Coffee is Complicated

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Coffee is Complicated

By: Eric Laboissonniere

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BRISTOL, RI ___ It is the 21st century, and more than 1 billion people have active

Facebook profiles. In that profile, there is a section where one can add their relationship

status. There are a few different options, like single, married, etcetera. But the option

that really sticks out is that the person is in a relationship, but Its complicated. That

status connects with society's dependence on coffee and consumers might want to

consider adding this status to their profile, and here is why.

People love coffee, people spend everyday with coffee, and people often have more than

one coffee a day. The relationship between the coffee and consumer could get

complicated in the near future, which is why the relationship between coffee and the

consumer is just like being in a complicated relationship.

Not many coffee consumers are thinking about why the relationship with their beloved

drink could be so complicated. Meanwhile, around lunchtime on Tuesdays in the

Feinstein College of Arts and Sciences building at Roger Williams University located in

Bristol, Rhode Island, many students scurry out of their 11 a.m. class to head to the

dining hall, their next class, or just to socialize with friends in the hallway.

In the middle of the building on the first floor, there is a little food and beverage station

with everything from pre-made sandwiches, to hot soups; the station even has sushi for

sale. On top of having all of that, they also offer a make-your-own coffee station with

different types of hot coffee dispensers. Those dispensers include French roast decaf,

Mexican organic, Colombian supremo, cocoa mocha twist, French vanilla, hazelnut, and

house bold, which are all of the hot coffees. When asking for an iced coffee, there is onecoffee dispenser that looks like it should hold Poland Springs water, but instead it holds

regular coffee.

At this time of day, even though it is lunchtime, many students seem to be more

interested in getting coffee instead of getting food. Jillian Lynch is one of those students

exiting the class and making her way towards the coffee station. This is a part of her

Tuesday and Thursday routine, and she has a different routine throughout the week

depending on her class schedule, but she always makes time to stop and get her French

vanilla iced coffee.

Jillian pays $2.70 for a coffee with a flavor shot of French vanilla on Tuesdays and

Thursdays. She grabs a plastic cup that is 24 ounces (medium coffee), then she scoops

ice cubes into her cup and it takes up two thirds of the cup. Dispensing the regular java

is next in Jillians coffee making process, followed by adding a tiny squirt of half and

half, and two Equals. This is a part of her everyday routine at school, or she will find the

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time at the dining hall to make coffee after dinner to prepare her for homework later on

in the evening.

I need it (coffee) to be prepared for the day, Lynch said I feel like I am ready to go

when it is in my hand.

By just having the coffee in her hand, Jillian is ready to start her day. She does not even

have to sip the drink until she gets to class, there is something about holding the light

brown beverage that makes Jillian feel determined and alive. Walking through any

college campus, city, or busy area, people are always holding a cup of coffee in their

hand. It does not matter what time of day it is, people genuinely love coffee, Jillian is

one of them.

Jillian is from Danvers, Massachusetts, which is not far from Boston, and Massachusetts

is where coffee giant Dunkin' Donuts originated, but Jillian refuses to drink Dunkin'

Donuts coffee anymore. She really dislikes the taste of the coffee, but Dunkin Donuts is

where she had her first cup of coffee during her junior year of high school. Four out of

five days before school, she would stop at Dunks to get a coffee. Now the only time she

will make a trip to Dunks is when she is craving an iced tea.

She does not really care for many flavorful coffees other than her go-to French vanilla

iced coffee, and usually just sticks with that flavor everyday. Jillian started drinking

coffee because she saw her mom drink coffee, and Jillian thought she would give it a try.

That is the way many people start drinking coffee, they see their brother, sister, orparents consume the beverage, so they give it a try. Jillian says that not many people her

age were drinking coffee in high school when she was a junior, so she consumed the

beverage a lot more than the average coffee drinker at Danvers High School.

If Jillian were for some reason to miss a day of consuming coffee, she will need an Advil

during that day and maybe even the next day. Jillian will get terrible headaches if she

does not add caffeine of some sort into her daily diet because she is so accustomed to the

drug, this is why she drinks coffee everyday. Coffee is a drug, well the caffeine in the

coffee is a drug, and this is why Jillian sticks to drinking coffee everyday to feed heraddiction like any other addict would for a drug. Jillian does obviously like the taste of

coffee, but she truly drinks it because she needs it to be productive throughout the day.

Jillian drinks coffee two to three times a day, she believes that she is dependent on

coffee, and she is not alone. The average American drinks around 3.2 cups of coffee a

day and the average size of the cup is nine ounces, which is a small cup of coffee. The

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U.S. spends about $40 billion on coffee per year according to the National Coffee

Association. 54 percent of Americans over the age of 18 drink coffee, that is more than

half of the American population. Another statistic to ponder, is that the average worker

spends a little more than $1,000 thousand a year on coffee as of 2012.

Finding a cup of coffee is not hard to do in America because there is either a Dunkin'

Donuts, Starbucks, or McDonalds within a close radius, but Americans also like to drink

their coffee at local coffee shops. Drinking coffee is not just something that people do

ritually everyday, it is an experience and a social event. People escape their lives or get

ready for their days by going to get their favorite cup of java with a pastry or bagel of

some sort before they start their day.

American society imports coffee from many places across the globe, but coffee

production could be in danger as global warming and unpredictable weather starts

having an affect on coffee production, especially in some of the main exporting

countries.

Could one of the societies most dependent beverages become more of luxury than a

necessity?

Jillian does rely on coffee heavily, but she only needs to have the drink in her hand to

feel like she is ready to start her day. So if coffee became far too expensive, she could do

without it, even though she claims to be addicted to the beverage.

Right now, she saves money drinking coffee at school because her meal plan pays for

most of her coffees (still pays for the meal plan), but when she graduates or she is home

for school breaks, she spends her money on food, gas, and coffee. It has become a

necessity to her, like food and water.

Coffee prices around the country seem to be always changing, and people are drinking

their coffee in a variety of ways today. Everyone has a favorite local coffee shop, and

people tend to judge a cup of coffee by the environment they are sitting in and how they

were served by a barista. For Jillian, coffee is a drink that gets her through her day, it isnot something she usually drinks for leisure, while companies like Starbucks preach that

coffee should be a social outing and a relaxing part of the day.

