Cold WarCold War

1945-19911945-1991

Eisenhower and KennedyEisenhower and Kennedy

EisenhowerEisenhowerPromised a change from Promised a change from Containment which he felt was a Containment which he felt was a form of Appeasement: elected in form of Appeasement: elected in 1952, served two terms, with 1952, served two terms, with Nixon as Vice-PresidentNixon as Vice-President

A passionate anti Communist; A passionate anti Communist; iinfluenced by his Sec. of State, nfluenced by his Sec. of State, Dulles: he proposed Dulles: he proposed Roll Back Roll Back ((more aggressive / like McArthur more aggressive / like McArthur in Koreain Korea) ) over Containment over Containment

He was also very concerned with He was also very concerned with the huge military budget (NSC-the huge military budget (NSC-68 / $50b +) and hoped to balance 68 / $50b +) and hoped to balance the overall budgetthe overall budget

Eisenhower turned to a Eisenhower turned to a New LookNew Look military policy - military policy - rather than depending on costly armies and navies to rather than depending on costly armies and navies to fight limited wars as Truman did, he cut back on fight limited wars as Truman did, he cut back on Conventional Military Forces Conventional Military Forces

Reduced army by 500,000 soldiers, reduced navy by Reduced army by 500,000 soldiers, reduced navy by 100,000 sailors, increased air force by 30,000, and 100,000 sailors, increased air force by 30,000, and increased the stock pile of nuclear weapons / Atomic increased the stock pile of nuclear weapons / Atomic bombs bombs

The new defense plan would save about $4b a year, The new defense plan would save about $4b a year, thereby providing "a bigger bang for the buck,"thereby providing "a bigger bang for the buck,"

He supported circling the USSR and China with more and He supported circling the USSR and China with more and more US military bases / acquire more allies. By the end of more US military bases / acquire more allies. By the end of the decade, Dulles had worked out mutual defense treaties the decade, Dulles had worked out mutual defense treaties with 43 countries around the globe. with 43 countries around the globe.

With a smaller army and navy, and reliance on air force / With a smaller army and navy, and reliance on air force / atomic bombs, this called for atomic bombs, this called for Massive RetaliationMassive Retaliation (rather (rather than small wars) against Communist aggression / attempted than small wars) against Communist aggression / attempted expansion expansion

The prospect of The prospect of Massive RetaliationMassive Retaliation would make the would make the Communists think twice before being aggressive / Communists think twice before being aggressive / expandingexpanding

But the policy of But the policy of Massive RetaliationMassive Retaliation was dangerous – was dangerous – put the US in the position of having to use nuclear put the US in the position of having to use nuclear weapons / start nuclear or war, or in the position of doing weapons / start nuclear or war, or in the position of doing nothing – all or nothingnothing – all or nothing

It would be difficult, given the lack of conventional It would be difficult, given the lack of conventional forces, to take the middle ground – conventional war (as forces, to take the middle ground – conventional war (as in Korea) in Korea)

Critics said that it created a policy of Critics said that it created a policy of BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship, , going to the brink of war / threatening, but then usually going to the brink of war / threatening, but then usually pulling back, doing nothing – limiting US options for pulling back, doing nothing – limiting US options for responseresponse

Eisenhower, however was a realist - knew that nuclear war Eisenhower, however was a realist - knew that nuclear war would be destructive. would be destructive.

Roll Back Roll Back was more election rhetoric than reality: though was more election rhetoric than reality: though rejecting rejecting ContainmentContainment in his election campaign, he in his election campaign, he ultimately pursued Truman’s policy of Containment ultimately pursued Truman’s policy of Containment (Eisenhower did not try to Roll Back North Korea – (Eisenhower did not try to Roll Back North Korea – approved of the Treaty / 38approved of the Treaty / 38thth parallel); never used Nuclear parallel); never used Nuclear Weapons; only threatened to use them twice; against North Weapons; only threatened to use them twice; against North Korea and ChinaKorea and China

Unlike Truman, he tried to engage in Unlike Truman, he tried to engage in DétenteDétente – a – a relaxation of Cold War tensions, esp. by finding ways to relaxation of Cold War tensions, esp. by finding ways to compromise on the build up of nuclear weapons…started compromise on the build up of nuclear weapons…started first talks with Soviets since Potsdam and the first ever first talks with Soviets since Potsdam and the first ever talks with Communist Chinatalks with Communist China

A few weeks after Stalin’s death, he made his famous A few weeks after Stalin’s death, he made his famous ""Chance for PeaceChance for Peace" speech, inviting friendlier relations " speech, inviting friendlier relations with the USSR – took advantage of the fact that Stalin with the USSR – took advantage of the fact that Stalin had died and that the new leader, Khrushchev, could not had died and that the new leader, Khrushchev, could not be as intransigent be as intransigent

He spoke of the high costs of the cold war - money spent He spoke of the high costs of the cold war - money spent on nuclear weapons could be used to end poverty (guns on nuclear weapons could be used to end poverty (guns vs butter argument). Called on USSR to come to talks vs butter argument). Called on USSR to come to talks about nuclear disarmament. about nuclear disarmament.

In Dec. 1953 Eisenhower carried his appeal to the UN. In Dec. 1953 Eisenhower carried his appeal to the UN. There he proposed an "There he proposed an "atoms for peaceatoms for peace" plan in which " plan in which the USSR and US would contribute radioactive materials the USSR and US would contribute radioactive materials to a stockpile for peaceful uses.to a stockpile for peaceful uses.

But as he made these proposals, US scientists continued But as he made these proposals, US scientists continued with their atomic research and on March 1, 1954, the US with their atomic research and on March 1, 1954, the US tested the biggest H bomb ever - the equivalent of 15m tested the biggest H bomb ever - the equivalent of 15m tons of TNT - nicknamed Bravo. tons of TNT - nicknamed Bravo.

The massive explosion in the South Pacific, at Bikini The massive explosion in the South Pacific, at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands, created a radioactive cloud Atoll in the Marshall Islands, created a radioactive cloud that rained deadly silver ash on 7,000 sq miles of ocean that rained deadly silver ash on 7,000 sq miles of ocean waters and islands – its power alarmed world leaders waters and islands – its power alarmed world leaders

Finally in late 1954, USA and USSR agreed that their Finally in late 1954, USA and USSR agreed that their leaders should meet in 1955 - the first face-to-face leaders should meet in 1955 - the first face-to-face meeting of leaders since Potsdam in 1945meeting of leaders since Potsdam in 1945

Met in Met in Geneva, SwitzerlandGeneva, Switzerland. . Eisenhower proposed nuclear Eisenhower proposed nuclear disarmament and disarmament and "open skies "open skies verification"verification" to create accountability to create accountability (aerial inspection of each others (aerial inspection of each others sites / bases)sites / bases)

Khrushchev dismissed Khrushchev dismissed Open Skies Open Skies Verification - Verification - nothing came of the nothing came of the summit, but at least the two super summit, but at least the two super powers had begun to talk again powers had begun to talk again

There seemed to be a spirit of There seemed to be a spirit of goodwillgoodwill - "spirit of Geneva - "spirit of Geneva“ – and “ – and the agreed to meet again later….this the agreed to meet again later….this was the first was the first DétentDétente – relaxing of e – relaxing of Cold War tensionsCold War tensions

Through the rest of 1955 and into 1956, the Cold War Through the rest of 1955 and into 1956, the Cold War seemed to be thawing / deicing - back in the USSR, seemed to be thawing / deicing - back in the USSR, Khrushchev, in Feb. 1956, openly condemned “Stalin’s Khrushchev, in Feb. 1956, openly condemned “Stalin’s crimes against the Soviet people” (gave the US hope that crimes against the Soviet people” (gave the US hope that he was different from Stalin). he was different from Stalin).

