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Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Chapter 7
Piaget’s Theory: Schemes
• Psychological structures• Organized ways of making sense of
experience• Change with age
– Action-based (motor patterns) at first
– Later move to a mental (thinking) level
Building Schemes
• Adaptation– Building schemes
• Assimilation– Using current schemes
to interpret external world
• Accommodation– Adjusting old schemes
and creating new ones to better fit environment
Using Assimilation and Accommodation
• Equilibrium and Disequilibrium– Use assimilation
during equilibrium– Disequilibrium
prompts accommodation
• Organization– Internal rearranging
and linking schemes
Sensorimotor Stage
• Birth to 2 years• Building schemes
through sensory and motor exploration
• Circular reactions
Object Permanence• Understanding that objects
continue to exist when out of sight
• According to Piaget, develops in Substage 4.
• Incomplete at first:
A-not-B Error
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjBh9ld_yIo
Mental Representations
• Internal, mental depictions of objects, people, events, information–Can manipulate with
mind–Allow deferred imitation
and make-believe play
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMwqMuRtGDs
Deferred Imitation
• Piaget: Develops about 18 months
• Newer research: – Present at 6 weeks – facial
imitation– 6 – 9 months – copy actions with
objects– 12 – 14 months – imitate
rationally– 18 months – imitate intended,
but not completed, actions
Three Theories of Language Development
BehavioristLearned through operant conditioning (reinforcement) and imitation
Nativist
Inborn Language Acquisition Device (LAD) biologically prepares infants to learn rules of language.
Interactionist
Inner capacities and environment work together; Social context is important.
Getting Ready to Talk
• First speech sounds– Cooing– Babbling
• Becoming a communicator– Joint attention– Give- and-take– Preverbal gestures
Starting to Talk
• First Words– Underextension– Overextension
• Two-Word Utterances– Telegraphic
Speech
Individual Differences in Language Development
• Environment– Child Directed
Speech• Gender• Personality• Language Style
– Referential– Expressive
• Language Delay
Supporting Early Language Learning
Infants
•Respond to coos and babbles•Establish and respond to joint attention•Play social games
Toddlers
•Play make-believe together•Have frequent conversations•Read to toddlers often. Talk about the books