Dunkin' Donuts has more of a vibe that would pertain to Jillian, even though she likes

Starbucks coffee much more than Dunkin Donuts. At Dunkin Donuts, customers tend

to get their coffee and leave, that is the type of mood and tone that the coffee shop has.

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Jillian has no time in her busy college day to enjoy her coffee, that coffee is used to help

her with her schoolwork.

Ever notice that practically every Dunkin' Donuts has a drive-thru window because

people need their coffee and they need it fast, while Starbucks rarely has drive-thrus

because the company wants customers to socialize in their establishment with their

favorite cup of java and maybe buy other products by going inside.

Coffee has become such a staple in American society, but in order to understand how

coffee made its dominance over American culture, one has to trace back to Ethiopia

where the addictive fruit was arguably first discovered.

Coffees Origin

Coffee is a liquid that people drink either hot or cold, but coffee is actually a fruit before

it becomes a liquid. In countries like Brazil, Ethiopia, and Costa Rica there are plants

that almost resemble Christmas Trees and these plants are coffee plants. The coffee

cherries that grow on these plants are a dull red color, which does not look like what a

normal cup of coffee looks like.

Coffee has made a big impact throughout the globe, and in America, but it did not

originate in the United States. No one really knows exactly where coffee was first

discovered, but one legend says that coffee was first discovered on the Ethiopian Plateau

by a goat herder named Kaldi, according to theNational Coffee Association. Kaldinoticed that his goats were eating curious berries from trees that have been growing in

the Ethiopian Highlands for a long time. The goats were more energetic and did not

want to sleep at night after eating the berries, the goats also seemed more alert. The

berries were then used to make a drink, which kept whoever consumed the drink up for

long hours because of the caffeine from the coffee berries. After Kaldi made the drink for

many locals, the energizing berries began to spread around the globe, but it made its

next stop in the Arabian Peninsula.

Coffee trade began on the peninsula, and coffee was not only enjoyed in homes but thefirst coffee shops originated in countries like Persia, Syria, Turkey, and Egypt. These

coffeehouses were popular not just for coffee but for entertainment as well, which is

something that is still around today across the globe. Coffee is not just seen as a drink

today, it is also seen as a social experience that people share with colleagues and friends,

but coffee as a social event has been around for hundreds of years.

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After becoming popular in most parts of the Asian continent, coffee made its way to

Europe, and this is where the beverage received some ridicule at first. The councilmen

for Pope Clemente XVII at the time thought the drink was a bitter invention of Satan.

Pope Clemente was asked to try the coffee; after trying the coffee, Pope Clemente

approved of the drink, and coffee started to be loved by many people in Europe. There

were plenty of coffeehouses in the major cities of Europe, and there were over 300 in

London as of the mid-17th century. Coffee was a better alternative to drink in the

morning than other drinks like alcohol. People used to drinkbeer soupin the morning

to wake up, but once coffee became very popular, people drank coffee as well for

breakfast.

One big historical event that changed how coffees future in the world was the Boston

Tea Party. When coffee made its way to the New World, tea was still the drink of choice,

but once King George III of Great Britain put high taxes on tea the colonists revolted.

This event changed the perception of the New World and the people of the New World

wanted nothing to do with tea.

Coffee was then traded internationally from then on out and the drink became very

popular all over the globe. Today, the most consumed drink in the United States is

water, followed by beer, and then milk, tea is still down on the list.

Coffee might be one of the worlds most popular beverages today, and there is a lot of

work, time, and effort that goes into coffee-making, starting with planting the seed.

Coffee comes from different places around the world, primarily in countries that areclose to the equator called the the bean belt, where Arabica beans can grow at high

altitudes, while Robusta beans can grow at higher temperatures. Countries that are most

noted for their coffee production include Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Ethiopia In

the United States, Hawaii is known for their coffee production as well, they produce

Kona coffee. Brazil ranks number one in the world in coffee production, while Colombia

is ranked second, according to the NCA. Once they plant the seed, the harvesters will

wait until the cherries are brightly ripe, and once they are, then the harvester will pick

the cherries or a machine will. Once the cherries are picked then, they are processed by

soaking either with a wet method or a dry method. Once they are processed, then theyare milled before they are exported with many different processes before they are

shipped out. The beans are tested and graded during this process. For the 2015-2016

year, the amount of coffee bean bags are forecasted to grow from 6.4 million bags to

152.7 million bags because of some record production for Indonesia and Honduras,

according to an United States Department of Agriculture report.

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Brazil is the biggest coffee producing country in the world, it produces 30 percent of the

worlds Arabica and Robusta beans. Coffee is a huge part of the Brazilian economy, and

In 2014, Brazil produced around 2.7 billion kilograms of coffee beans. Brazil is the

global coffee king and it has been the king for over 100 years Coffee plantations cover

about 27,000 square kilometers of Brazil, and these plantations are very vital to the

economy of Brazil and coffee around the world.

Indonesia is another big time coffee producer and exporter, and they have one

intriguing and interesting production method. It is called Kopi Luwak, which is a very

expensive bean. A cat-like animal called a palm civet eats these berries but cannot

process them, so after they digest the cherry, once they poop out the bean, the producers

clean the beans and then make coffee with these beans. Pretty gross to think about, but

it is one of the most expensive coffees in the world, it goes for around $80.00 a cup.

Some people think coffee can taste really bad, imagine actually drinking a coffee where

it comes from cat poop (even though it is supposed to be one of the best tasting coffees

in the world).

Coffee is grown where the altitude is high and temperature is as well, and the the two

most popular type of beans in the world are the Arabica and Robusta, which are grown

in in different places. Arabica beans are more popular than Robusta beans, but there is

less amount of caffeine in Arabica beans.

Arabica beans trace back to the early discovery of coffee in Ethiopia, and today this is

the most common bean that represents 70 percent of coffee production around theworld. These beans are longer than Robusta beans, but the quality of these beans are

better and cost more money to buy. The Arabica beans need certain conditions to grow,

the temperatures must be between 59 and 75 degrees Fahrenheit. The Arabica trees are

more expensive to take care of because they need certain elements to be just right so the

coffee beans can grow.