Moreover, he stated that Capitalists and Communism Moreover, he stated that Capitalists and Communism might be able to live together peacefully / “peacefully co-might be able to live together peacefully / “peacefully co-exist” and even declared that the Soviets might tolerate exist” and even declared that the Soviets might tolerate different kinds of Communism (China) – different from different kinds of Communism (China) – different from Stalin’s Two Worlds SpeechStalin’s Two Worlds Speech

But events in But events in HungaryHungary shattered shattered DétentDétente and the Geneva e and the Geneva Spirit Spirit

New Prime Minister of Hungary, Imre New Prime Minister of Hungary, Imre Nagy, inspired by Khrushchev's Nagy, inspired by Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalin, announced that denunciation of Stalin, announced that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact, Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact, hold free elections, and called for hold free elections, and called for Soviet troops to evacuate the countrySoviet troops to evacuate the country

The Soviets responded with force. On The Soviets responded with force. On Nov 4, 1956, they sent 200,000 troops Nov 4, 1956, they sent 200,000 troops and 2,500 – 4,000 tanks into Budapest and 2,500 – 4,000 tanks into Budapest to put down an anti-Communist to put down an anti-Communist uprising of students and workers: uprising of students and workers: 30,000 – 50,000 Hungarians killed; 30,000 – 50,000 Hungarians killed; thousands forced into exilethousands forced into exile

Clearly the Cold War was far from over. Clearly the Cold War was far from over.

And the weaknesses of Roll Back and of Massive And the weaknesses of Roll Back and of Massive Retaliation were exposed; the US had encouraged Nagy, Retaliation were exposed; the US had encouraged Nagy, and the student protests, but now stood, doing nothing to and the student protests, but now stood, doing nothing to stop the Soviet invasion and attacksstop the Soviet invasion and attacks

Events in Hungary put an end to the "Spirit of Geneva".Events in Hungary put an end to the "Spirit of Geneva".

Any hopes of slowing the arms race fizzled out Any hopes of slowing the arms race fizzled out completely in 1957 when the Soviets tested their first completely in 1957 when the Soviets tested their first successful intercontinental ballistic missile (successful intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBMICBM), a ), a long range missile carrying a nuclear warhead. long range missile carrying a nuclear warhead.

Again, in Oct. 1957, the Soviets shocked the US when Again, in Oct. 1957, the Soviets shocked the US when they launched they launched SputnikSputnik, the first ever satellite to orbit the , the first ever satellite to orbit the earth.earth.

They had forged ahead in the Nuclear Arms Race and in They had forged ahead in the Nuclear Arms Race and in the emerging Space Race – it seemed that the Soviets the emerging Space Race – it seemed that the Soviets had a clear advantage in science and technologyhad a clear advantage in science and technology

The US was shocked by advanced Soviet technology - The US was shocked by advanced Soviet technology - US felt there was a “missile gap”US felt there was a “missile gap”

As a result of ICBM and Sputnik the arms race As a result of ICBM and Sputnik the arms race intensified. Eisenhower’s responseintensified. Eisenhower’s response

– increased the funding for missiles development by $1b a year increased the funding for missiles development by $1b a year

– Launched the National Aeronautics and Space Admin (NASA) Launched the National Aeronautics and Space Admin (NASA) to develop missiles, satellites to develop missiles, satellites

– expanded the B-52 bomber fleet, built submarines outfitted expanded the B-52 bomber fleet, built submarines outfitted with nuclear missiles, sent more short range missiles to with nuclear missiles, sent more short range missiles to European basesEuropean bases

– huge investment in education / science and engineering, huge investment in education / science and engineering, through the through the National Defense and Education ActNational Defense and Education Act of 1958 of 1958

Budgetary concerns were now set aside – the USSR Budgetary concerns were now set aside – the USSR could not be allowed to lead in the Nuclear Arms Race could not be allowed to lead in the Nuclear Arms Race or the Space Race or the Space Race

US regained some confidence / caught up / closed the US regained some confidence / caught up / closed the gap when it launched its own satellite and developed its gap when it launched its own satellite and developed its own ICBM in 1958own ICBM in 1958

Yet, Eisenhower regretted that he had created a Yet, Eisenhower regretted that he had created a powerful powerful military-industrialmilitary-industrial combination / complex (or combination / complex (or military-education-industrial combination military-education-industrial combination)) that could that could have an "unwarranted influence" in promoting war have an "unwarranted influence" in promoting war

Nuclear Arms RaceNuclear Arms Race

US – atomic bomb, 1945US – atomic bomb, 1945

USSR – atomic bomb, 1949USSR – atomic bomb, 1949

US – H bomb, 1952US – H bomb, 1952

USSR – H bomb, 1953USSR – H bomb, 1953

USSR – 1957 – ICBM and SatelliteUSSR – 1957 – ICBM and Satellite

USA – 1958 – ICBM and SatelliteUSA – 1958 – ICBM and Satellite

Space RaceSpace Race

Space RaceSpace Race

1957: Soviets - satellite – Sputnik 1957: Soviets - satellite – Sputnik

1958: US starts its space program with opening of 1958: US starts its space program with opening of NASA – develops its own satelliteNASA – develops its own satellite

1961: Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin makes history 1961: Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin makes history when he becomes the first man in outer spacewhen he becomes the first man in outer space

1961: US astronaut Alan Shepherd becomes the first 1961: US astronaut Alan Shepherd becomes the first American in spaceAmerican in space

1961: Pres. Kennedy commits the US to sending a 1961: Pres. Kennedy commits the US to sending a man to the moon and back by the end of the decademan to the moon and back by the end of the decade

1961: Soviets are the first to send a man in complete 1961: Soviets are the first to send a man in complete orbit of the earthorbit of the earth1962: US / John Glen become the first American to 1962: US / John Glen become the first American to orbit the earthorbit the earth1965: USSR are the first to have a man walk in space / 1965: USSR are the first to have a man walk in space / outside of air craftoutside of air craft1969: July. Apollo II, US first to land a man on the 1969: July. Apollo II, US first to land a man on the moon – Armstrong moon – Armstrong

Expensive / high costs – Guns vs Butter argument…Expensive / high costs – Guns vs Butter argument…costly for Soviets esp. ...helped US win the Cold costly for Soviets esp. ...helped US win the Cold War…forced Soviets to keep up, US forced them into War…forced Soviets to keep up, US forced them into bankruptcy….they lostbankruptcy….they lost

Second Berlin CrisisSecond Berlin Crisis

Nov. 1959 – due to the renewed bad feeling between the USSR Nov. 1959 – due to the renewed bad feeling between the USSR and US, Khrushchev ordered the Allies out of West Berlin and US, Khrushchev ordered the Allies out of West Berlin within 6 months / ultimatum – planned to unify it – as Stalin within 6 months / ultimatum – planned to unify it – as Stalin had tried to do in 1947had tried to do in 1947

Eisenhower diffused this potential crisis by basically ignoring Eisenhower diffused this potential crisis by basically ignoring the ultimatum, and by inviting the Soviet leader to visit the the ultimatum, and by inviting the Soviet leader to visit the US…didn’t panic / over-react…statesmanlikeUS…didn’t panic / over-react…statesmanlike

Khrushchev accepted the invitation, and during the visit agreed Khrushchev accepted the invitation, and during the visit agreed to withdraw the ultimatum (Camp David Spirit), and they drew to withdraw the ultimatum (Camp David Spirit), and they drew up a plan to meet the next year in Paris for another conference up a plan to meet the next year in Paris for another conference about nuclear disarmamentabout nuclear disarmament

U2 Spy PlaneU2 Spy PlaneAfter the rejection of the “Open Skies” proposal at the After the rejection of the “Open Skies” proposal at the Geneva conference, and esp. Soviet development of Geneva conference, and esp. Soviet development of ICBM and Satellites, the US began making secret ICBM and Satellites, the US began making secret high-altitude flights over Soviet territory to take high-altitude flights over Soviet territory to take detailed photographsdetailed photographs

The plane used for these missions, the U2, was The plane used for these missions, the U2, was designed to fly higher than Soviet fighter planes and designed to fly higher than Soviet fighter planes and beyond the reach of anti-aircraft fire or surface to air beyond the reach of anti-aircraft fire or surface to air missiles (SAM’s). missiles (SAM’s).

Eisenhower was uneasy about the flights, worried that Eisenhower was uneasy about the flights, worried that they would jeopardize the Paris conference planned they would jeopardize the Paris conference planned with Khrushchev for May 1960with Khrushchev for May 1960

Dulles persuaded him to authorize one last flight - by Dulles persuaded him to authorize one last flight - by Frances Gary PowersFrances Gary Powers, on May 1st 1960, on the eve of , on May 1st 1960, on the eve of the Paris Summit. His plane was shot down by the the Paris Summit. His plane was shot down by the Soviets over Soviet territory – the US issued a false Soviets over Soviet territory – the US issued a false story that the plane had disappeared while on a weather story that the plane had disappeared while on a weather mission. mission.

