Cognitive ProcessesPSY 334

Chapter 11 – Language Structure

June 2, 2003

Judgments of Probability

Subjects match the Bayesian objective probabilities when making choices with feedback: Gluck & Bower diagnoses match

predictions Subjects overestimate when asked to

explicitly estimate frequencies of symptoms.

Behavior but not conscious judgment corresponds to Bayes theorem.

Subjective Utility

Subject choices are not well predicted by utility theory.

The value placed on money does not correspond to its face value $8 is worth 2 times as much as $3, not

2.67 times as much Utility curve is steeper in the loss

function than in the gain Loss of $10 weighted more strongly than

gain of $10

Chance, Luck & Superstition

We tend to see more structure than may exist: Avoidance of chance as an explanation Conspiracy theories Illusory correlation – distinctive pairings are

more accessible to memory. Results of studies are expressed as

probabilities. The “person who” is frequently more

convincing than a statistical result.

Linguistics

Linguistics – studies the structure of natural language.

Psycholinguistics – studies the way people process natural language.

Linguistics focuses on: Productivity – an infinite number of

utterances are possible in any language. Regularity – utterances are systematic in

many ways.

Grammar

Words can be combined into trillions of novel sentences, but not randomly. From runners physicians prescribing a

states joy rests what thought most. Grammar is a set of rules that generates

acceptable sentences and rejects unacceptable ones.

Three Kinds of Grammar

Syntax – word order and inflection (where emphasis is placed). Did hit the girl the boys?

Semantics – meaning of sentences. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. Sincerity frightened the cat.

Phonology – sound structure of sentences (pronunciation).

Prescriptive vs Descriptive

Linguistic intuition – speakers can make judgments about utterances without knowing the explicit rules.

Ambiguities: They are cooking apples – structural. I am going to the bank – lexical.

Everyday speech (performance) does not conform to linguistic theory (competence).

Phrase Structure

Important to both linguistics and psychology of language processing.

Phrase structure – the hierarchical division of the sentence into phrases. Verb phrase Noun phrase

Rewrite rules – rules for generating sentences out of the parts.

Pauses

When people produce sentences, they generate a phrase at a time. Pauses occur at the boundaries of

phrases. Pauses are longer at boundaries of major

phrases compared to minor ones. Pauses occur at the smallest level above

the word that bundles coherent semantic information (meaning).

Speech Errors

Errors show the reality of phrase structure. When people repeat themselves they tend

to repeat or correct a whole phrase. Anticipation – an early phoneme is

changed to a later phoneme (toin coss) Occurs within a phrase – 13% across

phrases Word errors can occur across phrases –

83%

Transformations

Some constructions seem to violate phrase hierarchy: Whom is the dog chasing down the street? The dog is chasing whom down the street?

A transformational grammar has been proposed which hypothesizes a deep structure that guides such violations. This idea about grammar is controversial.