Colombia is known for producing the most Arabica beans in the world, and they can

thank the mythical Juan Valdez for that. Valdez is a fictional character that represents

the hard-working Colombian coffee farmers because coffee is such a big part ofColombian culture. Valdez is always pictured wearing a straw hat, next to a mule, and

wearing a poncho over his shoulder. The mule that always by his side help Valdez with

his coffee farming by usually moving bags of coffee. Valdez is one of the biggest

celebrities to come out of Colombia along with Shakira, the famous singer, according to

Smithsonian Magazine.

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Valdez speaks for the coffee farmer and makes the coffee farmers in Colombia and in

other countries feel like they are a hero as well. Not too many professions have a

fictional character to look up to and resemble, Valdezs presence helps coffee so much

that there is even a coffee national park with log flumes, Bumper carts, and more. Coffee

is a lot more than just a drink in Colombia. Valdez is the face for theNational Federation

of Coffee Growers of Colombia since 1927. This institution was made to protect the lives

of coffee growers and their families. They represent more than 500 thousand families

according to their website.

Arabica beans are the most popular coffee beans in the world, and Robusta beans are

right behind them. Robusta beans represents 30 percent of coffee production around

the globe, and the beans are cheaper to take care of. They are more resistant to disease

and they can grow in hot climates, plus there is more caffeine in Robusta beans that

Arabica. The taste of the beans gives off a bitter and rough taste, while Arabica beans

give off a sweeter taste.

Both of these coffee beans are the most popular around the globe today, and almost any

major coffee company uses one of these two beans. Dunkin Donuts, Starbucks, and

McDonalds all make their coffee using Arabica beans from most of the major Arabica

coffee producers in Latin America and evenVietnam, which is where Starbucks gets

some of their Arabica beans from.

Unlike coffee companies like Starbucks, McDonalds, and Dunkin' Donuts, there are

coffee shops and companies that focus on creating specialty coffees. Paul Massard,former supply chain manager at Honolulu Coffee, one of the only American grown

coffee companies says that coffee still has the bright future, particularly specialty coffee.

Now he is a managing partner at Perla Specialty Roasters, which focus on specialty

coffees. Massard compared the coffee industry to wine, where people now care where

their coffee is from and what kind of coffee it is.

These specialty coffees are becoming more popular in the United States, and these

coffees are taste tested and scored on a scale. Massard explained how coffee needs to be

graded above 80 points to become a specialty coffee, and it is measured on an 100point scale. These coffees have to be tested in five different ways by meeting brewing

standards, green standards, roasting standards, water standards, and cupping

standards. Once the coffee is tested through all of these standards, the coffee grader or

tester decides how many points the specialty coffee is worth.

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Coffee taste testing is another part of the coffee-making process, and there are people

out there who work as full-time coffee taste testers. In the movie Caffeinated, an

woman coffee taste tester from India explains that people do not understand what her

job is. In the United States, according the United States Department of Labor, high paid

coffee tasters make between $16,000 and $25,000 thousand a year, and their primary

job is to taste coffee and decide if the batch is quality or bad.

If a person is drinking coffee, it is probably made with two type of coffee beans, either

Arabica or Robusta, but it is a different story when people start adding flavor to their

coffee because there seems to be an huge variety of flavor shots or swirls across the

world.

A Shot or a Swirl?

Coffee has made a huge impact on business and society in America since the mid 1980s

early 1990s, and one company was a part of the movement, but this company does not

make coffee, they produce coffee extracts, but they are well-known for their coffee milk.

Autocrat Coffee and Extracts has been around since 1895, and the headquarters for the

company is located in Lincoln, Rhode Island. Driving on George Washington Highway

in Lincoln early in morning, a smell of freshly brewed coffee fills up the air. The

company is known for selling extracts. syrups, and coffee flavors to many different big

coffee companies around the country like Starbucks, Dunkin Donuts, and McDonalds.

Dunkin' Donuts coffee is good vanilla ice cream, says Richard Field, former president

of Autocrat. There are plenty of places to find a good cup of coffee in New England, but

Dunkin' Donuts is basically just a mediocre coffee, according to Field. Dunkin' Donuts is

one of the companies that has taken full advantage of flavoring their coffee, the

company even offers multiple flavors in either the form of a swirl or just a flavor shot.

Field dealt with more of the business side at the company from 1992 to 2013. When he

first started in the 1990s as the president of the company, he introduced the idea of

adding flavoring to coffee, but many companies and people thought the idea wascrazy, according to Field. Even when he sold the idea of the frappuccino to Starbucks

in 1993, Starbucks did not even like the idea, but now the drink if very popular across

the country. The coffee flavors today are trying to attract new-drinkers, particularly

young people that have never had coffee before. Not many teenagers are going to enjoy a

regular hot cup of coffee, but they will enjoyed a very flavorful and almost desert-like

coffee, according to Field. People around the country still drink hot black coffee, but 50

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percent of the American population drinks espressos, lattes, cappuccinos, or iced

coffees, according to Espresso Business Solutions.

Flavored coffee has become quite the phenomenon in the United States, and there does

seem to be a flavor that a coffee company will not try. Recently, Dunkin' Donuts added

Oreo and Chips Ahoy coffee flavoring, which shows that companies are not afraid to try

any type of flavor. During the fall, the company introduces their pumpkin flavors, and

during the winter they introduce flavors like peppermint, and gingerbread. Dunkin'

Donuts has taken advantage of flavoring their coffee by adding so many different

options for their coffee, even in the form of a swirl or shot. According to

dunkindonuts.com, there are over 15 thousand different ways to order a coffee. Many

different flavors, accompanied by different amounts of sugar, cream, milk, extra

caffeine, or espresso.

Starbucks is also another company that has taken advantage of many different flavors. It

also does not hurt that the most coffee shops in America are located in Seattle,

Washington, according to E-Imports. Starbucks was founded in Seattle in the year 1977.