Khrushchev announced that the plane had been brought Khrushchev announced that the plane had been brought down 1,300 miles into the Soviet Union by a Soviet down 1,300 miles into the Soviet Union by a Soviet rocket and that Powers had been captured alive and had rocket and that Powers had been captured alive and had confessed his spying activities. confessed his spying activities.

Eisenhower then admitted the truth and took full Eisenhower then admitted the truth and took full responsibility for authorizing the flight….but did not responsibility for authorizing the flight….but did not apologize to the USSR apologize to the USSR

Khrushchev was angry – complaining that the incident made him Khrushchev was angry – complaining that the incident made him look bad in the Soviet Union where hard liners disapproved of his look bad in the Soviet Union where hard liners disapproved of his willingness to negotiate with the USAwillingness to negotiate with the USA

To regain prestige back home, Khrushchev used the beginning of To regain prestige back home, Khrushchev used the beginning of the Paris Summit conference to denounce the US and then left the Paris Summit conference to denounce the US and then left (same later at a UN meeting in NY)….nothing came from the Paris (same later at a UN meeting in NY)….nothing came from the Paris Summit…the U2 incident ruined it and prevented further progress Summit…the U2 incident ruined it and prevented further progress on the issues of Berlin and nuclear arms reduction…Soviet-US on the issues of Berlin and nuclear arms reduction…Soviet-US relations had been plunged to their lowest point under Eisenhower relations had been plunged to their lowest point under Eisenhower

As Eisenhower feared, the U2 incident had put an end to his As Eisenhower feared, the U2 incident had put an end to his effectiveness as a peacemaker. effectiveness as a peacemaker.

Because of the U2 incident, the 1960s opened with tension between Because of the U2 incident, the 1960s opened with tension between the two superpowers as high as everthe two superpowers as high as ever

The few hopeful events of the 50s – the Geneva The few hopeful events of the 50s – the Geneva Summit, and the Soviet Union’s turn away from Summit, and the Soviet Union’s turn away from Stalinism – had been eclipsed by aggression, Stalinism – had been eclipsed by aggression, competitiveness, and mutual suspicioncompetitiveness, and mutual suspicion

Eisenhower Expands the Cold WarEisenhower Expands the Cold War

Under Truman the Cold War was fought in Europe Under Truman the Cold War was fought in Europe and Asia:and Asia:- Truman Doctrine - Greece, Turkey, Berlin - Truman Doctrine - Greece, Turkey, Berlin - Marshall Plan – Western Europe - Marshall Plan – Western Europe- Asia – Containing China and Korea- Asia – Containing China and Korea

Eisenhower expanded the Cold War to Eisenhower expanded the Cold War to Latin American - Guatemala and Cuba and the Latin American - Guatemala and Cuba and the Middle East – Iran and Egypt (also Africa?) while Middle East – Iran and Egypt (also Africa?) while also fighting it in Asia – Vietnam, Taiwan / China – also fighting it in Asia – Vietnam, Taiwan / China – Quemoy, MatsuQuemoy, Matsu

After WW II, many small under-developed (“third After WW II, many small under-developed (“third world”) nations were emerging from former world”) nations were emerging from former colonialism / imperialismcolonialism / imperialism

The US and USSR competed to win these over as client The US and USSR competed to win these over as client states / satellite states during the Cold War –they also states / satellite states during the Cold War –they also had valuable natural resources had valuable natural resources

Many preferred to remain neutral, some had more Many preferred to remain neutral, some had more sympathy with the USSR than with the USA whom they sympathy with the USSR than with the USA whom they saw as more imperialistic and capitalist – the US had the saw as more imperialistic and capitalist – the US had the more difficult task of winning them overmore difficult task of winning them over

Underdeveloped nations became Cold War Underdeveloped nations became Cold War battlegrounds – the US and USSR offered material battlegrounds – the US and USSR offered material and financial incentives, or outright interference in and financial incentives, or outright interference in their affairs (CIA) to stop them falling into the hands their affairs (CIA) to stop them falling into the hands of the other sideof the other side

Middle East; Iran, 1951Middle East; Iran, 1951

US wanted Middle Eastern countries on its side, to US wanted Middle Eastern countries on its side, to keep them from becoming Soviet Satelliteskeep them from becoming Soviet Satellites

US also wanted continued access to their oil resources US also wanted continued access to their oil resources – in which they had already heavily invested – in which they had already heavily invested

King or Shah of Iran, Reza Shah Pahlavi, a supporter King or Shah of Iran, Reza Shah Pahlavi, a supporter of US investment, was overthrown by a liberal leader of US investment, was overthrown by a liberal leader Mohammad Mossadegh (Mossadeq), who began Mohammad Mossadegh (Mossadeq), who began nationalizing foreign owned oil resources (US and nationalizing foreign owned oil resources (US and British esp.) British esp.)

Shah PahlaviShah Pahlavi MossadeghMossadegh

as well as concern with losing its oil resource, Eisenhower as well as concern with losing its oil resource, Eisenhower feared that Iran could become a breeding ground for feared that Iran could become a breeding ground for Communism (Domino Theory)Communism (Domino Theory)

Eisenhower decided to use the CIA to engineer a Coup – Eisenhower decided to use the CIA to engineer a Coup – Operation Ajax – to overthrow Mossadegh and restore the Operation Ajax – to overthrow Mossadegh and restore the Shah…propaganda, demonstrations (paid people to Shah…propaganda, demonstrations (paid people to demonstrate against “Communist” gov.…)demonstrate against “Communist” gov.…)

The restored Shah retained power as a dictator until 1979 The restored Shah retained power as a dictator until 1979 through a brutal police force – SAVAK – armed and through a brutal police force – SAVAK – armed and trained by the USA (overthrown in the Revolution led the trained by the USA (overthrown in the Revolution led the Ayatollah Khomeini / Islamic Fundamentalism; …anti-Ayatollah Khomeini / Islamic Fundamentalism; …anti-American bitterness, hostage crisis)American bitterness, hostage crisis)

Considered a victory in the battle for ContainmentConsidered a victory in the battle for Containment

But the US would support a brutal right wing dictator in But the US would support a brutal right wing dictator in the name of anti-Communism – another “questionable the name of anti-Communism – another “questionable ally” (South Korea – Rhee; Iran - Shah: Guatemala-ally” (South Korea – Rhee; Iran - Shah: Guatemala-Armas: South Vietnam-Diem: Chile-Pinochet…)…Armas: South Vietnam-Diem: Chile-Pinochet…)…

US mistakenly associated Nationalism with US mistakenly associated Nationalism with Communism, and Democracy with CapitalismCommunism, and Democracy with Capitalism

US had an ally in the regions (others also in Iraq, US had an ally in the regions (others also in Iraq, Pakistan).. considered of great geopolitical importance Pakistan).. considered of great geopolitical importance

Egypt, 1955Egypt, 1955New nationalistic leader Nasser New nationalistic leader Nasser succeeded in 1953succeeded in 1953

Was determined to develop resources Was determined to develop resources and establish the independence of this and establish the independence of this former British colony, while remaining former British colony, while remaining neutral in the Cold War; traded neutral in the Cold War; traded Egyptian cotton for Soviet armsEgyptian cotton for Soviet arms

To keep him from friendship with the To keep him from friendship with the USSR, the US offered to fund his USSR, the US offered to fund his plans for a huge irrigation and power plans for a huge irrigation and power plant – the Aswan Dam on the Nileplant – the Aswan Dam on the Nile

But after Egypt extends recognition to But after Egypt extends recognition to China, US withdraws offer China, US withdraws offer

Nasser then seizes British and French owned Suez Canal Nasser then seizes British and French owned Suez Canal – the toll fees ($25m a year) can pay for the new project – the toll fees ($25m a year) can pay for the new project at Aswan – and the USSR offers to provide the technical at Aswan – and the USSR offers to provide the technical assistance for the projectassistance for the project

British, French, supported by Israel, invade Egypt to British, French, supported by Israel, invade Egypt to regain control of the Canalregain control of the Canal

UN and US condemn the invasion and demand that they UN and US condemn the invasion and demand that they withdraw – divisions among Cold War allies are withdraw – divisions among Cold War allies are appearingappearing

Ultimately Egypt gained full control over the canalUltimately Egypt gained full control over the canal

But the US did not gain from getting the Br, Fr, Israelis But the US did not gain from getting the Br, Fr, Israelis to withdraw or from Egypt getting control of the canalto withdraw or from Egypt getting control of the canal

Nasser never forgave the Allies – built the Dam with Nasser never forgave the Allies – built the Dam with Soviet assistance and remained friendly with the USSR Soviet assistance and remained friendly with the USSR – though never becoming a client state or accepting – though never becoming a client state or accepting Soviet dictationSoviet dictation

Yet, Egypt is considered a loss to Communism in the Yet, Egypt is considered a loss to Communism in the battle for Containmentbattle for Containment

Did Eisenhower’s over-reaction push Nasser towards Did Eisenhower’s over-reaction push Nasser towards the Soviets (as with Castro)?the Soviets (as with Castro)?

