Carbon Capture and Storage

with its Utilization Strategy

for CO2 Emission

Reduction ProgramReduction Program

Case Study: PT. Krakatau Steel, Cilegon, Indonesia

07 September 2009

CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) Model 1)

Ref: 1) Kuby, M.J., Bielicki, J.M., Middleton, R.S.; “Optimal Spatial Deployment of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage

Given a Price on Carbon Dioxide”; Submitted to International Regional Science review; Special Issue for ISOLDE XI;

July 8, 2009

PTKS Direct Reduction Plant (existing)

PTKS Direct Reduction Plant (in progress)

H2O

H2O

IRON ORE

EXISTING CO2

ABSORPTION UNIT

DUMMYQUENCH

13.608 NCMH

HEAT RECUPERATOR PRODUCE STEAM TO REBOILER

DRI

NATURAL GAS

HEATEROXYGEN

NATURAL GAS

9.720 NCMH

5.940

NCMH

Zero Reformer Process

Potential CO2 reduction minimum around 25.82 kg/Ton Liquid Steel equal to38,730 Ton CO2 per year for crude steel production of 1,500,000 MT per year.Total CO2 emission can be avoided by integrated solution (incl. steelmaking)projects approx. 46.8 t. CO2/h equal to approx. 370,656 t. CO2 per year.

CCS Scheme in PTKS

Pipeline

PTKS PTRMI

STORAGENETWORK & DISTRIBUTION

(CO2 Mitigation Only)

CO2 Absorption Plant in PTKS

StripperAbsorbers

PID - CO2 Absorption PlantAbsorber

PID - CO2 Absorption PlantStripper

CO2 Purification and Liquefaction Plant in PTRMI

CO2 Purification and Liquefaction Plant in PTRMI

OutdoorLiquid Storage Tanks

Indoor CO2 Process Equipment

PID - CO2 Purification

PID - CO2 Liquefaction

Existing Power Plant with CO2 Capture Strategy 2)

Ref: 2) Ciferno, J.; “CO2 Capture From Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants”; Final Results; National Energy Technology

Laboratory; December 2007

IGCC Power Plant with CO2 Capture Strategy 3)

Ref: 3) Chen, C.; “A Technical and Economic Assessment of CO2 Capture Technology for IGCC Power Plants”;

Dissertation; Carnegie Mellon University ; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; December 2005

CO2 Sequestration ModelSequestration Sinks for CO2 Emissions

4)

Ref: 4) Byrer, C.W.; “Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide in Geologic Formations”; COAL - SEQ 1 Forum; National Energy

Technology Laboratory; Houston, Texas; March 14, 2002

Mineral ?

Sequestration StrategyCO2 injection into remnant coal reserves

5)

Ref: 5) Irons, R., Goh, B., Snape, C., Arenillas, A., Drage, T., Smith, K., Maier, J., Dhungel, B., Jackson, P., Sakellaropoulos ,

G., Stathopoulos, V., Skodras, G.; “Assessment of options for CO2 capture and geological sequestration —

Comparison of CO2 capture technologies and enhancing CMM production with CO2, appendix WP 9 - FEASIBILITY

OF USING CO2 FOR ENHANCED COAL MINE METHANE PRODUCTION”; Research Fund for Coal and Steel;

Directorate-General for Research; Contract No RFCR-CT-2003-00008, Final report; Luxembourg; 31 May 2007

Sequestration StrategyCO2 injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery

Sequestration StrategyCO2 Mineral Sequestration

6)

Ref: 6) Schiller, C.; “Feasibility Study of Carbon Dioxide Mineral Sequestration”; Dissertation of Technical University of

Braunschweig and Columbia University in the City of New York, September 2006

Sequestration StrategyCO2 Geological Storage 7)

Ref: 7) Dooley , J.J., Dahowski, R.T., Davidson, C.L., Wise, M.A., Gupta, N., Kim, S.H., Malone, E.L.; “Carbon Dioxide Capture

and Geologic Storage - A CORE ELEMENT OF A GLOBAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY TO ADDRESS CLIMATE

CHANGE”; A TECHNOLOGY REPORT FROM THE SECOND PHASE OF THE GLOBAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY

PROGRAM; April 2006

CO2 Utilization ModelOverview of CO2 utilization and Problem Statement 8)

Ref: 8) Li, Y., Markley, B., Mohan, A.R., Rodriguez-Santiago, V., Thompson, D., Van Niekerk, D.; “UTILIZATION OF CARBON

DIOXIDE FROM COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS”; Design

Engineering of Energy and Geo-Environmental Systems Course (EGEE 580); April 27, 2006

Utilization StrategyCO2 Utilization via OPEN POND RACEWAY MICRO ALGAE CULTIVATION

8)

8)

Utilization StrategyCO2 Utilization via Micro Algae for Renewable Biofuels 9)

8)

Ref: 9) Pribadi, K.S.; “Development of Scaleable Algae Production System for Biological CO2 Sequestering and Production of Bio-