McDonalds is another big company that has made its way into the coffee industry. The

company introduced McCafe, which aimed to be a bakery/coffee shop in addition to the

full menu of the restaurant. The idea has been a huge success, and the restaurant has

added multiple coffees, flavors, and specialty coffee drinks. McDonalds coffee is also a

lot cheaper than Starbucks and Dunkin' Donuts. The company promoted their iced and

hot coffee over the past couple years to be $1.00 for all hot sizes of coffee and even $1.00for medium iced coffees for a limited time. Making their coffee cheaper than the

competitors has really helped out the company's growth in the coffee industry, and

McDonalds coffee is a rich cup of coffee, according to Field. McDonalds like a lot of

other companies is also going to start packaging their coffee and selling it in

supermarkets. Dunkin' Donuts, Starbucks, and McDonalds are the three biggest

competitors in the coffee industry.

Small coffee shops still have an impact on the coffee industry as well. Independent

coffee shops earned $12 billion in revenue in the 2015. Dunkin' Donuts has made$783.18 million in revenue, Starbucks has made $18.43 billion in revenue, and

McDonalds has made $26.02 billion in revenue as of September 2015. These companies

obviously do not just make their money on their coffee, particularly McDonalds, but

Dunkin' Donuts and Starbucks make a majority of their money from coffee.

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Dunkin' Donuts tries to attract the blue-collar class that wants their coffee quick and on

the go, while Starbucks tends to attract more of the white-collar class. Starbucks wants

the customer to sit down and enjoy their coffee and relax, which is why many of their

stores offer free Wi-Fi and comfortable seating. McDonalds is a fast-casual restaurant,

which offers the option of either getting their coffee quick or stay to enjoy the coffee with

some actual breakfast options like eggs, hash-browns, and hotcakes to accompany the

coffee.

Now it is hard to say which coffee has the best taste or quality, but Fast Money Trader

Pete Najarian tested all three coffee brands while wearing a blindfold. The brand did not

have an affect on Najarians decison on which was the best coffee, it was purely on taste,

and Najarian drinks about 15 cups of coffee a day, accordding to theCNBC.comarticle.

In the end, he thought that McDonalds had the best cup of coffee, which is very

interesting seeing that McDonalds sell their coffee at the cheapest price compared to

Starbucks and Dunkin' Donuts. McDonalds also has not been in the coffee industry for

that long.

These are the three powerhouse coffee companies, which have a major impact on

coffee-drinkers across the globe. There are other coffee shops around the world that

make their living off consumers thinking coffee is a necessity, but the future of coffee

production might not be too bright.

An Unlikely Villain

Coffee production is still trying to keep up with the amount of demand for coffee in the

world, but there might one problem with coffee production in the future. Producing

coffee is a very in-depth process that requires certain things to happen in order to create

quality coffee beans, one of those things is temperature and rainfall. It is no secret that

coffee grows in certain areas of the world because of their climate, but according the

Union of Concerned Scientists, climate change is already happening and affecting coffee

production around the world. Climate change and global warming is a villain for coffee

production that is hard to defeat.

The UCS says that higher temperatures, drought, and extreme rainfall has made an

affect on production of coffee in many of the major countries, particularly countries that

produce Arabica beans because they require specific conditions to produce. Since

temperature is rising, Arabica beans production could be on the decline in the near

future, India has seen major declines in coffee production from 2002 to 2011, according

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to the UCS. Coffee that people can buy at grocery stores like Folgers and Maxwell House

have increased their prices of coffee by 25 percent in 2011because climate change is

really affecting the Arabica beans in these coffee producing countries.

Ajoint study came out in April of 2015 that predicted for a major decline in Arabica

bean production by the year 2050. Countries like Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, and

Vietnam make up 65 percent of global Arabica bean production, and these countries will

see a huge decline in losing crops unless they change their methods, according to the

study. Pests are more likely to affect these crops with the clear climate change, and

unless countries move some of their coffee producing locations to higher altitudes, than

Arabica bean production could be on the decline.

Coffee farmers are afraid that pests like the coffee berry borer are seen more in warmer

environments, and with the raise in temperature, many crops are vulnerable to other

insects and fungi as well. Climate change will affect coffee beans, coffee farmers, and the

industry in general unless actions are taken to reduce global warming emissions,

according to the Union of Concerned Scientists. The coffee berry borers are small black

beetles, and the female beetles lay their eggs in the coffee cherries. When the eggs hatch

inside the coffee cherry, then they start destroying the beans and the coffee crops lose

many coffee beans because of these tiny, slick black beetles. These insects are the biggest

threat to coffee, along with climate change. According to nationalgeographic.com, these

beetles are the only insects that can handle the drug caffeine. Most other insects cannot

take the bitter of the drug, but these beetles can.

The bug is a problem everywhere now, said Fernando Vega, an entomologist who

studies the coffee killing bug for the USDA and Agricultural Research Service. They

(the bug) are only seen in coffee plants, the beetle only survives on coffee.

The Bug started in Central Africa, and now it is seen in higher elevations, according to

Vega. The only two places that he is uncertain about are China and Nepal, which have

not had any reports about the bug. Vega has started working on a repellent to combat

that bug, the trial run was a success in Hawaii, and now he is going to try out his

repellent at other places.

Another big problem with climate change affecting coffee production is that some

countries that are coffee exporters heavily rely on the coffee industry for their economy.

So countries like, Nicaragua and Burundi use coffee for their main source of revenue will

be in big trouble if they do not find alternative ways to produce efficient coffee beans.

Some farmers have already given up because the weather is having such a negative

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impact on the production of coffee beans. Christian Bunn of Humboldt University in

Berlin predicts that by the year 2050 that coffee will be more of a luxury to drink.

Other developed countries that are leading coffee exporters like Brazil, Vietnam,

Indonesia, and Colombia are also experiencing Arabica bean shortages. But some less

developed countries rely heavily on coffee for their economy, which is why climate

change is having such an effect on so many different countries economies and families.

Starbucks has already made strides in becoming a more sustainable company by

installing Coffee and Farmer Equality (C.A.F.E) which is striving towards a sustainable

coffee farming future. Starbucks cares about the quality of their coffee, and quality of life

for their coffee farmers, which is why the program is around. Coffee farmers are nervous

about the future of the coffee industry because of the climate change, but Starbucks is

trying to insure a bright future for the industry of coffee production.