Response to the loss was the Response to the loss was the Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine, , 1957, which proclaimed that the US would offer 1957, which proclaimed that the US would offer economic and military aid to "secure and protect the economic and military aid to "secure and protect the territorial independence" of Middle East nations territorial independence" of Middle East nations "against overt armed aggression from any nation "against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism.” (same as controlled by international communism.” (same as Truman Doctrine for Europe)Truman Doctrine for Europe)

Implemented when the US sent troops to Jordan in Implemented when the US sent troops to Jordan in 1957, fearing a coup by pro-Nasser forces, and to the 1957, fearing a coup by pro-Nasser forces, and to the Lebanon, for the same reason, in 1958Lebanon, for the same reason, in 1958

Latin AmericaLatin America

US had huge investments here from years of Dollar US had huge investments here from years of Dollar DiplomacyDiplomacy

Had withdrawn from military involvement since Good Had withdrawn from military involvement since Good Neighbor Policy of FDRNeighbor Policy of FDR

Didn’t want to lose investments through Didn’t want to lose investments through Nationalization if Communism emerged, and didn’t Nationalization if Communism emerged, and didn’t want Soviet satellites in the Western Hemisphere; want Soviet satellites in the Western Hemisphere; hoped to continue with Monroe Doctrine and keep out hoped to continue with Monroe Doctrine and keep out USSR influenceUSSR influence

Guatemala:Guatemala:In the late 1940s and early 1950s In the late 1940s and early 1950s the newly elected liberal / left wing the newly elected liberal / left wing govt. of Jacob Arbenz Guzman govt. of Jacob Arbenz Guzman began to nationalize foreign owned began to nationalize foreign owned land and industries, and to land and industries, and to redistribute land to the peasantsredistribute land to the peasants

Included land owned by Included land owned by Americans, esp. by the United Fruit Americans, esp. by the United Fruit Company (Dulles brothers were big Company (Dulles brothers were big shareholders). shareholders).

After complaints to his govt. After complaints to his govt. Eisenhower instructed the CIA to Eisenhower instructed the CIA to intervene to help overthrow the intervene to help overthrow the Arbenz admin.Arbenz admin. (Operation (Operation PBSUCCESS)PBSUCCESS)

CIA supported a successful coup CIA supported a successful coup led by Carlos Castillo Armas, who led by Carlos Castillo Armas, who remained on good terms with the remained on good terms with the US, but became a brutal right wing US, but became a brutal right wing military dictator (shades of Iran)military dictator (shades of Iran)

Pro - US strong men / military ruled Pro - US strong men / military ruled Guatemala until 1990sGuatemala until 1990s

Other Latin American nations again Other Latin American nations again accused the US of interference / bad accused the US of interference / bad neighbor policy – overthrowing neighbor policy – overthrowing legally elected leaders: when Nixon, legally elected leaders: when Nixon, Vice Pres., toured Latin America in Vice Pres., toured Latin America in 1958, he received a hostile 1958, he received a hostile reception in most cities he visited reception in most cities he visited

This pattern of US intervention in This pattern of US intervention in Latin America, in the name of Latin America, in the name of Containment - was repeated many Containment - was repeated many times from the 1950s to 1990 (some times from the 1950s to 1990 (some argue it was more about protecting US argue it was more about protecting US investments)investments)

In another example, the Nixon In another example, the Nixon Admin., in 1973, helped overthrow Admin., in 1973, helped overthrow liberal / socialist Salvador Allende, liberal / socialist Salvador Allende, President of Chile, who, like Arbenz, President of Chile, who, like Arbenz, was nationalizing foreign owned land was nationalizing foreign owned land and industries….CIAand industries….CIA

With the help of the US, the brutal With the help of the US, the brutal dictatorship of Augosto Pinochet took dictatorship of Augosto Pinochet took control of Chile until 1988control of Chile until 1988

CubaCubaControlled by a corrupt repressive Controlled by a corrupt repressive military dictator, Fulgencio Batista military dictator, Fulgencio Batista (right), from 1947 – 1959: supported (right), from 1947 – 1959: supported by USA because he protected US by USA because he protected US investments, esp. in sugar, oil..investments, esp. in sugar, oil..

Overthrown by Fidel Castro, in 1959: Overthrown by Fidel Castro, in 1959: claimed he was a nationalist, liberal, claimed he was a nationalist, liberal, populist, but not a Communist - populist, but not a Communist - though his own party, the 26though his own party, the 26thth of July of July Movement, had close ties with the Movement, had close ties with the Communist Party…and Socialist Communist Party…and Socialist policies of land distribution.. but more policies of land distribution.. but more nationalist /anti-imperialist than nationalist /anti-imperialist than anything anything

Visited US in 1960 but Visited US in 1960 but Eisenhower refused to meet Eisenhower refused to meet with him: met by Nixon who with him: met by Nixon who treated him disrespectfully and treated him disrespectfully and accused him of being a accused him of being a CommunistCommunist

Castro began a policy of partial Castro began a policy of partial expropriation of foreign owned expropriation of foreign owned land and industry (as in Iran, land and industry (as in Iran, Guatemala) Guatemala)

US reaction – partial trade US reaction – partial trade embargo, Castro and the USSR embargo, Castro and the USSR work out a trade deal…USSR work out a trade deal…USSR replaced USA as buyer / seller replaced USA as buyer / seller

After US oil companies refused to refine USSR oil in After US oil companies refused to refine USSR oil in Cuba… Castro moved to total nationalization of US Cuba… Castro moved to total nationalization of US owned assetsowned assets

Eisenhower authorized a total trade embargo, followed Eisenhower authorized a total trade embargo, followed by end of diplomatic relations between the US and by end of diplomatic relations between the US and Cuba… alienates / drives Cuba towards USSR…was Cuba… alienates / drives Cuba towards USSR…was this necessary? this necessary?

Then authorized the CIA to help train a group of Cuban Then authorized the CIA to help train a group of Cuban exiles for an invasion to topple the Castro exiles for an invasion to topple the Castro regime…..Bay of Pigs regime…..Bay of Pigs

Asia: Taiwan, China, VietnamAsia: Taiwan, China, Vietnam

Support for Taiwan…two China’s policy…opposes Support for Taiwan…two China’s policy…opposes China’s raids on Quemoy and Matsu…threat of nuclear China’s raids on Quemoy and Matsu…threat of nuclear weapons…China backs off….talks….first détente with weapons…China backs off….talks….first détente with ChinaChina

Vietnam…support for and then replaces French as Vietnam…support for and then replaces French as defender against Communist / Ho Chi Minh defender against Communist / Ho Chi Minh expansion…beginning of long commitment…refusal to expansion…beginning of long commitment…refusal to co-operate with elections proposed by Geneva co-operate with elections proposed by Geneva Accords…over-estimated role of China and USSR…Accords…over-estimated role of China and USSR…350 advisers350 advisers

Eisenhower EssayEisenhower EssayDifferences and similarities with Differences and similarities with

TrumanTruman

Promised Roll Back, New Look, Massive Retaliation, Promised Roll Back, New Look, Massive Retaliation, Brinkmanship….not applied to South Korea, HungaryBrinkmanship….not applied to South Korea, Hungary

But pursued ContainmentBut pursued Containment

Détente…Geneva, Paris…but Hungary, ICBM, Sputnik, Détente…Geneva, Paris…but Hungary, ICBM, Sputnik, U2 Spy PlaneU2 Spy Plane

