

(.11

,1.3

662)

(.09

,1.3

823)

(.07

,1.3

939)

(.05

,1.4

020)

(.01

,1.4

092)

(.03

,1.4

072)

(.23

,1.4

5)(.

21,1

.45)

(.19

,1.4

5)

(.17

,1.4

5)

(.15

,1.4

5)

(.13

,1.4

5)

(.11

,1.4

5)

(.09

,1.4

5)

(.07

,1.4

5)

(.05

,1.4

5)

(.03

,1.4

5)(.

01,1

.45)

(0,1

.45)

(0,1

.4)

ST

AR

T P

OIN

T

(.25

,1.4

5)


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Bowling Pin NC Program

N0G0G90X.26Z1.45; MOVE TOOL AWAY FROM STOCK

N1S2000M3; SPINDLE ON

N1G0G90X.25Z1.45; MOVE TOOL TO START POINT

N3G1X.23F2; FIRST ROUGH CUT, SET FEED RATE

N3Z.3365


N6Z1.45

N7G1X.21; SECOND ROUGH CUT

N8Z.4123


N10Z1.45

N11G1X.19; THIRD ROUGH CUT

N12Z.4694


N14Z1.45

N15G1X.17; FOURTH ROUGH CUT

N16Z.5166


N18Z1.45

N19G1X.15; FIFTH ROUGH CUT

N20Z1.3057


N22Z1.45

N23G1X.13; SIXTH ROUGH CUT

N24Z1.3433


N26Z1.45

N27G1X.11; SEVENTH ROUGH CUT

N28Z1.3662


N30Z1.45

N31G1X.09; EIGHTH ROUGH CUT

N32Z1.3823


N34Z1.45

N35G1X.07; NINTH ROUGH CUT

N36Z1.3939


N38Z1.45

N39G1X.05; TENTH ROUGH CUT

N40Z1.4020


N42Z1.45

N43G1X.03; ELEVENTH ROUGH CUT

N44Z1.4072


N46Z1.45

N47G1X.01; TWELFTH ROUGH CUT

N48Z1.4092


N50Z1.45

N51G1X0; THIRTEENTH ROUGH CUT

N52Z1.41


N54Z1.1943

N55G1X.15; FOURTEENTH ROUGH CUT

N56Z.5579


N58Z1.1470

N59G1X.13; FIFTEENTH ROUGH CUT

N60Z.6040


N62Z1.0894

N63G1X.11; SIXTEENTH ROUGH CUT

N64Z.6615


N66Z1.006

N67G1X.09; SEVENTEENTH ROUGH CUT

N68Z.7449


N70Z1.45

N71G1X0; FINISH CUT

N72Z1.4

N73G2X.1500Z1.25I0K1.25

N74G2X.1364Z1.1876I0K1.25

N75G3X.0684Z.8755I.8184K.8755

N76G3X.1478Z.5396I.8184K.8755

N77G2X.24Z.15I-.63K.15

N78X.2269Z0O-.63K.15

N79G0X.25; RETURN TOOL TO START POINT

N80Z1.45M5; SPINDLE OFF

N81M2; END OF PROGRAM


Name: _______________________________

Class: _________________ Date:__________

Post-Test Answers

Post-Test

Answer Sheet for Post-Test. 40 Questions.










10 A B C D 30 A B C D

11 A B C D 31 A B C D

12 A B C D 32 A B C D

13 A B C D 33 A B C D

14 A B C D 34 A B C D

15 A B C D 35 A B C D

16 A B C D 36 A B C D

17 A B C D 37 A B C D

18 A B C D 38 A B C D

19 A B C D 39 A B C D

20 A B C D 40 A B C D

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