Climate change is visibly occurring and affecting coffee production, but companies and

countries are noticing. Now, countries and companies need to start taking action before

a serious decline in coffee production occurs. Taking action has to with reducing

greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide, which is also how the world has to reduce climate

change, but this is not a simple task. Temperatures keep rising, more and more rain

keeps pouring, and it seems to get worse year by year.

Coffee is being affected by climate change, but is coffee affecting the body in a negative

way?

Is Coffee Bad For Your Health?

Caffeine is an obvious drug that attract people to coffee to keep them more alert and

awake, but is coffee an unhealthy drink? Over 50 percent of Americans over the age of

18 drink coffee everyday and the average consumption of coffee per day is 3.2 cups as

stated earlier, according to Espresso Business Solutions. 3.2 cups of coffee per day.

According to the USDA, 3.2 cups of coffee equates to about 303.4 milligrams of caffeine,

so are American becoming unhealthy by drinking this amount of coffee per day?

In past, studies have shown that coffee could lead to higher risk for cardiovascular

disease, but Doctor Rob van Dam, a disease and nutritionist a part of Harvard School of

Public Health says that coffee is not bad for your health. He did a study and found that

coffee does not lead to cancer, or cardiovascular disease, this was even the case for

people who drink 48 ounces of coffee a day, which is around six cups of coffee.

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Like stated earlier, coffee is a drug because it has caffeine in it, but coffee has to be one

of drugs with the least amount of negative effects on a person. There are plenty of drugs

out there that have a negative effect on the body and the mind, but coffee is not one of

them unless someone really pushes the envelope by drinking an excessive amount of

caffeine in one sitting. This seems to be a myth amongst society that coffee is known to

be bad for someones health because of sugar,cream, milk, or the flavor shots, but those

are not a necessity to make a cup of coffee. Obviously, a black cup of coffee is the

healthiest, but there is nothing wrong with adding a little cream, milk, or sugar. Flavor

shots from Starbucks have 20 calories per pump, which also is not terrible for ones

health.

In the end, coffee being bad for ones health is not true, but there are obviously ways to

make coffee affect ones body in a negative way. Coffee is a powerhouse drink, but there

are a few serious competitors in the caffeine business with coffee.

Other Sources of the Beloved Drug

Coffee is one of the world's most popular caffeinated drink, but coffee has other caffeine

competitors. Beverages like tea, soda, and energy drinks are other caffeinated beverages

that people drink often. Other than water, tea the most drank beverage in the United

States, but there is not much caffeine in tea, according to the Tea Association of the

United States Inc. In 2014, 3.6 billion gallons of tea was consumed by Americans, 84

percent was black tea, which has about 40 milligrams of caffeine, and 15 percent was

green tea, and a small percentage was other different types of tea. Tea is arguablycoffees biggest rival.

Soda is another competitor of coffee because about one in five Americans drink one soda

per day as of 2014. Soda is not very healthy for consumers because it has many calories,

sugar, and there is not much nutritional value when one drinks soda. Soda used to be

the most consumed beverage in the United States, but as of 2013, water became the

most consumed beverage in the United States.

Energy drinks like Monster and Red Bullare the biggest products in the energy drinkmarket, but they still do not have as much caffeine as Coffee does. A 5-Hour Energy

drink could be considered an energy drink, and that drink has more caffeine than coffee,

but that drink is not a leisure drink.Energy drinks can be dangerousif they are

consumed frequently, but most energy drinks do not have the same amount of caffeine

as coffee.

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http://www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Health_Services/Health_Education/alcohol,_tobacco,_&_other_drugs/energy_drinks.phphttp://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20049372?pg=2http://time.com/3854658/these-are-the-top-5-energy-drinks/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/12/water-popular-beverage-soda-united-states-drink_n_2860523.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/12/water-popular-beverage-soda-united-states-drink_n_2860523.htmlhttp://www.webmd.com/diet/20140814/nearly-1-in-5-americans-drinks-at-least-1-soda-a-day-cdchttp://www.webmd.com/diet/20140814/nearly-1-in-5-americans-drinks-at-least-1-soda-a-day-cdchttp://www.webmd.com/diet/20140814/nearly-1-in-5-americans-drinks-at-least-1-soda-a-day-cdc


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Coffee, tea, soda, and energy drinks are ways that people can get their dose of caffeine

and alertness, but some people do not want to mess with the drug. Caffeine is a drug,

and some people do not want to be so reliable on one thing. Caffeine is not like other

drugs that come to mind, but it is just as addicting because it is a stimulant. Caffeine can

also give consumers headache withdrawal when they go a day without drinking some

form of caffeine. It can also affect sleeping habit enough to take some time off the

amount that people want to sleep at night. Caffeine is also not a necessity for the body,

which is why some people choose not to try the stimulant.

These drinks besides soda are not very cheap either. The drinks are not ridiculously

priced, but coffee prices for example are on the rise because of the demand for coffee in

the United States, which is why some people do not want to spend a lot of money on the

drink. Coffee prices were forecasted to drop this year, but since many of the coffee

producing countries are struggling with producing, coffee prices have risen, and people

have noticed. It seems that at all local Dunkin Donuts, and Starbucks that the price of

coffee goes up every year, while McDonalds just got into the coffee industry so they

have started off pricing their coffee low.

A National Health and Nutrition Survey done by the Centers for Disease Control in

2009 and 2010 found that tap water was the top consumed beverage, followed by

unsweetened water, then milk, and then ground coffee. Soda was a couple spots behind

coffee, and unsweetened tea was far below soda. So although, tea might be the second

most popular caffeinated drink in the world, coffee is the most consumed caffeinated

beverage as of 2010.

These are all different ways that some people get their dose of caffeine, whether it is

from tea, soda, or energy drinks, there is caffeine in these beverages that give people a

boost. People do tend to meet up for tea, but they do not meet up for soda or an energy

drink, people love to exchange ideas or socialize over coffee.

Meet for Coffee?