Berlin, diffused and containedBerlin, diffused and contained

Asia – Vietnam, Taiwan, Quemoy and MatsuAsia – Vietnam, Taiwan, Quemoy and Matsu

Cold War expands to new regions Latin America – Cold War expands to new regions Latin America – Cuba, Guatemala: Middle East – Iran, EgyptCuba, Guatemala: Middle East – Iran, Egypt

Successes and Failures Successes and Failures SuccessesSuccessesFirst DétenteFirst DétenteBerlin ContainedBerlin ContainedContainment in Iran, Guatemala, TaiwanContainment in Iran, Guatemala, TaiwanNuclear Arms Race, Space Race – closed missile gap, deterrence Nuclear Arms Race, Space Race – closed missile gap, deterrence factor, forcing Soviets into eventual bankruptcyfactor, forcing Soviets into eventual bankruptcyFailuresFailuresDétente…U2 mistakeDétente…U2 mistakeNo Roll Back…Massive Retaliation means “do nothing”…Exposing No Roll Back…Massive Retaliation means “do nothing”…Exposing Hungarians to Budapest massacreHungarians to Budapest massacreCovert Operations by CIA to overthrow Democratically elected Covert Operations by CIA to overthrow Democratically elected leaders in Iran, Guatemala….replaced with brutal military dictatorsleaders in Iran, Guatemala….replaced with brutal military dictatorsAlienating Cuba, Egypt into Soviet CampAlienating Cuba, Egypt into Soviet CampEscalating US involvement in Vietnam..support for DiemEscalating US involvement in Vietnam..support for DiemNot engaging Communist China…nuclear weapons threat Quemoy, Not engaging Communist China…nuclear weapons threat Quemoy, Matsu Matsu

AssessmentAssessmentChanges from Truman’s approach / handling of Changes from Truman’s approach / handling of the Cold War?the Cold War?

Successes and Failures?Successes and Failures?– Successes; Détente, Arms and Space Race – forcing Successes; Détente, Arms and Space Race – forcing

the Soviets to spend, Containment of Iran, the Soviets to spend, Containment of Iran, Guatemala, TaiwanGuatemala, Taiwan

– Failures: alienating Cuba, Egypt…Support for brutal Failures: alienating Cuba, Egypt…Support for brutal right wing regimes / undermined Democracy right wing regimes / undermined Democracy (Guatemala, Iran, Vietnam) Arms and Space Race / (Guatemala, Iran, Vietnam) Arms and Space Race / over-reaction to Sputnik, exaggeration of Missile over-reaction to Sputnik, exaggeration of Missile Gap…escalation of involvement in VietnamGap…escalation of involvement in Vietnam

KennedyKennedy

Bay of Pigs, April 1961Bay of Pigs, April 1961

In the Summer of 1960 the CIA began secretly training In the Summer of 1960 the CIA began secretly training Cuban expatriates – know as La Brigada – in Florida, Cuban expatriates – know as La Brigada – in Florida, Panama, Guatemala, for an invasion of the island in the Panama, Guatemala, for an invasion of the island in the hope of triggering a mass uprising against Castro and hope of triggering a mass uprising against Castro and overthrowing his regime (Operation Zapata)overthrowing his regime (Operation Zapata)

Kennedy inherited the Plan and approved of it after CIA Kennedy inherited the Plan and approved of it after CIA assurances that it would succeed – but he did not want assurances that it would succeed – but he did not want US involvement in it to be too obvious (no “sneak US involvement in it to be too obvious (no “sneak attack”)…wanted “plausible deniability” ….attack”)…wanted “plausible deniability” ….

On the night of April 17th, 1961, some 1,400 Cuban On the night of April 17th, 1961, some 1,400 Cuban exiles landed on the island’s southern coast at the Bay exiles landed on the island’s southern coast at the Bay of Pigs – expecting air support and a spontaneous of Pigs – expecting air support and a spontaneous uprising of the Cuban people. Nothing went as planneduprising of the Cuban people. Nothing went as planned

An air strike carried out two days before had failed to An air strike carried out two days before had failed to knock out the Cuban air force, although the CIA knock out the Cuban air force, although the CIA reported that it had done soreported that it had done so

Kennedy had at the last second reduced the air strike, Kennedy had at the last second reduced the air strike, (from 16 to 6 planes) (from 16 to 6 planes) helping to render helping to render it ineffectiveit ineffective

He then canceled the second air strikes planned to He then canceled the second air strikes planned to coincide with the actual invasion – the invasion failedcoincide with the actual invasion – the invasion failed

Castro turned the failed invasion into a public relations Castro turned the failed invasion into a public relations triumph….triumph of nationalism…defeating the hated triumph….triumph of nationalism…defeating the hated imperialist US…became more popular among Cubansimperialist US…became more popular among Cubans

The disaster left Kennedy embarrassed. Privately he The disaster left Kennedy embarrassed. Privately he blamed the CIA and Pentagon for miscalculating and blamed the CIA and Pentagon for miscalculating and misinforming him. Publicly he accepted blame for the misinforming him. Publicly he accepted blame for the fiasco. He negotiated terms with Castro for the release fiasco. He negotiated terms with Castro for the release of the survivors and paid a ransom of $53m in food and of the survivors and paid a ransom of $53m in food and medical supplies.. medical supplies..

But he warned that he would resist any further But he warned that he would resist any further Communist expansion in the Western Hemisphere: he Communist expansion in the Western Hemisphere: he said that the US did not intend to abandon Cuba to said that the US did not intend to abandon Cuba to Communism – yet Castro defiantly welcomed more Communism – yet Castro defiantly welcomed more Soviet aid and forged a closer relationship with the Soviet aid and forged a closer relationship with the USSR. USSR.

The whole episode pushed the Cubans closer to the The whole episode pushed the Cubans closer to the Soviets. – and then in Nov. 1961 Castro declared himself Soviets. – and then in Nov. 1961 Castro declared himself to be a Communist….said that he was always a to be a Communist….said that he was always a Communist…Communist…

Kennedy’s reaction was to agree to the CIA’s plans to Kennedy’s reaction was to agree to the CIA’s plans to assassinate Castro – Operation Mongoose – but several assassinate Castro – Operation Mongoose – but several assassination attempts failedassassination attempts failed

Other Kennedy Cold War PoliciesOther Kennedy Cold War Policies

Strong anti-Communist. Critical of Eisenhower for not Strong anti-Communist. Critical of Eisenhower for not opposing Communist expansion with more force. He opposing Communist expansion with more force. He abandoned Massive Retaliation and replaced it with abandoned Massive Retaliation and replaced it with Flexible Response and Military DiversificationFlexible Response and Military Diversification

Strengthening the army and navy as well as the air force Strengthening the army and navy as well as the air force and increased nuclear weapons. and increased nuclear weapons.

As part of his policy he approved the formation of a new As part of his policy he approved the formation of a new force – force – The Green BeretsThe Green Berets – to fight guerilla warfare – to fight guerilla warfare against communist forces in Latin America if necessary. against communist forces in Latin America if necessary.

He hoped to return to a He hoped to return to a Good Neighbor policyGood Neighbor policy by devising by devising An An Alliance for ProgressAlliance for Progress under which relief projects would be under which relief projects would be undertaken in impoverished Latin Am countries to eliminate the undertaken in impoverished Latin Am countries to eliminate the conditions under which Communism might grow – volunteer conditions under which Communism might grow – volunteer graduates were encouraged to give their services. graduates were encouraged to give their services.

He also set up the He also set up the Peace CorpsPeace Corps which trained volunteers to work which trained volunteers to work abroad on humanitarian projects. abroad on humanitarian projects.

Hoped to repair the damage done by events in Guatemala, Cuba / Hoped to repair the damage done by events in Guatemala, Cuba / Bay of Pigs and restore relationship with Latin American Bay of Pigs and restore relationship with Latin American countries……keep them from becoming Communist, or allies of countries……keep them from becoming Communist, or allies of USSRUSSR

However, the US relationship with Latin America was not very However, the US relationship with Latin America was not very good in these year because of what they perceived to be good in these year because of what they perceived to be continuing US interference in their internal affairs…Yankee continuing US interference in their internal affairs…Yankee ImperialismImperialism

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

During the Summer of 1962, Soviet weapons began to flow During the Summer of 1962, Soviet weapons began to flow to Cuba. Kennedy’s first response was to warn that the US to Cuba. Kennedy’s first response was to warn that the US would not tolerate the presence of offensive weapons in would not tolerate the presence of offensive weapons in Cuba. Cuba.