Fuel“; PT MEDCO DOWNSTREAM INDONESIA; January 27, 2009

Bioreactor Installation

Utilization StrategyCO2 Utilization via Seaweed Farming

11)

Ref: 10) Sinha, V.R.P., Fraley, L., Chowdhry, B.S.; “Carbon Dioxide Utilization and Seaweed Production”; World Bank

Project, Bangladesh, 2001,

11) Advance Maluku Project Files, 2009

3.5 ton of Macro Algae production utilizes 1.27 tons of Carbon,

about 0.22 tons of Nitrogen and 0.03 tons of phosphorus. 10)

Utilization StrategyThe Carbonate System of dissolved CO2 in the Seawater

12)

Ref: 12) Kleypas, J. and Langdon. C.; “Overview of CO2-induced Changes in Seawater Chemistry “; Climate & Global Dynamics,

National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA; 2001

When CO2 dissolves in water it may appear as H2CO3, HCO3- and CO3

2-, depending on the pH. Dissolution of CO2 in

water can be written as:

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- 2 H+ + CO3

2-

Algae use the CO2 in its HCO3- form and excrete OH- ions that elevate the pH of the pond. Therefore, the pH of the pond

can be used as a monitor to evaluate the state of the pond. If the pH rises (due to OH- ions) then it indicates that optimum

growth is occurring. 8)

Utilization StrategySupply Methods of CO2 in the Seawater 8)

12)Three methods to bubble CO2

into ponds/shallow sea (13~20% CO2 Utilization):

• A is a sintered stone,

• B is a porous pipe with a plastic sheet to trap CO2

bubbles, and

• C utilizes a high speed pressure pump for aeration pressure pump for aeration and mixing.

CO2 supply methods Comments CO2 utilization

Bubbling method Gas is supplied in the form of fine bubbles. Problematic in shallow ponds, residence

time in pond is not sufficient to allow the CO2 to be dissolved. A lot of CO2 is lost

to the atmosphere.

13 - 20%

Floating gas

exchanger

The gas exchanger consists of a plastic frame, which is covered by transparent

sheeting and immersed in the suspension. CO2 is fed into the unit and the exchanger

float on the surface. CO2 needs to be in a concentrated form.

25 - 60%

Diffusion method CO2 is let to diffuse through a porous metal or plastic pipe to form the smallest

bubbles possible (not seen on surface).

Unknown

Utilization Strategy

Ref: 13) SIEW-MOI, P.; “MARINE ALGAE AND CLIMATE CHANGE: ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION”; Institute of Ocean and

Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2008

Marine seaweed that can be grown in shallow ponds. Very little agitation is needed

1. Enteromorpha clathrata 8)

•.Growth rate : 28 g/m2·day dry weight.• Temperature : Optimum between 24 – 33 °C.• pH : 7.5 - 8.0 – 9.0 Relative pH sensitive.

2. Eucheuma spp. & Kappaphycus alvarezzi 13)

• Growth rate : 3 ~ 46 g/m2·day dry weight.

Utilization Strategy

Seaweed Farming Methods 14)

Off-bottom method Raft or floating frame method

Ref: 14) Blankenhorn, S. U.; “Seaweed farming and artisanal fisheries in an Indonesian seagrass bed – Complementary or

competitive usages?”; Dissertation, University Bremen, Bremen, June 2007

With other floating material

for sufficient buoyancy

GoogleEarth View on off-bottom seaweed

farms in Nusa Lembong, Bali, Indonesiafloating long line method

Utilization Strategy

Floating Type Seaweed Cultivations 15)

Raft or floating frame method With additional bamboo With other floating material

Ref: 15) FOSCARINI, R. & PRAKASH, J.; “HANDBOOK ON EUCHEUMA SEAWEED CULTIVATION IN FIJI”; MINISTRY OF

PRIMARY INDUSTRIES, FISHERIES DIVISION and SOUTH PACIFIC AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT FOOD AND

AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, Suva, Fiji, May 1990

Raft or floating frame method

Made from Mangrove woods

With additional bamboo

for sufficient buoyancy

With other floating material

for sufficient buoyancy

Simple long line method branched long line method

Utilization StrategyCO2 Thermal Decomposition 16)

Ref: 16) Yun, S-H.; Kim, G-J., Park, D-W.; “Decomposition and Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Synthesis Gas Using

Thermal Plasma”; Journal of Ind. & Eng. Chemistry, Vol. 3, No. 4, December 1997, p. 293-297

Utilization StrategyDissolution type Ocean Storage Concept 18)

Ref: 18) Metz, B., Davidson, O., de Coninck, H., Leo Meyer, M-L.; “IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage”;

Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005

Utilization StrategyDissolution type CO2 Fine Bubble Diffuser

Tube Membrane typeSingle Disc Membrane type

Ref: a. Botjheng Water Micro Bubble Aerators Brochure

b. Tideflex® Fine Bubble Air Diffuser Brochure