There are a few things that people agree to meet for, one of them is for an alcoholicdrink of some sort, one of them is for dinner, and the other is for coffee. OnStarbucks

website, one of the company's values includes Creating a culture of warmth and

belonging, where everyone is welcome. Starbucks pushes the idea that their company

offers much more than just a drink, it offers a place to socialize, have business meetings,

reconnect with friends, or just relax.

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Many local coffee shops are thankful for companies like Starbucks, because they opened

the doors to the idea of coffee being a social event in America, instead of just a drink to

start the day. Think about it, not many places other than coffee shops offer free Wi-Fi

because companies want customers to come back, stay, and order another coffee, food,

or bring more friends next time. Coffee shops serve much more than one purpose, it

could be a place where writers generate ideas, where people read, etcetera. Almost any

profession can meet up at a coffee shop and discuss ideas amongst their co-workers and

that is just what the coffee shops wants people to do.

There was even a coffee shop located in North Carolina named First Date Coffee House,

and the two owners of the shop opened the store because they met on a first date at a

coffee shop. Coffee dates are very common among people, and it is a very popular first

date for couples because it is cheap, and usually does not imply too serious of an outing.

People do not get super jazzed up to go on a coffee date, coffee is a casual drink and a

casual date.

Jillian Lynch does not really use coffee as a social experience, she likes to just get her

coffee and move on with her day. Some people drink coffee because they need it start

their day or move on with their day, like Jillian. Everyone drinks coffee for different

reasons, some people like the taste, the warmth, the caffeine kick, or just because it is

part of their daily routine.

Consuming coffee, or going out for coffee is a part of many peoples daily routine, but

what would these frequent coffee consumers like Jillian do if coffee was raised to aridiculously high price? Coffee prices are always fluctuating, but as of late, the prices

seem to be going up annually at local coffee shops and even some of the well-known

coffee giants like Starbucks and Dunkin' Donuts (while McDonalds still offers their cup

of joe with flavor as a hot or cold beverage under $1.50).

Paul Hamilton, the manager at McDonalds on Mendon Road in Cumberland, Rhode

Island feels that if the coffee wasnt good, you couldnt sell it. He jokes and says if the

coffee was bad that they would sell it for 25 cents a cup, but according to Hamilton,

McDonalds stresses the importance of coffee quality because they know they are in avery competitive business.

Even though coffee might not seem to be McDonalds number one cash cow, the

company knows they must make their coffee high quality so people keep coming back

for more. The interesting thing about McDonalds, particularly the one in Cumberland is

that many young people that are still in high school or just out of high school work there.

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These younger people struggled to make the coffee in an efficiently fast manner, and

even threw out many coffees because they were not made right or they messed up. These

employees were not new either, they were just not great baristas. At places like

Starbucks and some other specially coffee shops, the people that work their treat their

job like a craft and master it.

This is where McDonalds struggles in the coffee industry, they do not have any

employees dedicated to just making coffee or they do not hire employees that are gifted

at making coffee.

Coffee could be raised to a high price in the near future, and coffee already is a tad on

the expensive side, especially if people are drinking more than one coffee a day. If coffee

was raised between $5.00 to $10.00 in the next ten years for an average size coffee,

would people still treat the drink as a necessity or would it be a drink for the wealthy?

If coffee prices were raised over $4.00 for a medium iced coffee, that would be too

much for me Jillian said.

The coffee that Jillian buys at school costs $2.70 for a flavored iced coffee that she

makes herself, which is more than a coffee that is made for customers at a local Dunkin

Donuts. A medium iced coffee at Dunkin' Donuts ranges from around $2.50-$2.65.

Starbucks iced coffee coffee is the most expensive out of all of the big coffee companies,

it is almost $3.00 for a 24 ounce flavored iced coffee. If coffee ever reached a point

where it costed over $4.00 for a 24 ounce cup of iced coffee, then Jillian would give upthe drink, but would other addicts do the same?

Looking at the relationship between coffee prices and the consumer might have

similarities with cigarettes and cigarette smokers (obviously, research has proven that

cigarettes are bad for you, but this is just a comparison). When tobacco companies

raised the prices on cigarettes, it reduced the use of cigarettes, according to

treattobacco.net. Cigarettes are addicting like coffee because they have the drug

nicotine, and coffee obviously has caffeine. If the coffee prices were raised to a point

where a person has to spend around $15.00 to $20.00 a day on coffee because they havetwo a day, then the drink would have to become more of luxury.

Even Jillian knows that coffee prices are rising, and that she would save more money if

she did not have to drink coffee. The relationship between coffee and the consumer is

complicated because the consumer believes that they need coffee to get on with their

day, and Jillian is one of those consumers, but even she realizes that coffee is not

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something that should be a necessity to her. Jillian understands that food, water, and

other living expenses are more of a necessity if the price of coffee keeps raising.

The prices of coffee do keep rising and there is no denying that, but Robert (Bob) Austin,

owner and founder of Custom House Coffee in Middletown, Rhode Island does not

seemed to be too worried about the future of the coffee industry. Austin is an easy-going

guy, who loves coffee, and loves good coffee, which is why he opened up the coffee

shop in 2002. The coffee shop is a coffee-drinker's dream with an outside patio area,

Wi-Fi, food and pastries, and most of all high quality specialty coffee.

There is an enormous black and beige beast that cannot go unnoticed inside the shop,

and it was made in Idaho. This beast is a coffee roaster, which Austin had installed right

when the business opened. Austin learned how to roast coffee beans by the creator of

this beast, his name is Steve Diedrich, who is owner and manufacturer of Diedrich

Manufacturing, which is where the roasters were made (there is also one roaster in the

back of the coffee shop that is not seen by customers). People can drink their coffee at

this shop, and watch roasters like Austin roast coffee beans while enjoying their coffee,

pastry, or lunch. .

The process takes between 13 and 18 minutes, and after the roasting is done, they will let

the beans sit for about a day before they start using the beans to make coffee. Each bean

and roast could require different temperatures. They shop was out of Honduran coffee

for the day, so they roasted up some Honduran coffee around noon, and once it reached

417 degrees fahrenheit, the beans experienced the first crack, which means that thebeans are almost done. Once they hit the second crack, then they can start to bag

them.