It was first thought that these weapons were defensive in It was first thought that these weapons were defensive in nature – the Soviets insisted they were SAM’s (surface to nature – the Soviets insisted they were SAM’s (surface to air)air)

But on Oct 14, photographs taken by American U2 spy-But on Oct 14, photographs taken by American U2 spy-planes provided evidence that the Soviets were installing planes provided evidence that the Soviets were installing medium and long range offensive nuclear missiles medium and long range offensive nuclear missiles (MRBM’s), which were not yet operational (estimated 22 (MRBM’s), which were not yet operational (estimated 22 weapons) – could kill 80m Americans in 5 minutes - might weapons) – could kill 80m Americans in 5 minutes - might be operational in about 14 days be operational in about 14 days

Khrushchev hoped to protect Cuba from another Khrushchev hoped to protect Cuba from another invasion and to maybe gain leverage with regard to US invasion and to maybe gain leverage with regard to US weapons in Europe, and with Allied presence in West weapons in Europe, and with Allied presence in West BerlinBerlin

Kennedy consulted with a specially appointed Kennedy consulted with a specially appointed Executive Committee – EXCOMM - considered doing Executive Committee – EXCOMM - considered doing nothing, air strikes, invasion…. Eventually nothing, air strikes, invasion…. Eventually recommended imposing a Quarantine (Blockade) on recommended imposing a Quarantine (Blockade) on Cuba to prevent delivery of more equipment / missiles, Cuba to prevent delivery of more equipment / missiles, as well as a demand that the Soviets remove all the as well as a demand that the Soviets remove all the missilesmissiles

The 13 day standoff is considered the closest both sides The 13 day standoff is considered the closest both sides came to actual war / nuclear war during the Cold War – came to actual war / nuclear war during the Cold War – “the Cold War’s most dangerous and dramatic event”“the Cold War’s most dangerous and dramatic event”

Soviet ships carrying more missiles headed towards Soviet ships carrying more missiles headed towards Cuba, while the US navy prepared a quarantine to Cuba, while the US navy prepared a quarantine to prevent them coming within 500 miles of the island. prevent them coming within 500 miles of the island.

In Florida nearly 200,000 men and dozens of B-52 In Florida nearly 200,000 men and dozens of B-52 bombers were being concentrated as part of a US bombers were being concentrated as part of a US invasion forceinvasion force

The first break in the crisis occurred when the Soviet The first break in the crisis occurred when the Soviet ships suddenly halted and turned back to avoid ships suddenly halted and turned back to avoid confrontation at sea.confrontation at sea.

A few days later, Khrushchev offered to remove the A few days later, Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles in return for a US pledge not to invade Cuba: missiles in return for a US pledge not to invade Cuba: then in a second note he added a new condition, that the then in a second note he added a new condition, that the US withdraw its weapons from TurkeyUS withdraw its weapons from Turkey

Kennedy agreed to the first condition but would not Kennedy agreed to the first condition but would not make removing weapons from Turkey part of this deal – make removing weapons from Turkey part of this deal – but gave a private assurance that he would do so anyway but gave a private assurance that he would do so anyway – they were obsolete and were in the process of being – they were obsolete and were in the process of being removed…..Khrushchev acceptedremoved…..Khrushchev accepted

Kennedy was praised for his decisive handling of the Kennedy was praised for his decisive handling of the crisis, for being tough and determinedcrisis, for being tough and determined

The crisis severely damaged Khrushchev’s prestige in The crisis severely damaged Khrushchev’s prestige in the USSR and the world. the USSR and the world.

Kennedy did not escape criticism, however, from some Kennedy did not escape criticism, however, from some who said he engaged in brinkmanship when private talks who said he engaged in brinkmanship when private talks might have resolved the crisis without the threat of might have resolved the crisis without the threat of nuclear war, and without embarrassing Khrushchev nuclear war, and without embarrassing Khrushchev (later replaced by more hard line Brezhnev). (later replaced by more hard line Brezhnev).

Others – hard-liners - believed that he had been too soft Others – hard-liners - believed that he had been too soft and had passed up an ideal chance to invade Cuba and and had passed up an ideal chance to invade Cuba and

oust Castrooust Castro. .

Kennedy and BerlinKennedy and Berlin

In between the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile In between the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy was involved in another Berlin Crisis, Kennedy was involved in another Berlin conflict with Khrushchev (the third Berlin Crisis)conflict with Khrushchev (the third Berlin Crisis)

By this time the economy of West Berlin was By this time the economy of West Berlin was extremely prosperous. In the 11 yrs since the Airlift, extremely prosperous. In the 11 yrs since the Airlift, almost 3 million East Germans – 20% of the pop of almost 3 million East Germans – 20% of the pop of East Germany – had fled into West Berlin. This great East Germany – had fled into West Berlin. This great stream of refugees showed the weakness in the stream of refugees showed the weakness in the Communist economy and its unpopular political Communist economy and its unpopular political systemsystem

It was embarrassing for the USSR - Khrushchev It was embarrassing for the USSR - Khrushchev wanted to solve the problem wanted to solve the problem

At a summit meeting in Vienna, Austria, in June 1961, At a summit meeting in Vienna, Austria, in June 1961, he ordered the Allies out of West Berlin, or he would he ordered the Allies out of West Berlin, or he would cut it off from West Germanycut it off from West Germany

Felt he could intimidate the young, inexperienced Felt he could intimidate the young, inexperienced Kennedy who had shown his limitations through the Kennedy who had shown his limitations through the Bay of Pigs fiascoBay of Pigs fiasco

But Kennedy resisted and threatened war if the Soviets But Kennedy resisted and threatened war if the Soviets tried to force them out again…nuclear war if necessarytried to force them out again…nuclear war if necessary

On returning home Kennedy told the nation in a On returning home Kennedy told the nation in a televised speech that Berlin was “the great testing place televised speech that Berlin was “the great testing place of Western courage and will”. He pledged that “we of Western courage and will”. He pledged that “we cannot and will not permit the Communists to drive us cannot and will not permit the Communists to drive us out of Berlin.” out of Berlin.”

Khrushchev, because of Kennedy’s determination, did Khrushchev, because of Kennedy’s determination, did not follow through with his threat to cut off the routes, not follow through with his threat to cut off the routes, but on Aug. 13, 1961, East German troops built a but on Aug. 13, 1961, East German troops built a concrete wall topped with barbed wire which cut the city concrete wall topped with barbed wire which cut the city in two and reduced the flow of refugees to a trickle. in two and reduced the flow of refugees to a trickle.

The Berlin Wall solved Khrushchev’s problem – ended The Berlin Wall solved Khrushchev’s problem – ended the refugee issue – but the wall became an ugly symbol the refugee issue – but the wall became an ugly symbol of Communist oppression, from which the US gained of Communist oppression, from which the US gained huge propaganda value (Kennedy wasn’t too unhappy huge propaganda value (Kennedy wasn’t too unhappy with it)with it)

DetenteDetenteEvents in Cuba and Berlin made both leaders realize how Events in Cuba and Berlin made both leaders realize how serious the prospect of nuclear war was and they both serious the prospect of nuclear war was and they both searched for ways to tone down the hard line stance. The searched for ways to tone down the hard line stance. The one positive consequence of the Missile Crisis was that it one positive consequence of the Missile Crisis was that it scared both sides into finding some kind of scared both sides into finding some kind of accommodation. accommodation.

In April 1963 Kennedy announced that a In April 1963 Kennedy announced that a hot linehot line had had been set up between the White House and the Kremlin to been set up between the White House and the Kremlin to enable both leaders to communicate at once should enable both leaders to communicate at once should another crisis arise. another crisis arise.

