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Cold War: 1945-1991. Cold War: State of hostility between the United States and the USSR Escalation and De-escalation throughout Characterized by US’s hatred of communism and USSR’s desire to spread communism Led to brink of war. Korea. The situation in Korea…. Japan took over in 1910 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Cold War: 1945-1991
• Cold War: State of hostility between the United States and the USSR
• Escalation and De-escalation throughout
• Characterized by US’s hatred of communism and USSR’s desire to spread communism
• Led to brink of war
The situation in Korea…
• Japan took over in 1910• End of WWII-Japanese troops North of
38th parallel surrendered to USSR, south of 38th surrendered to US
• Two nations developed– Republic of Korea (ROK)- “South Korea”-
Rhee, Seoul– Democratic People’s Republic of Korea-
“North Korea”- Kim Il Sung, Pyongyang
North Koreans cross the 38th parallel- June 25, 1950
Korean War Summary
1) June 25th, 1950- NK cross 38th parallel, SK/US limited to Pusan
2) Sept-Oct 1950- Inchon- back to 38th parallel, recaptures Seoul
3) Oct-Nov 1950- US pushes North to Yalu River
4) Nov-Dec 1950- Chinese push US back to 38th Parallel
5) 1951-53- Stalemate- 38th parallel (Armistice signed in 1953)
The Space Race-US vs. USSR
• Arms race turned into technology race and space race
• Sputnik- first unmanned artificial satellite-(Oct 1957) USSR
• US response– Jan 1958-Explorer I
• July 20, 1969-US put first men on the moon
Arms Race: Bomb Timeline
• 1945- US- atomic bomb
• 1949- USSR- atomic bomb
• Nov 1952- US- hydrogen bomb
• August 1953- USSR- hydrogen bomb
• US vs. USSR-in competition to build nuclear arsenal
• Escalation!
CUBA
Cuba
• Castro took control of Cuban gov’t in 1959 and relied heavily on Soviet aid
• Enemy of US-wants him out of power
Bay of Pigs Invasion- April 1961
• Set up by Eisenhower, JFK inherited• US hoped invasion would trigger uprising
against Castro• US covert action (trained Cuban exiles)• 1400 Cuban exiles against 20,000 Cuban troops
US Failure• ResultsUS failed and humiliated• Castro strengthened• Contributes to Khrushchev’s decision to
build Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall
• West Berlin=showcase for democracy• Khrushchev reactsstarts the night between the
12th & 13th of August 1961(completed with/in days)- surrounds entire city of West Berlin
• Wall constructedGuard towers were installed, and “no-man’s-land” between inner and outer walls was mined and booby-trapped.
• Almost impossible for E. Germans to escape to W. Berlin without being killed or captured.
• Became most famous symbol of Cold War. (Torn down in 89)
Cuban Missile Crisis Background
• Khrushchev promised to defend Cuba with nuclear arms• Nuclear bases being built in Cuba (U-2)• Oct 22, 1962- JFK announces Soviet missile sights in
Cuba- stand off begins• Neither side willing to concede• World stood on brink of all-out nuclear war for nearly 2
weeks.• Result: Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles if
the United States ended the blockade. • Kennedy quickly agreed and offered to remove from
American warheads in Turkey aimed at the USSR.• Washington and Moscow agree to install “hotline”
between capitals
Vietnam War
Ike’s Domino Theory
Geneva Accords• 17th Parallel
• Ho Chi Minh in North, capital Hanoi
• Nationalists in South: Diem, capital Saigon
• 1956 to have an election to unify the country
War in the Jungle• US thinks advanced weapons = win
• Vietcong: hit and run/ambush attacks/ knowledge of the jungle
• No frontline
• Enemy among civilian population, didn’t know who the enemy was
• Countless booby traps/land mines
• Heat, leaches, bugs
• Began assembly during war w/ Fr
• Connected villages throughout the countryside, home to guerrilla fighters
• Inside: ate, slept, stored arms, built land mines, treated wounded
Ho Chi Minh Trail• Minh supplies
arms to Vietcong
• guerrilla warfare
• S. Vietnam more unstable
Campaign “Hearts and Minds”
• To win “Hearts and Minds” of S. Vietnamese
• Ended up hurting rural population• Napalm: gasoline-based bomb set
fire to the jungle• Agent Orange: leaf-killing toxic
chemical that devastated the landscape
Napalm Attack
Agent Orange
Agent Orange Victims, 1999
1976 – Postwar • Ho Chi Minh City
(formerly Saigon)
• Comm takeover; Saigon is renamed to Ho Chi Minh City.
• Vietnam's most populous city remained unstable under Communist rule.