Every coffee that is brewed has all been roasted in the past couple days, said Austin.

Starbucks beans have been around for a month.

Austin knows that it is hard to compete with coffee shops around Adquindick Island and

franchises like Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts, but he believes that the massive roaster

attracts people to come back to his coffee shop. There is another beast on the side of theroaster, this is the afterburner, which looks like a large generator for when the power

goes out. This machine takes in all the smoke, which is why the roasters can roast coffee

anytime during the day.

Austin is the main coffee-roaster at the shop, but he has other roasters now to help roast

the beans because he cannot be doing everything at one time. Austin was eating a quiche

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at the coffee bar, while the beans were being roasted. Austin explained that they make a

majority of their money from also selling the coffee beans. They had about 20 or so

different crates that looked like they should be on a pirate ship, but instead they held

pounds and pounds of different types of coffee beans. One of the workers was weighing

out coffee beans with a scale, and pouring them into a grey bag once the scale read one

pound. Custom House Coffee is known for their coffee in the Adquindick area, they

supply businesses like Whole Foods, and even Bristol Bagel with their brand of coffee.

Austin certainly does not seem to be worried about the future of the coffee industry, and

according to him, 300 people make their way through the coffee shop everyday, and

even more than that on the weekends. Austin knows that the prices are going up because

of droughts and the beetle that keeps affecting coffee production, but people love

coffee like Austin and Jillian, which is why he is so positive.

Austins coffee of choice is Americano espresso diluted with water, and he believes his

coffee roaster will last 100 years, even though it needs some duct tape to keep it

together. As long as Custom House Coffee is around, the giant machine will be around

as well.

Future of Coffee

Coffee companies, and coffee farmers know that coffee is still one of the most consumed

drinks in the world, and will always have a bright future, but these farmers know that

global warming will have a huge impact on the future of the industry.

Go to any coffee shop in the United States, and look at all the people buying and

consuming coffee, they probably have no idea that the drink they are consuming could

be more of a luxury than necessity in the near future. Ask someone if they know what

the coffee berry borer beetle is that keeps destroying coffee plants across the world. This

is a beetle that has the name coffee in their title, and there is not many people out

there that no about this bug. Spreading awareness about this bug and climate change in

general is the best way to combat the decline in coffee production, according to Vega.

Spreading the word and trying to reduce ones carbon footprint is what any globalwarming expert will say, and these coffee farmers around the world need everyones

help.

Looking around at Dunkin Donuts, Starbucks, and McDonalds one can see many

customers coming in everyday to get their favorite cup of java. They are not thinking

about how much coffee prices will raise in 10 years or about coffee production in

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general. Think about some of the employees at these places; their jobs could be in

jeopardy in the future because the price of coffee is going up. People might need to cut

this drug out of their lives and find other alternatives that have caffeine.

Like stated earlier, some of the biggest coffee exporting countries in the world are Brazil,

Colombia, and Vietnam. There are many other countries that produce coffee, and these

countries need to keep coffee in their economy because it is one of the most

economically rewarding export. Coffee can only grow in certain areas with certain

temperatures, and if climate keeps changing, then so will the consistency of coffee

production.

In the movie Caffeinated, there was a scene where a movie followed a farm in

Guatemala that relies on this product to make money for their families. In some

countries, the whole family works on the coffee farm and picks the coffee cherries, so

think about all those families out there that would struggle if the climate keeps getting

worse and this beetle keeps destroying so many plants.

The good news is that people have identified that there is a problem, so now people have

to find a solution. Vega said he was working on a repellent that will hopefully show some

promise in stopping the beetle, but getting a grip on rise in temperature is the real

concern. Stopping climate change by being more sustainable is what any expert will tell

people, but it is much easier said than done because the temperatures keep rising and

nothing is stopping that.

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the Earth's average

temperature has gone up by 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit over the past century, and it is

projected to rise another 0.5 to 8.6 degrees Fahrenheit in a 100 years.

Climate change has become a problem around the world for everyone, many industries,

and the worlds well-being. People need to start caring about their carbon footprint and

educating themselves about climate change, that is how people can start to find some

solutions, through education. Global warming has started to have an affect on many

things around the world, and coffee production is another victim that sometimes getsoverlooked.

People like Jillian drink their coffee everyday because it is a part of their routine and

because it she has developed a need for the drug inside the coffee. If coffee became

extinct or too expensive, there are alternatives out there like teas, soda, energy drinks,

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and even chocolate has some caffeine. The healthiest alternative would be tea, but there

is not that much caffeine in tea.

Jillian said that as long as she has the drink in her hand she feels ready to go, so if coffee

was not an option for her anymore she would find drink iced tea, soda, or energy drinks

to get the caffeine in her system. Jillian has built a relationship with the drink that is

complicated because she will stick with coffee until the drink gets to a price that is far

too high for her liking.

The coffee industry is going to be confusing over the next 10 to 20 years. The study that

came out in April of 2015 predicted that by the year 2050, Arabica bean production will

go down, and the coffee will become a necessity more than a luxury. So if that study

becomes correct, how will the coffee industry look? Many coffee companies now are

trying to offer the best cup of coffee for a low price because popular money-making

coffee giants like Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts offer an expensive cup of coffee. Some

coffee companies offer great deals on coffee today, but in the future will these companies

still stick to their cheap prices and high quality of coffee?

Jillians favorite place to get a cup of java is from the Daily Harvest Cafe, which is in her

hometown of Danvers. She prefers their coffee over any other coffee out there, but the

prices have been going up and up as years go on. She has seen that her local coffee shop

keeps raising the prices, and she is not really happy about it. Once she is out of school,

she knows that coffee will have a big affect on her bank account when she is living on her

own.

As the prices of coffee keep rising, people are going to have to get used to paying more

for their beloved drink, switch to alternative sources of caffeine, or be cut caffeine from

their diet. Looking in the library at Roger William University, one can see more than a

handful of students with coffees, energy drinks, or coffee mugs, but one can also see

many students without any sort of beverage. People can function without caffeine in

their lives, and sometimes caffeine does not have an affect on some people because of

their genes, according to a study done by Harvard School of Public Health and Brigham

and Womens Hospital researchers. So this study showed that some people are affectedby caffeine more than others. Some people are not affected by caffeine at all and

function throughout the day without a hint of caffeine.