Later that year the USA and USSR also agreed to a Later that year the USA and USSR also agreed to a Limited Test Ban TreatyLimited Test Ban Treaty that banned nuclear testing in that banned nuclear testing in the atmosphere…..these two represented mild the atmosphere…..these two represented mild detentedetente

Vietnam…see other notesVietnam…see other notes

Kennedy sends more advisorsKennedy sends more advisors

Sends first troopsSends first troops

Cold War under Johnson – Vietnam….other notesCold War under Johnson – Vietnam….other notes

Cold War under Cold War under NixonNixon – Vietnam – and China, USSR, – Vietnam – and China, USSR, Chile, Middle East Chile, Middle East

ChinaChinabelieved in believed in RealpolitikRealpolitik (practical, pragmatic approach to (practical, pragmatic approach to foreign affairs), not idealisticforeign affairs), not idealisticbelieved in Détentebelieved in Détentevisited China in 1972 (Ping-Pong Diplomacy), visited China in 1972 (Ping-Pong Diplomacy), Shanghai CommuniqueShanghai Communique, improved relations and trade, , improved relations and trade, support for China’s admission to UN, and agreement support for China’s admission to UN, and agreement over Taiwan: he hoped to use the relationship with over Taiwan: he hoped to use the relationship with China to give him leverage with the Soviet Union: China to give him leverage with the Soviet Union: playing his “China Card”playing his “China Card”

USSRUSSRsigned signed SALT I SALT I andand ABM ABM with the Soviets 1973, arms limitation, with the Soviets 1973, arms limitation, after visit to Moscow, and a three year Grain deal – the visit to after visit to Moscow, and a three year Grain deal – the visit to China paid off China paid off

ChileChileCIA helped overthrow the elected government of leftist CIA helped overthrow the elected government of leftist Salvador Salvador AllendeAllende who was replaced by brutal dictator who was replaced by brutal dictator PinochetPinochet

Middle EastMiddle Eastsupported Israelis against Arab nations in supported Israelis against Arab nations in October War of 1973October War of 1973 (USSR armed Arab nations), sent $2b in war materials to Israel (USSR armed Arab nations), sent $2b in war materials to Israel and placed US nuclear weapons on alert, helping Israel turn the and placed US nuclear weapons on alert, helping Israel turn the tide. Arab nations responded with oil embargo, leading to a long tide. Arab nations responded with oil embargo, leading to a long cold winter, and a recession and energy crisis. When embargo was cold winter, and a recession and energy crisis. When embargo was lifted, OPEC quadrupled the price of oil – high ever since.lifted, OPEC quadrupled the price of oil – high ever since.

See notes on See notes on VietnamVietnam

FordFordmet with Brezhnev and signed arms control deal which led to met with Brezhnev and signed arms control deal which led to SALT IISALT II (Carter signed this but then Congress rejected, with his (Carter signed this but then Congress rejected, with his consent, after Soviets invaded Afghanistan)consent, after Soviets invaded Afghanistan)Helsinki AccordsHelsinki Accords, 1975. USSR and USA and others, agreed to , 1975. USSR and USA and others, agreed to legitimize USSR’s post WWII borders, and the USSR and its legitimize USSR’s post WWII borders, and the USSR and its satellites signed a “human rights” guarantee, which included the satellites signed a “human rights” guarantee, which included the right to emigrateright to emigrateMiddle EastMiddle East: Kissinger orchestrated an agreement between Israel : Kissinger orchestrated an agreement between Israel and Egypt stating that force would not be used to resolve their and Egypt stating that force would not be used to resolve their differences, and Israel pledged to return portions of the occupied differences, and Israel pledged to return portions of the occupied Sinai to Egypt. Sinai to Egypt. MayaguezMayaguez,, 1975, US merchant ship, with a crew of 39, was 1975, US merchant ship, with a crew of 39, was captured by Cambodian forces in the Gulf of Siam, when captured by Cambodian forces in the Gulf of Siam, when negotiations failed to release the crew, Ford sent in the marines. negotiations failed to release the crew, Ford sent in the marines. The crew was freed but over 80 marines were killed or woundedThe crew was freed but over 80 marines were killed or woundedconsidered sending troops to considered sending troops to South VietnamSouth Vietnam to rescue it from to rescue it from invasion of North, but decided not to. Did request aid package invasion of North, but decided not to. Did request aid package from Congress for Sth. Vietnam, but Congress refused to support from Congress for Sth. Vietnam, but Congress refused to support it it

CarterCarterHuman RightsHuman Rights: the defense of human rights became the basis for : the defense of human rights became the basis for US foreign policy under Carter, idealism, rather than Cold Wars US foreign policy under Carter, idealism, rather than Cold Wars issues/supporting anti Communist dictators as in the past; change issues/supporting anti Communist dictators as in the past; change from Nixon’s from Nixon’s realpolitikrealpolitik and containment at all costs of Truman, and containment at all costs of Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson. US economic aid was removed Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson. US economic aid was removed from countries that violated human rights, such as Carlos Armas in from countries that violated human rights, such as Carlos Armas in Guatemala. Spoke out against suppression of dissent in the USSR, Guatemala. Spoke out against suppression of dissent in the USSR, supported freedom of speech of Dissenters such as Sakarovsupported freedom of speech of Dissenters such as SakarovPanama CanalPanama Canal: decided to hand it back to Panama, on condition : decided to hand it back to Panama, on condition Panama maintained the canal’s neutrality, and gave the US the right Panama maintained the canal’s neutrality, and gave the US the right to use it time of war (possession not taken until 1999)to use it time of war (possession not taken until 1999)Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords: Sadat of Egypt accepted an invitation to visit : Sadat of Egypt accepted an invitation to visit Israel by Begin. Carter saw an opportunity to promote peace, invited Israel by Begin. Carter saw an opportunity to promote peace, invited both to Camp David, 1978, mediated, where they reached a peace both to Camp David, 1978, mediated, where they reached a peace agreement in 1979 (land returned to Egypt in return for recognition agreement in 1979 (land returned to Egypt in return for recognition of Israel). This is of Israel). This is considered his greatest foreign policy considered his greatest foreign policy achievement.achievement.ChinaChina: building on Nixon’s groundwork, Carter established full : building on Nixon’s groundwork, Carter established full diplomatic relations with China in 1979diplomatic relations with China in 1979

AfghanistanAfghanistan: invaded by USSR in 1979: Carter was concerned : invaded by USSR in 1979: Carter was concerned about Soviet expansion, oil supplies – reacted by imposing about Soviet expansion, oil supplies – reacted by imposing sanctions on the USSR (grain, technology) and pulled the US sanctions on the USSR (grain, technology) and pulled the US athletes out of the Moscow 1980 Olympics. He also withdrew from athletes out of the Moscow 1980 Olympics. He also withdrew from consideration by the senate SALT II, which he and Brezhnev had consideration by the senate SALT II, which he and Brezhnev had agreed …CONTAINMENTagreed …CONTAINMENTIranian Hostage CrisisIranian Hostage Crisis: Shah of Iran was force out of power by the : Shah of Iran was force out of power by the Islamic Fundamentalist Revolution led by the Ayatollah Khomeini. Islamic Fundamentalist Revolution led by the Ayatollah Khomeini. The Shah was allowed to come to the US to receive medical The Shah was allowed to come to the US to receive medical treatment for cancer. In response supporters of the Revolution treatment for cancer. In response supporters of the Revolution seized the US embassy in Teheran, taking 55 hostages, for 444 days. seized the US embassy in Teheran, taking 55 hostages, for 444 days. Carter imposed economic sanctions, tried a disastrous rescue Carter imposed economic sanctions, tried a disastrous rescue operation…talks failed…eventually the Iranians agreed to release in operation…talks failed…eventually the Iranians agreed to release in return for the release of Iranian assets held in the US, but the return for the release of Iranian assets held in the US, but the hostages were not release until the day of Reagan’s inauguration.hostages were not release until the day of Reagan’s inauguration.Lost 1980 election to Reagan: Reagan portrayed himself as the Lost 1980 election to Reagan: Reagan portrayed himself as the spokesperson for conservative America, promised to cut spending, spokesperson for conservative America, promised to cut spending, cut taxes, decentralize power, a military build up, get tough on cut taxes, decentralize power, a military build up, get tough on crime. Supported by New Right (anti-Communist, anti-New Deal), crime. Supported by New Right (anti-Communist, anti-New Deal), Religious Right (wanted more focus on morality, family), Moral Religious Right (wanted more focus on morality, family), Moral Majority (same groups that supported Nixon)Majority (same groups that supported Nixon)