Khmer Rouge• US invasion of Cambodia
created civil war
• Communist grp: Khmer Rouge1975 wanted to transform country to a peasant society, executed gov’t officials/academics, believed to kill 2million Cambodians
The End of the Cold War-1980’s
• Causes:
• 1. Information Age
• 2. Global Democratization-(# of new democracies grew 5X btw 1950-2000
• 3. Travelers from the West
• 4. World Leaders
RONALD REAGAN – 40th President of U.S. (1981-89)
SDI (“Star Wars”)
• USSR=“Evil Empire”
• Increased military spending
• Strategic Defense Initiative- missiles defense system
The Reagan Doctrine
• Put pressure on USSR to give up its “evil empire”
• U.S. pledges support to any national groups interested in protecting their governments from Communist takeover
Mikhail Gorbachev – Gen. Party Secy (1985-1991)
1st SovietLeader Born afterRussianRevolution
Gorbachev’s Plan
• “perestroika” – a restructuring of the Soviet economy
• “glasnost” -openness
BOTH LEADERS-PRAGMATIC
Note the Time Background…What do you see?
And they do three times….
Making agreements to disarm over time
1) Geneva Summit (85)
2) Reykjavik Summit (86)
3) INF Treaty (87) – first arms reduction treaty
World Leaders Play a Role
• Reagan Gorbachev Margaret Thatcher (PM of GB)
• Lech Walesa Deng Xiopiang Pope John Paul II
Solidarity Mvmt.
Early Revolutions in E. EuropeIron Curtain Remains
• 56-Poland-unsuccessful
• 56-Hungary-unsuccessful
• 68-Czech-unsuccessful
Democracy Sweeps Through Eastern Europe
• POLAND
• CZECHOSLOVAKIA
• GERMANY
• ROMANIA
• BULGARIA
• HUNGARY
Why?
1) Decades of patient containment by NATO
2) Economic Burden of Arms Race
3) Glasnost and Perestroika
4) Presence of underground student movements
1989
• Soviets invade Afghanistan in 79-leave in 89
• May 89-Hungary-May 1989-Dismantled barbed wire fence along Austrian border-E. Germans fled to W. through Hungary.
• Aug. 89-Under Lech Valesa-First ever non-communist post-WWII gov’t takes charge in Poland
JUNE 12, 1987
Reagan at B. Wall:“Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall……” Nov 9, 1989- the Berlin Wall fell
East Germany
1960 1970 1980
Truman Eisenhower
Stalin Khrushchev
Kennedy Johnson
Brezhnev
Nixon Ford Carter
Andropov
Chernenko
Gorbachev
ReaganBushSr.
1950-1953
TheKorean
War
Oct 1962
CubanMissileCrisis
1964 – 1973
American MilitaryInvolvementIn Vietnam
1956
HungarianUprising
1961
BerlinWallBuilt
1968
PragueSpring:
Czechoslovakia
1980-81
SolidarityIn Poland
1989
Collapse ofCommunismIn Eastern
Europe
1991 Collapse of Soviet Union
1950-1953 Korean War
1962 Cuban Missile
Crisis
1979-1990s War in Afghanistan:The Afghan gov’t supported by
Soviet Forces in fight against US-backed guerrilla fighters
1965-1973 Vietnam War
1960s-1980sIn Central & South America the USA supported anti-
Communist regimes (e.g.
General Pinochet in Chile). The USSR
supported Communist rebels
1967-1980s: Israel supported by the US gov’t in Middle East
conflict w/ Arabs. The USSR supported the Palestinians & Arab
states
1956-1989: USSR
encounters communist
protests from Eastern Bloc
countries
USSR-soon split into 15 republics-The Commonwealth of Independent States (Dec. 25, 1991)-USSR is DISSOLVED!
End of the Soviet Union
End of Communism?
Also in 1989…
Cultural Revolution
• Cultural Revolution: 1966-goal to est. a proletarian society
• Many left classrooms and formed Red Guard• No individual or institution was safe from attack• Colleges shut down• Lashed out against anyone with special
privileges-1,000’s of casualties• Factories closed, and farm production declined• Went too far-Red Guards shut down
Spring 1989
• Students began demonstration in Tiananmen Square in Beijing- demanding more freedom and rights
• Brought on by Deng Xiaoping’s economic liberalization
• Immediately caused by death of more liberal leader, Hu Yaobang
• Gorbachev visited mid-May, praised by Chinese students (foreign press)
June 1989
• Deng cracked down against protestors• Machine guns fired into crowds, tanks
charged into square• Exact number of deaths unknown• Bush response: Condemned Deng,
suspended military sales to China, cut off normal relations with China; but behind the scenes still maintained relations with China
So why was China different than Europe?
• There had long been an underground in Europe, dissidents new in China
• Europe = workers rebelling, China= elite students rebelling
• Differences in Gorbachev and Deng
With the Cold War Over
• 1945-1991-Cold War dictated Foreign Policy
• At the same time Post WWI-attention will be on the Middle East as America becomes more dependent on oil.