People that do not drink coffee or use any caffeine still function fine without the drug.

Jillian finds it crazy that some people do not consume any caffeine at all.

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Stephanie Jamieson, a senior a Roger Williams University does not drink coffee or

consume any caffeine throughout the day, she has not had coffee at all during her time

at Roger Williams University. She says that her parents do not even drink coffee either,

which is interesting because Jillians mom was the reason that Jillian tried coffee.

Coffee will always have a place in families, in American society, and around the world.

Just because coffee might become more of a luxury than a necessity in the future does

not mean that people should not enjoy the rich cup of java that some coffee shops have

to offer. Some coffee shops take their beverage very seriously and try to make the drink

the cup that changes someone's life or makes someone a coffee drinker.

Coffee drinkers come in all shapes, sizes, and from different cultures and places around

the world. Jillian is one of the many coffee drinkers that has been affected by the rise of

prices. When telling her that workers spend around $1,100 on coffee every year, her

faced turned red because she realized that she spends a lot more than that because she

has more than one coffee a day.

The United States is the world's largest coffee consumer and global consumption is close

to 1.6 billion cups a day, according to Food Industry News, which is crazy to think about.

America and the world loves coffee. Workers drink coffee to start their day, people drink

their coffee while socializing, or people drink coffee and treat it as a dessert. People have

their reasons for drinking this beloved beverage. Coffee has made such an impact on

society in America and around the globe, it is a part of culture around the world, so it is

hard to think about coffee becoming a drink only for the privileged in the future.

Jillian knows that coffee prices are on the rise and are not going down anytime soon. If

the drink became too much money for her, she said she would switch over to another

beverage with caffeine. Other people that are addicted to the drug caffeine would

probably do the same. That is the thing, caffeine like any other drug has users and

people that have withdrawals from the drug are going to want to find the drug in some

form so they can get on with their day. Some people might cut caffeine out of their diet if

prices of coffee get too high, but some people are going to feed the addiction with other

beverages like Jillian.

It seems that there is always a new Dunkin Donuts going up in New England, and drive

thrus are always jam-packed because people need their daily fix, and it is hard to

imagine that this will ever change, but it could. Climate change is not going anywhere,

so the battle between climate change and coffee production will be a battle that coffee

production will not win unless there are changes made to stop global warming.

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For now, people are drinking their coffee without thinking about the future, and Jillian

is one of them, just enjoying her cup of java not thinking about the future of her

favorites and needed beverage.

Jillian loves coffee, and her relationship with coffee is strong, but there might be a time

where Jillian and coffee have to part ways, and she is prepared to make changes if that

day comes.

(If coffee was not an option anymore) I would still try to get caffeine from other drinks

like soda or energy drinks, and my morning routine would probably switch to iced tea

Jillian said. I do not think I could go a day without caffeine.

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"Beer Soup for the Overcaffeinated Soul."ArtsBeat. N.p., 29 Feb. 2008. Web. 29 Oct.

2015.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, 21 Oct. 2015. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

Chan, Amanda L. "Water Is Now Most Popular Beverage In U.S., Knocking Soda Off TopSpot." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

"Climate Change Effects On Coffee Production: How Hotter Weather Is Killing TheGlobal Arabica Bean Market."International Business Times. N.p., 01 May 2015.Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

"Coffee and Climate: What's Brewing with Climate Change?" Union of ConcernedScientists. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

"Coffee in Crisis: The Bitter End of Our Favourite Drink?"BBC. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct.2015.

Coffee: World Markets and Trade. Place of Publication Not Identified: Bibliogov, 2013.Web.

"DUNKIN' DONUTS INTRODUCES NEW OREO AND CHIPS AHOY! FLAVOREDICED COFFEES AND COOLATTA FROZEN BEVERAGES."DUNKIN' DONUTSINTRODUCES NEW OREO AND CHIPS AHOY! FLAVORED ICED COFFEESAND COOLATTA FROZEN BEVERAGES. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

"Energy Drinks."Energy Drinks. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

Field, Richard. "Interview with Richard Field." Personal interview.

"Higher Cigarette Prices Reduce Cigarette Smoking by Decreasing Smoking Prevalenceand Reducing..."Higher Cigarette Prices Reduce Cigarette Smoking by DecreasingSmoking Prevalence and Reducing...N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

"History of Coffee."National Coffee Association USA About Coffee. N.p., n.d. Web. 29Oct. 2015.

"How Coffee Loves Us Back."Harvard Gazette. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

"How Vietnam Became a Coffee Giant - BBC News."BBC News. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct.2015.

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"Is Coffee Bad for You?" Time. Time, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

"It Can Only Be Dunkin'"DunkinDonuts.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

Jamieson, Stephanie, Interview with Stephanie Jamieson. Personal interview.

"A Java Loving Trader Picks the Best Coffee Stock." CNBC. N.p., 26 July 2015. Web. 29Oct. 2015.

Lynch, Jillian. "Interview with Jillian Lynch." Personal interview.

Massard, Paul. "Interview with Paul Massard." Telephone interview.

"Mission Statement."Starbucks Coffee Company. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

"More Cola Than Juice: America's Favorite Beverages."DataLab

. N.p., 05 Nov. 2014.Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

"Nearly 1 in 5 Americans Drinks at Least 1 Soda a Day: CDC WebMD." WebMD.WebMD, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

"Nutrition and Healthy Eating." Caffeine Content for Coffee, Tea, Soda and More. N.p.,n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

Ovalle-Rivera, Oriana, Peter Lderach, Christian Bunn, Michael Obersteiner, and GtzSchroth. "Projected Shifts in Coffea Arabica Suitability among Major GlobalProducing Regions Due to Climate Change."PLOS ONE PLoS ONE10.4 (2015): n.pag. Web.

"The Roasterie." The Pilots Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

"These Are the Top 5 Energy Drinks." Time. Time, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

"Will the Real Juan Valdez Please Stand Up?"Smithsonian. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct.2015.

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Coffee is Complicated