Reagan Reagan Reagan DoctrineReagan Doctrine: opposed Communism, Roll it Back in the Third : opposed Communism, Roll it Back in the Third World. Referred to the USSR as an World. Referred to the USSR as an ‘evil empire‘evil empire””NicaraguaNicaragua:: SandinistasSandinistas (Communists) led by (Communists) led by Daniel OrtegaDaniel Ortega, had , had overthrown brutal military dictator Somoza. (Carter had given overthrown brutal military dictator Somoza. (Carter had given financial aid to the Sandinistas). Reagan supported the financial aid to the Sandinistas). Reagan supported the ContrasContras (against the Sandinistas) with guns, food, military advisors, to (against the Sandinistas) with guns, food, military advisors, to help them overcome the Sandinistas.help them overcome the Sandinistas.Congress, the Congress, the Boland ActBoland Act, voted to end US aid to Contras. Reagan , voted to end US aid to Contras. Reagan got around this by secretly selling arms to Iran (in return for help got around this by secretly selling arms to Iran (in return for help in getting US hostages in the Lebanon released) (in getting US hostages in the Lebanon released) (Iran-Contra Iran-Contra affair)affair) and then passing on the money to the Contra’s through the and then passing on the money to the Contra’s through the CIA and others without Congress knowing. A CIA and others without Congress knowing. A Secret GovernmentSecret Government had emerged. Congress, Defense Dept, State Dept., were not had emerged. Congress, Defense Dept, State Dept., were not informed. Affair was later exposed. informed. Affair was later exposed. PoindexterPoindexter,, national security national security advisor (said he didn’t tell the president, so as to give him advisor (said he didn’t tell the president, so as to give him deniability), deniability), Robert McFarlaneRobert McFarlane, former national security advisor, , former national security advisor, and and Oliver NorthOliver North were held responsible and found guilty, but were held responsible and found guilty, but Reagan was not (Teflon President, nothing stuck). Reagan was not (Teflon President, nothing stuck).

GranadaGranada, 1983, marines were sent to overthrow the Communist , 1983, marines were sent to overthrow the Communist regimeregimeEl SalvadorEl Salvador: US sent military and economic support to the regime to : US sent military and economic support to the regime to overcome left wing revolutionaries supposedly supported by Cuba overcome left wing revolutionaries supposedly supported by Cuba and the USSR. and the USSR. Middle EastMiddle East: Israel invaded the Lebanon to destroy the PLO. 241 : Israel invaded the Lebanon to destroy the PLO. 241 marines were killed on a peace keeping mission in Beirut. Bombing of marines were killed on a peace keeping mission in Beirut. Bombing of Libya (al Quaddafi), capital Tripoli, believed to be a sponsor of Libya (al Quaddafi), capital Tripoli, believed to be a sponsor of terrorismterrorismPolandPoland: anti Communist movement led by Solidarity / Lech Walesa : anti Communist movement led by Solidarity / Lech Walesa put down. US imposes sanctions on the USSRput down. US imposes sanctions on the USSRNuclear Arms: use build-up of nuclear weapons, and Nuclear Arms: use build-up of nuclear weapons, and SDISDI (Strategic (Strategic Defense Initiative) dubbed “Defense Initiative) dubbed “Star Wars”Star Wars” (detection system in space). (detection system in space). End to limitation talks until election of Gorbachev (glasnost, End to limitation talks until election of Gorbachev (glasnost, perestroika; perestroika; meetings with Gorbachev in Geneva, Iceland, leading to meetings with Gorbachev in Geneva, Iceland, leading to INF INF (Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces)(Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces), first treaty about elimination , first treaty about elimination of a whole category of nuclear weapons with on site verification and of a whole category of nuclear weapons with on site verification and inspection (global-zero-zero), not just reduction, of nuclear missiles inspection (global-zero-zero), not just reduction, of nuclear missiles with ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles. USSR pulls out of Afghanistanwith ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles. USSR pulls out of AfghanistanReagan visits China, agreement about sale of nuclear power plants, Reagan visits China, agreement about sale of nuclear power plants, end of arms sales to Taiwanend of arms sales to Taiwan

Bush Foreign PoliciesBush Foreign PoliciesPanamaPanama: US troops were sent to Panama to overthrow Manuel : US troops were sent to Panama to overthrow Manuel Noriega, under indictment in the US for drug trafficking, was put Noriega, under indictment in the US for drug trafficking, was put on trial in the US in 1992 and convicted for helping a drug cartel to on trial in the US in 1992 and convicted for helping a drug cartel to smuggle cocaine into the US from 1981 to 1986.smuggle cocaine into the US from 1981 to 1986.USSRUSSR: Cold war ends as Gorbachev pulls USSR troops out of : Cold war ends as Gorbachev pulls USSR troops out of Afghanistan, Eastern - Europe, USSR disintegrates, Russia Afghanistan, Eastern - Europe, USSR disintegrates, Russia renounces Communism, renounces Communism, START (Strategic Arms Reduction START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks)Talks) talks between US and USSR, concluded and signed in the talks between US and USSR, concluded and signed in the summer of 1991, with significant arms reduction, not just summer of 1991, with significant arms reduction, not just limitation of increase: limitation of increase: ended the Nuclear Arms Raceended the Nuclear Arms RaceOperation Desert ShieldOperation Desert Shield, 1990: Saddam Hussein / Iraq invades oil , 1990: Saddam Hussein / Iraq invades oil rich Kuwait. Bush sends US troops to Saudi Arabia.rich Kuwait. Bush sends US troops to Saudi Arabia.Operation Desert StormOperation Desert Storm: after Iraq refuses to leave Kuwait, US : after Iraq refuses to leave Kuwait, US and UN attacks Iraq, driving Iraq out of Kuwait, but leaving him in and UN attacks Iraq, driving Iraq out of Kuwait, but leaving him in power in Iraq.power in Iraq.

SummarySummaryBackground / Causes / Ideological DifferencesBackground / Causes / Ideological DifferencesConferences – Two World’s Speech, Iron CurtainConferences – Two World’s Speech, Iron CurtainTruman Doctrine / Containment (Kennan Telegram): Truman Doctrine / Containment (Kennan Telegram): Greece and Turkey Greece and Turkey Marshall Plan (Economic Containment)Marshall Plan (Economic Containment)National Security ActNational Security ActBerlin Crisis – NATO – Warsaw PactBerlin Crisis – NATO – Warsaw PactChina and MaoChina and MaoKorea: Limited WarKorea: Limited WarNuclear Arms RaceNuclear Arms RaceEisenhower, Dulles: New Look, Massive Retaliation, Eisenhower, Dulles: New Look, Massive Retaliation, BrinkmanshipBrinkmanshipSpace Race, NASASpace Race, NASA

Latin America (Guatemala, Cuba – Bay of Pigs and Missile Latin America (Guatemala, Cuba – Bay of Pigs and Missile Crisis)Crisis)Kennedy: Cuba, Berlin Wall: Flexible Response, Good Kennedy: Cuba, Berlin Wall: Flexible Response, Good Neighbor, Space Race Neighbor, Space Race Vietnam: Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, NixonVietnam: Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, NixonContainment: PresidentsContainment: PresidentsTruman: Greece/Turkey, Western Europe, Berlin Crisis, Truman: Greece/Turkey, Western Europe, Berlin Crisis, China, Korea, VietnamChina, Korea, VietnamEisenhower: Middle East (Iran, Egypt), Latin America Eisenhower: Middle East (Iran, Egypt), Latin America (Guatemala, Cuba), Vietnam(Guatemala, Cuba), VietnamKennedy: Berlin, Cuba, Vietnam, Latin AmericaKennedy: Berlin, Cuba, Vietnam, Latin AmericaJohnson/Nixon – VietnamJohnson/Nixon – VietnamContainment: Continents. Success or Failure? Containment: Continents. Success or Failure? Europe: Greece/Turkey, Marshall Plan and Western Europe, Europe: Greece/Turkey, Marshall Plan and Western Europe, Berlin Crisis (three)Berlin Crisis (three)Asia: China, Korea, VietnamAsia: China, Korea, VietnamLatin America: Guatemala, Cuba….Chile, Nicaragua Latin America: Guatemala, Cuba….Chile, Nicaragua (Sandinistas – Contras….Iran-Contra Scandal…..Boland Act)(Sandinistas – Contras….Iran-Contra Scandal…..Boland Act)